Smart Grid

Technologies
and
Applications Dr. Hari Kumar R
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum
 Module III

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Syllabus
Module III

• Smart Substations
• Substation Automation
• Introduction to IEC 61850
• Feeder Automation
• Geographic Information System(GIS)

• Intelligent Electronic Devices(IED) & their Application for Monitoring & Protection
• Wide Area Measurement System(WAMS)
• Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU)

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substations

 Mainly for transforming voltages

 The general functions include:

 Voltage transformation
 Connection point for transmission and distribution power lines
 Switchyard for electrical transmission and/or distribution system configuration
 Monitoring point for control center
 Protection of power lines and apparatus
 Communication with other substations and regional control center

 Source of critical real-time data for efficient and safe operation of the utility network

 Data are time critical and are used to protect, monitor, and control the power system field
equipment

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation
What to Automate?

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation

 The deployment of substation and feeder operating functions and applications

 The deployment of SCADA and alarm processing to integrated volt/VAr control (IVVC)

 Optimize the management of capital assets and enhance operation and maintenance
(O&M) efficiencies with minimal human intervention.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation-Terminology

 Station Controller, the top level controller in a substation

 Bay controller, the unit controlling a bay in a substation

 Relay, at the lowest level controlling a single object

 All of these controllers are implemented in IEDs

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation-Terminology

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substations
Components

 Protection, Monitoring, and Control Devices (IED)

 Sensors

 SCADA

 Master Stations

 Remote Terminal Unit

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
 Microprocessor-based controllers of power system equipments with the capability to
exchange data and control signals with another device over a communications link

 A key component of substation integration and automation

 Perform protection, monitoring, control, and data acquisition functions in generating

stations, substations, and along feeders

 Critical to the operations of the electric network

 Multifunctional IEDs are fully IEC 61850 compatible and compact in size
and that they combine various functions in one design

 IED technology can help utilities improve reliability, gain operational

efficiencies, and enable asset management programs including predictive
maintenance, life extensions, and improved planning

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IED Functional Block Diagram

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IED Configuration
• Analog/ digital input from power equipment and sensors

• Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC) /Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

• DSP (digital signal processing) Unit

• Flex-logic unit

• Virtual input/ output

• Internal RAM/ROM

• Display

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IED Types

According to use
• Used in generating station
• Used for transmission substation
• Used for distribution substation

According to application over particular device

• Generator protection (eg. REG 670)
• Circuit breaker protection and control
• On line tap changer control
• Transformer protection

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IED Application for Monitoring & Protection
 Implemented not only to meet compliance requirements but also to save money

 Controls circuit breakers, capacitor bank switches and voltage regulators

 Typical applications:
 Power fault reporting in the event of failures

 Automatically reconfigure the network in case of a fault

 Record load curves for future planning

 Integrated automatic transformer monitoring

 Low-voltage Stabilization

 Demand Response

 Asset Management

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Sensors
 To collect data from power equipment at the substation yard such as transformers, circuit
breakers, and power lines

 Conventional copper-wired analog apparatus is now being replaced by optical apparatus

with fiber-based sensors for monitoring and metering

 Single sensor may serve different types of IEDs/ large number of IEDs via process bus

 Advantages of fiber-based sensors

 Higher accuracy
 No saturation
 Reduced size and weight,
 Safe and environment friendly (avoid oil or SF6)
 Higher performance
 Wide dynamic range
 High bandwidth
 Low maintenance
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
SCADA
 A system or a combination of systems that collects data from various sensors at a
plant or in other remote locations and then sends these data to a central
computer system, which then manages and controls the data and remotely
controls devices in the field

 Control and data acquisition equipment compose a system with at least one
master station, one or more RTUs, and a communications system

 A means of real-time monitoring and control of electric power systems,

particularly generation and transmission systems

 SCADA system has operator graphical user interface (GUI), engineering

applications that act on the data, historian software, and other components

 Recent trends in SCADA include providing increased situational awareness through

improved GUIs and presentation of data and information, intelligent alarm
processing, improved integration with other engineering and business systems,
and enhanced security features

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
SCADA - Schematic

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Master Stations
 A computer system responsible for communicating with the field equipment and
includes a human machine interface (HMI) in the control room or elsewhere

 Components of a large electric utility master station or energy management

system (EMS) are:
 One or more data acquisition servers (DAS) that interface with the field devices via
the communications system

 Real-time data server(s) that contains real-time database(s) (RTDB)

 Historical server(s) that maintains historical database

 Application server(s) that runs various EMS applications

 Operator workstations with an HMI

 Hardware components are connected via one or more local area networks

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Master Stations

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Master Station SCADA- GUI

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Master Stations: Types

 SCADA master station

 SCADA master station with automatic generation control (AGC)

 EMS

 Distribution management system (DMS)

 Distribution automation (DA) master

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
SCADA Master Stations
Primary Functions
 Data acquisition

 Remote control

 User interface

 Historical data analysis

 Report writer

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
SCADA Master Stations with AGC
Primary Functions
 SCADA Master Station +

 AGC

 Economic dispatch (ED)/hydroallocator

 Interchange transaction scheduling

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
EMS
Primary Functions
 SCADA/AGC Master Station +

 Network configuration/topology processor

 State estimation

 Contingency analysis

 Three phase balanced operator power flow

 Optimal power flow

 Dispatcher training simulator

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
DMS
Primary Functions
 Interface to automated mapping/facilities management (AM/FM) or geographic
information system (GIS)

 Interface to customer information system (CIS)

 Interface to outage management

 Three phase unbalanced operator power flow

 Map series graphics

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
DA System
Primary Functions
 Two-way distribution communications

 Fault identification/fault isolation/service restoration

 Voltage reduction

 Load management

 Power factor control

 Short-term load forecasting

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Remote Terminal Unit
 A microprocessor-based device that interfaces with a SCADA system

 Provides data to the master station and enables the master station to issue
controls to the field equipment

 RTUs have physical hardware inputs to interface with field equipment and one or
more communication ports

 Serial communication using RS232, RS485, RS422

 Standard protocols: Modbus, IEC 60870-5-101/104, DNP3, ICCP

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
RTU Software Modules
 Central RTDB that interfaces with all other software modules
 Physical I/O application—acquires data from the RTU hardware components that
interface with physical I/O
 Data collection application (DCA)—acquires data from the devices with data
communications capabilities via communication port(s) For example, IEDs
 Data processing application (DPA)—presents data to the master station or HMI
 Data translation applications (DTA) that manipulate data before they are presented
to the master station or support stand-alone functionality at the RTU level

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Technology Advances in RTU

 RTUs became smaller and more flexible

 Distributed architecture approach - with one smaller RTU for one or several pieces
of substation equipment

 Capable of accepting higher level AC analog inputs

 Have additional functionality, such as digital fault recording (DFR) and power
quality (PQ) monitoring

 Advances in communications capabilities, with additional ports available to

communicate with IEDs

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
PLC

 Automation of electromechanical processes

 Built for tough environments

 Hard real-time system – outputs in bounded time

 Fairly simple and cheap devices.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substation
Technology Advances
 Introduction of an open communications protocol (DNP3, MODBUS, IEC 61850)

 Network data communications

 Significant improvement in speed and connectivity
 Availability of logical channels
 Ability to use new sources of data
 Improved configuration management
 Better response time
 Ability to access important data
 Reduced configuration and system management time

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substation
Technology Advances: Substation Servers

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substation
Types of Data
 Operational or real-time data
 for operating utility systems and performing EMS software applications such as AGC

 Nonoperational data
 historical, real-time, and file type data used for analysis, maintenance, planning, and
other utility applications

 To take advantage of the large volume of data, an extraction mechanism

independent from the master station needs to be implemented

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substation
Data flow
 Operational data and nonoperational data have independent data collection
mechanisms

 Two separate logical data paths to transfer these data

 One logical data path connects the substation with the EMS (operational data)

 A second data path transfers nonoperational data from the substation to various
utility information technology (IT) systems

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Architecture - Evolution
Historical Substation Design

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Architecture - Evolution
Substation with SCADA & RTU

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Architecture - Evolution
Substation with IED

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Architecture - Evolution
Substation with Integrated RTU and IED

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Architecture - Evolution
Substation with Integrated Remote Maintenance

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Architecture - Evolution
Substation with Bay Controller

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation Architecture - I
HMI Based Hardware Topology

•The Man machine interface (rugged

PC) implements all control and
communication functionality
•IEDs implement protection &
switching functionality
•Simplest solution
•Reliability of HMI computer a risk

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation Architecture - II
RTU Based Hardware Topology

•HMI separated from control &

communication
• RTU implements the SCADA
interface and substation control
• IEDs implement control & switching
functionality

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Substation Automation Architecture - III
Decentralised Topology

•Bay controllers implement

interlocking and interface IEDs
•IEDs implement protection and
switching
•HMI allows local control and system
configuration
•Station controller manages station
level control and communicates with
SCADA.
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substation Architecture

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Smart Substations
Migration path from basic SCADA to a full smart substation
SCADA Integration and Automation Smart Substation

Enabler of system-wide interfaces and

applications

Substation monitoring and security

Enterprise access to non-operational data Enterprise access to non-operational data

EMS/DMS interface EMS/DMS interface EMS/DMS interface

Local HMI Local HMI

Substation and feeder automation Substation and feeder automation

IED integration IED integration

Process bus

Power equipment and sensors (transformers, Power equipment and sensors (transformers, Power equipment and sensors (transformers,
breakers, reclosers, CTs, PTs, etc ) breakers, reclosers, CTs, PTs, etc ) breakers, reclosers, CTs, PTs, etc )

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC TC 57

 Develops and maintains international standards for power system control equipment and
systems including EMSs, SCADA, distribution automation, teleprotection, and associated
information exchange for real-time and non-realtime information used in the planning,
operation, and maintenance of power systems
 WG 3—Telecontrol protocols
 WG 10—Power system IED communication and associated data models (IEC 61850)
 WG 13—Energy management system application program interface (EMS—API, CIM, IEC 61970)
 WG 14—System interfaces for distribution management (SIDM, CIM, IEC 61968)
 WG 15—Data and communication security
 WG 16—Deregulated energy market communications
 WG 17—Communications systems for distributed energy resources (DER)
 WG 18—Hydroelectric power plants—communication for monitoring and control
 WG 19—Interoperability within TC 57 in the long term
 WG 20—Planning of (single-sideband) power line carrier systems (IEC 60495) and planning of (single-sid
eband) power line carrier systems (IEC 60663)

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Introduction to IEC 61850

 A very powerful and flexible network-based, object-oriented communication standard that

allows for utilities to move their next generation substations that are flexible and expandable

 Allows for the implementation of multivendor solutions; and in addition to the communication

 Facilitates a standardized engineering approach allowing for optimization of utility engineering

and maintenance processes

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Evolution of IEC 61850
•1994, Electric Power Research Institute/IEEE started the Utility Communications Architecture
(UCA) with a focus on the station bus.
•1996: IEC TC 57 (Technical Committee 57) began work on IEC 61850 to further define
station bus communications.
•1997: A combined effort to define an international standard that would merge the work of
both groups such that all vendors could interconnect to share data, services, and functions.
•Result: the international standard IEC 61850, “Communication Networks and Systems in
Substation Automation.”
•First issued in 2005 to standardize the exchange of information between all IEDs within an
automated substation and remote control links.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC 61850 – Original Scope

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC 61850 – Extended Scope

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC 61850
 An international standard defining communication protocols for intelligent electronic
devices at electrical substations

 Part of the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) Technical Committee 57

reference architecture for electric power systems

 The abstract data models defined in IEC 61850 can be mapped to a number of protocols

 Current mappings in the standard are to MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification),

GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), SMV (Sampled Measured Values)

 These protocols can run over TCP/IP networks or substation LANs using high speed
switched Ethernet to obtain the necessary response times below four milliseconds for
protective relaying

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC 61850: Objectives
 A single protocol for complete substation considering modelling of different data required
for substation

 Definition of basic services required to transfer data so that the entire mapping to
communication protocol can be made future proof

 Promotion of high inter-operability between systems from different vendors

 A common method/format for storing complete data

 Define complete testing required for the equipment which conforms to the standard

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC 61850: Features
 Data Modeling — Primary process objects as well as protection and control functionality
in the substation is modelled into different standard logical nodes which can be grouped
under different logical devices There are logical nodes for data/functions related to the
logical device (LLN0) and physical device (LPHD)

 Reporting Schemes — There are various reporting schemes (BRCB & URCB) for reporting
data from server through a server-client relationship which can be triggered based on
pre-defined trigger conditions

 Fast Transfer of events — Generic Substation Events (GSE) are defined for fast transfer of
event data for a peer-to-peer communication mode. This is again subdivided into
GOOSE & Generic Substation State Events (GSSE )
 GSE: Control model defined as per IEC 61850 which provides a fast and reliable mechanism of transferring event
data over entire electrical substation networks.

 This model ensures the same event message is received by multiple physical devices using multicast or
broadcast services.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
IEC 61850: Features
 Setting Groups — The Setting Group Control Blocks (SGCB) are defined to handle the
setting groups so that user can switch to any active group according to the requirement

 Sampled Data Transfer — Schemes are also defined to handle transfer of sampled values
using Sampled Value Control blocks (SVCB)

 Commands — Various command types are also supported by IEC 61850 which include
direct & select before operate (SBO) commands with normal and enhanced securities

 Data Storage — Substation Configuration Language (SCL) is defined for complete storage
of configured data of the substation in a specific format

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Communication relations between functions
 Information is exchanged between all devices which comprise the system

 More precisely, data are exchanged between the functions and sub-functions
residing in the devices

 The smallest part of the function that exchanges data is called Logical Node (LN) in
IEC 61850.

 The objects called Logical Node (LN) may be seen as Containers containing the data
provided by a dedicated function for exchange (communication)

 The LN performs some operations for the overall function

 The Name of the Logical Node may be seen as a Label attached to this container

 The exchanged data are grouped to into objects belonging to functions

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Services with Data Sets and Control Blocks

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Naming and Groups of LNs
 L System LN (2)  M Metering and measurement (8)

 P Protection (28)  S Sensor and monitoring (4)

 R Protection related (10)  X Switch gear (2)

 C Control (5)  T Instrument transformers (2)

 G Generic (3)  Y Power transformers (4)

 I Interfacing and archiving (4)  Z Further power system equipment (15)

 A Automatic control (4)

Examples
 PDIF: Differential protection  CSWI: Switch controller

 RBRF: Breaker failure  MMXU: Measurement unit

 XCBR: Circuit breaker  YPTR: Power transformer

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Naming of LNs

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Communication Relations Between Functions

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Allocation of LNs to devices

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Allocation of LNs to devices

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Data Hierarchy

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Implementation Example of a Data Hierarchy

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Data Access and Transfer

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Data Access and Transfer

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Common features of Reports, GOOSE and SV
 All these three services send data spontaneously, i.e. without being asked from a
Master or Client

 For defining the data to be transmitted by these services, a Data Set is defined
comprising all these data out of the overall data model (for Report, GOOSE or SV)

 The starting event (conditions) when the data transmission is started status has to be
defined in a Control Block (for Report, GOOSE or SV)

 The starting event for Reporting and GOOSE messages may be a change of a value, a
crossing of a boundary, etc.

 The starting event of sending synchronous sampled values (SV) is a “clock event”

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Distribution Automation

 Started in the 1970s.

 Allows utilities to implement modern techniques in order to improve the reliability,

efficiency, and quality of electric service

 Defined by IEEE as “‘Distribution Automation is a system that enables an electric utility

to remotely monitor, coordinate and operate distribution components in a real-time mode
from remote locations”

 Also referred as feeder automation

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Feeder Automation
 Main applications are categorized into four groups.
 Fault location and automatic sectionalizing/service restoration, which primarily depends on
a switchgear

 Volt/VAR control and optimization, which mainly employs voltage regulators and capacitors.

 Integration of distributed generation, which requires appropriate protection equipment and a

robust SCADA system among other components.

 Advanced asset management, where sensors and metering devices are necessary

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Feeder Automation

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Feeder Automation
Power System Automation Components

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Feeder Automation
Network Management EMS/DMS

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Feeder Automation
EMS functional scope
 The EMS is based on two main subsystems:
 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) : incorporates applications like multiple
remote terminal unit (RTU) protocols in a non-proprietary environment, load shed, sequence
switching management, and disturbance storage and analysis.

 Network analysis: power flow, state estimation, contingency analysis, short circuit, security
enhancement, optimal power flow, and Volt/VARdispatch information

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Feeder Automation
DMS functional scope
 Steady-state performance improvement
 Volt/VAR control

 Feeder reconfiguration

 Demand side management (DSM)

 Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)/automatic meter reading (AMR)

 Dynamic performance improvement: actions to be taken during faults,

unpredicted events, and emergency conditions
 Fault location, isolation, and service restoration

 Trouble call system

 Alarm triggering

 Work orders
Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Geographic Information System
 A GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or
geographic data

 Several usages of GIS in power utilities

 Automated mapping/facility management (AM/FM) functions

 Database management

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Typical Communication Methods

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Wide Area Monitoring System
 A collective technology to monitor power system dynamics in real time, Identify system
stability related weakness and helps to design and implement counter measures.(IEEE)

 Uses GPS satellite signal to time-synchronize from phasor measurement units (PMUs) at
important nodes in the power system, sends real-time phasor (angle and magnitude) data
to a Control Centre.

 The acquired phasor data provide dynamic information on power systems, which help
operators to initiate corrective actions to enhance the power system reliability.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Wide Area Monitoring System
 Essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and
allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting
and further counteracting grid instabilities

 Main purpose is to provide system operators with a large information system with analysis
tools that increase detection speeds and response time in the event of risky situations
allowing the operators to make appropriate decisions efficiently preventing uncontrollable
events or cascaded outages.

 Allows to convert such applications as components of protection and control applications

being the first step in Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control (WAMPC) project

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Wide Area Monitoring System
 Wide area monitoring systems help power system operators continuously analyze all
the features of a large power network in real time.

 Utilizing phasor measurement units (PMUs), information can be recorded and

monitored to detect disturbances and improve knowledge of network behavior
under dynamic conditions, enabling system operators to maximize power flow and
network stability.

 Collects, stores, transmits and analyzes critical data from key access points in large
power networks spread over huge geographical areas.

 Helps detect system instabilities fast and early, thereby reducing the risks of
network blackouts.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
WAMS- Goals and Benefits

 Real time monitoring

 Post-disturbance analysis

 Adaptive protection

 Power system restoration

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
WAMS- Components

 Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU)

 Phasor Data Concentrator(PDC)

 Global Positioning System(for Time Synchronization of the phasors)

 Communication channel (Preferably optical fiber cable)

 Visualization and analysis tools

 Wide area situational awareness system

 Wide area protection and control

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
WAMS- Process
 Includes three different interconnected sub-processes:

Data acquisition
Data transmitting
Data Processing

 Measurement systems and communication systems together with energy

management systems perform these sub-processes, respectively.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
WAMS- Data Resources
Operational Data

 Continuous stream of data.

 Measurements of voltages, currents, phasors and breaker statuses measured by

intelligent devices.

 Eg: SCADA and Synchronized Phasor Measurement System (SPMS).

Non-operational Data

 Periodically polled data specified time interval.

 Consists of records of multiple events e.g. series of faults, power fluctuations,

disturbances and lightning strikes.

 Eg:Digital Fault Recorder (DFR), Digital Protective Relay (DPR) and Circuit Breaker Monitor
(CBM).

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Digital Fault Recorder (DFR)
 Identifies the one with the most significant disturbance.

 DFRA performs signal processing to identify pre-and post fault analogue values, statuses of
the digital channels corresponding to relay trip, breaker auxiliary contacts, relay
communication signals, etc.

 The expert system determines fault type, faulted phases, and checks and evaluates system
protection performance

 .At the end, the analysis program calculates the fault location.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Digital Protective Relay (DPR)

 Designed to isolate the area of faults and reduce the impact

s of the faults from other parts of the system.

 Digital protective relays are capable of measuring and recor

ding analog and status data, as well as communicating wit
h a centralized location.

 They collect current and voltage signals from instrument

transformers and digitize them.

 To speed up A/D conversion, lower sampling rates are norm

ally applied.

 This implies that data obtained from DPRs are generally less
accurate than from the other data resources.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Circuit Breaker Monitor (CBM)

 An electronic device that monitors circuit breakers.

 The CBM captures detailed information about each CB

operation in real time; either the operation is initiated
manually by the operator or it is initiated automatically by
the protection and control equipments.

 The CBM data is also formed in COMTRADE format.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
WAMS- Applications

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Global Positioning System (GPS)
 The GPS was initiated with the launch of the first Block I satellites in 1978 by US
Department of Defense.

 By 1994 the complete constellation of 24 modern satellites was put in place

 The satellites have an orbital radius of 16,500 miles, and go around the earth twice
during one day

 They are so arranged that at least six satellites are visible at most locations on earth,
and often as many as 10 satellites may be available for viewing.

 The most common use of the GPS system is in determining the coordinates of the
receiver, although for the PMUs the signal which is most important is the one pulse
per- second.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Representation of the GPS disposition
 Signals from satellites are transmitted at two frequencies 1227.6
and 1575.42 MHz.

 Messages from GPS satellites-contain-location of satellite and time.

 These are arranged in six orbital planes displaced from each other
by 60°and having an inclination of about 55° with respect to the
equatorial plane.

 There are four satellites in each of the six orbits, which orbit
around the earth with a period of half a day.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit

 Phasor represents a sinusoidal signal with a magnitude and a phase angle (with respect
to a reference).

 Phasor measurement technology enables measurement of voltage and current phasors

with respect to a reference signal from a satellite clock.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit
 A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device which
measures the electrical waves on an electricity grid using
a common time source for synchronization

 Time synchronization allows synchronized real-time

measurements of multiple remote measurement points
on the grid

 The resulting measurement is known as a synchrophasor

 PMU is the basic building block of a Wide Area Monitor

ing Protection and Control (WAMPAC) system

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit
 The first prototypes of the modern “phasor measurement units” (PMUs) using GPS
were built at Virginia Tech in early 1980s

 The first commercial manufacture of PMUs with Virginia Tech collaboration was
started by Macrodyne in 1991

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit- Working
 The current and voltage signals are converted to voltages with appropriate shunts or
instrument transformers (typically within the range of ±10 volts) so that they are
matched with the requirements of the analog-to digital converters.

 The sampling clock is phase-locked with the GPS clock pulse

 The microprocessor calculates positive-sequence estimates of all the current and

voltage signals

 Frequency and rate of change of frequency measured locally, and these also are
included in the output of the PMU.

 The time-stamp is created from two of the signals derived from the GPS receiver.

 The time-stamp identifies the identity of the “universal time coordinated (UTC)”
second and the instant defining the boundary of one of the power frequency

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit- Working

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
PMU Standards
 The PMU can remotely communicate with several clients via TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) / IP( Internet Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

 To ensure that measurements are made and communicated in a consistent manner,

the IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems (1344–1995) or PC37.118
isused.

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
General Architecture of PMU System
Hierarchy of Phasor Measurement Systems

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit
 The IEEE synchrophasor standard 37 118 defines the format by which the phasor data
are transmitted from the PMU

 The PMU provided the critical synchronized time-lapsed information that enables a
clear understanding of the events in the power system such as system stress or
modes of oscillatory disturbances

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Phasor Measurement Unit
PMU connection in a typical substation

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
PMU Applications
 Line parameter calculation

 State estimation

 Transmission line thermal monitoring

 Voltage instability

 Power transfer stability

 Power oscillations

 Mode control governor

 Distributed generation control

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
PMU Scenario in India

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum
Thank You

Dr. Hari Kumar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum