ANTENNA DESIGN
ZERO TO HERO
Lecture 01
Introduction
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
CST VS HFSS:
CST HFSS
• Computer Simulation Technology • High Frequency Structural Simulator
• CST is based upon Finite Integration (FIT) • Finite Element Method (FEM)
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
1. S-Parameters
2. VSWR
3. Gain
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
• S-Parameters:
• S-PARAMETERS describe the input-output relationship between ports (or terminal)
in an electrical system.
• It is also a mathematical representation of how RF energy propagate in a multiport
network.
• S11, S12, S21, S22 are S- parameters or scattering parameters.
• S11, S22 have the meaning of reflection coefficients.
• S21, S12 have the meaning of transmission coefficients.
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
S11 Parameter:
• This is the input port voltage reflection coefficient.
• It is reflected power radio 1 is trying to deliver to antenna 1. It tells us how much of a signal
is reflected to the receiver after striking the antenna.
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
S22 Parameter:
This is the output port voltage reflection coefficient.
It is reflected power radio 2 is trying to deliver to antenna 2.
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
S22 Parameter:
S11 and S22 provide us following useful information:
• Return loss or reflection coefficient
• Impedance, and Admittance
• VSWR of input and output ports
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
S12 Parameter:
Reverse voltage gain.
It is the power from radio 2 that is delivered through antenna 1 to radio 1.
S12
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
S21 Parameter: (forward voltage gain)
This is the transmission coefficient.
It is the power received at antenna 2 relative to the power input to antenna 1.
s21
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
S21 Parameter: (forward voltage gain)
It tells how much of the signal is transmitted into the surface.
It is mostly used in EBG or FSS structures to check how much of the signal is
absorbed by them.
S21 and S12 provide us following useful information:
• Gain/Loss (i.e. insertion loss)
• Phase and Group Delay(i.e., delay time)
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
s21
S12
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
VSWR:
• VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.
• This is a measure of how efficiently a radio power is transmitted through a transmission line
the antenna.
• It is also the measure of the reflected standing waves along the feeder.
• The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is an indication of the amount of mismatch
between an antenna and the feed line connecting to it.
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
VSWR:
• The range of values for VSWR is from 1 to infinity.
• A VSWR value under 2 is considered suitable for most antenna applications. The antenna
can be described as having a good match.
• So when someone says that the antenna is poorly matched, very often it means that the
VSWR value exceeds 2 for a frequency of interest.
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
Gain:
• It describes how much power is transmitted in the desired direction to that of the
isotropic antenna.
• A transmitting antenna with 3 dB gain means that the power received far from the
antenna will be 3dB higher (twice as much) than what would be received from a lossless
isotropic antenna with same input power.
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
RCS:
• Radar Cross-section is the detectability of an object by radar.
• It is also the ability of an object to reflect radar signal in direction of its receiver.
• Large RCS indicates that an object is easily detectable.
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
RF Parameters:
Bandwidth:
• An antenna's bandwidth is the range of frequencies (or wavelengths) over which it works
effectively.
• The broader the bandwidth, the greater the range of different radio waves you can pick up.
Instructor: [Link] Qamar
Email: [Link]@[Link]
