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Unit I Notes

A complex function is a function where both the independent and dependent variables are complex numbers. For any complex function f(z), the variables z and w can be separated into real and imaginary parts. A function f(z) is continuous at a point z0 if the limiting value of f(z) as z approaches z0 equals the actual value f(z0). A function is differentiable at z0 if the limit of [f(z0 + Δz) - f(z0)]/Δz exists as Δz approaches 0. If a function is differentiable at every point in some neighborhood of z0, it is analytic at z0. A function that is analytic everywhere in the complex plane is

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116 views4 pages

Unit I Notes

A complex function is a function where both the independent and dependent variables are complex numbers. For any complex function f(z), the variables z and w can be separated into real and imaginary parts. A function f(z) is continuous at a point z0 if the limiting value of f(z) as z approaches z0 equals the actual value f(z0). A function is differentiable at z0 if the limit of [f(z0 + Δz) - f(z0)]/Δz exists as Δz approaches 0. If a function is differentiable at every point in some neighborhood of z0, it is analytic at z0. A function that is analytic everywhere in the complex plane is

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Complex Function of a Complex Variable z:

A complex function is a function in which the independent variable and the


dependent variable are both complex numbers. More precisely, a complex function is a
function whose domain and range are subsets of the complex plane.

For any complex function, both the independent variable and the dependent
variable may be separated into real and imaginary parts:

i.e., w = f(z) = u(x ,y) + i v(x ,y)

ex : f(z) = 2z2 – 3iz where z = x + iy

Here u(x, y) = 2x2-2y2+3y and v(x, y) = 4xy – 3x

Limit

L is said to be the limit of f(z) as approaches z0 and is denoted by

lim f ( z) = L
z → z0

Continuity

A function f(z) is said to be continuous at a point z0 if f(z0) exists, and

lim f ( z) = f ( z )
z → z0
0

i.e., limiting value of f(z) as z approaches z0 coincides with the value f(z0)

Note:
1. If f(z) and g(z) are continuous functions then their sum f +g , difference
f –g, product fg ,quotient f/g
2. f = u +iv is continuous if both u and v are continuous
Differentiability

A function f(z) is said to be differentiable at a point z0 if the limit


f ( z 0 + ∆z ) − f ( z 0 )
f ′( z 0 ) = lim
∆z →0 ∆z
f ( z) − f ( z0 )
= lim exists.
Z →Z
0 z − z0
The limit f ′( z 0 ) is known as the derivative of f (z) at z0.

Analyticity

A function f(z ) is said to be analytic at a point z0 if f is differentiable not only at


z0 but at every point of some neighborhood of z0.

A function f(z) is analytic in a domain if it is analytic at every point of the


domain. And an analytic function is also known as “holomorphic “, “regular “,
“monogenic”.

Entire Function

A function which is analytic everywhere (for all z in the complex plane) is known
as entire function.

Ex:
1. Polynomials, rational functions are entire.
2
2. z is differentiable only at z= 0. So it is nowhere analytic
Cauchy Riemann (C-R) Equations: in Cartesian Coordinates

Theorem : If f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is differentiable at z then at this point the first order
partial derivatives of u and v exist and satisfy the Cauchy Riemann equations
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= and =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Proof:

Let

where

so

The total derivative of with respect to is then

In terms of and , (5) becomes

Along the real, or x-axis, , so

Along the imaginary, or y-axis, , so

If is complex differentiable, then the value of the derivative must be the same for a given , regardless of

its orientation. Therefore, (8) must equal (9), which requires that
and

These are known as the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

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