ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
CONTENT
Introduction
Vernier bevel protractor
Sine bar
Angle gauge
Autocollimator
Angle dekkor
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Introduction
Degree(), Minutes(‘), Seconds(“)
Classification
Line standard & End standard
Direct & Indirect
Precise & Non-precise
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Protractor
The surface of instrument should be parallel to surface of object to be measured
The reference line of protractor should be coincide perfectly with the reference line
Angle being measured
Observation should be perpendicular to plane of protractor to avoid parallax.
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Vernier bevel protractor
Body
Stock
Working Edge
l=90 mm, t=7 mm
Straightness = 0.01 mm
Blade
l=150 or 300 mm
w=13 mm
t=2 mm
Straightness = 0.02 mm
Parallelism = 0.03 mm
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Parts
Vernier bevel protractor
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Types
Principle
23 Main Scale
LVD = × 60
12 1
LVD = 115 23
LC = 120’ – 115’
LC = 5’
(23/12)
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Vernier Scale
Vernier bevel protractor
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Reading
2815’
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
4545’
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Vernier bevel protractor
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Use
Angle gauge
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Angle gauge
Length=76.2 mm
Width = 15.87 mm
Angle between lapped
faces within ± 2”
3536’12’’
2512’15’’
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Use
Sine bar
Features of Sine Bar
• The contact rollers must be of equal
diameter and true geometric
cylinders.
• The distance between the roller axes
must be precise and known, and
these axes must be mutually
parallel.
• The upper surface of bar must be
flat and parallel with the roller axes
and equidistance from each other.
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Principle of operation
Sine bar
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Use
Sine bar
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Types
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Sine Center
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Sine Center
Sine Table
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Sine table
Application Sine Table
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Limitations of Sine bar
It is impractical and inaccurate as angle exceeds 45
because
Slight error in linear measurement causes large error in angular
measurement.
The sin bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
The body of sine bar obstructs the gauge block stack, even if
relieved.
A difference in deformation occurs at the point of roller and surface
plate because as angle is increases weight of sine bar shifts more and
more towards fulcrum roller.
Temperature variation becomes more critical.
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Features of sine bar for accurate measurement
The contact rollers must be of equal diameter and true
geometric cylinders.
The distance between the roller axes must be precise and
known, and these axes must be mutually parallel.
The upper surface of bar must be flat and parallel with the
roller axes and equidistance from each other.
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Spirit level
Ether
=l/R
=h/L
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Generally graduations at 2.5 mm and each represents 10
seconds
= l/R = h/L
l = hR/L
Sensitivity = (l/h)
Unit conversion: 1 radian = 206265 seconds
l = R/206265, if is in seconds
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Example
If scale spacing l = 2 mm
tube radius R = 206 m
= 2 (206265) / 206000 = 2 seconds
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Clinometer
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Use of Clinometer
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Autocollimator
R2’ ɸ
θ+ɸ
R2 2ɸ
N2
θ+ɸ ɸ θ
N1
θ
R1
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Working Principle
Autocollimator
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU Basic principle
Application of Autocollimator
For Straightness measurement
For Flatness measurement
For Angle comparison
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Angle dekkor
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Use of Angle dekkor
Angle comparison with Angle dekkor
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Angle measurement of V Block
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Measurement of conical taper
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Check the angle of tapered hole
Tapered ring gauge
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
To measure the angle of V-groove
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
To determine included ingle of an internal dovetail
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Taper testing machine
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Angle and their supplements
90 90
70
70
Clockwise
90
Anticlockwise
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
