Two reversible adiabatic paths cannot intersect each other:

Reversible isotherm

A
B

Reversible adiabatics
p

The above cyclic process violates Kelvin-Planck

statement

Through one point, there can pass only one reversible adiabatic
 Q1 Q2
Q1-2= (U2-U1) +W12 
T1 T2

Q1bc2= (U2-U1) +W1bc2 Q1 Q2

 0
T1 T2
W12=W1bc2 Q3 Q4
 0
Q12=Q1bc2 T3 T4
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
=Q1b+ Qbc+ Qc2     ...  0
T1 T2 T3 T4
Q1b= 0 and Qc2= 0
Q
Q12= Qbc Clausius’ theorem 
R
T
0
 The inequality of Clausius
Q2
 1
Q
Q2  Q2 
1  1  
Q  Q rev

Q2  Q2  Q  Q 
   
Q  Q rev Q2  Q2 rev

since
 Q  T
  
 Q2  rev T2

Q T Q

Q2
 or ABCD is a cycle
Q2 T2 T T2
process AB is reversible or irreversible; other
For a reversible process processes are reversible
Q Q
ds  rev  2 Q
T T2 T 0 The cycle is reversible
Hence, for any process AB
Q Q
 ds T 0 The cycle is irreversible
T
For cycle
Q
Q T 0 The cycle is impossible, violates second law
T   ds
Q
T 0 Clausius’ inequality
The property of Entropy
i
From Clausius’ theorem
R1
p

R2
f

f Q i Q v

i T

f T
0
R1 R2

f Q i Q
 i T
 
f T
R1 R2

f Q f Q
 i T

i T
R1 R2

f Q
 i T
 S f  Si

QR
 dS
T
First and second law combined
Obtained by considering
Q  TdS internally irreversible
processes
Q  dU  pdV

TdS  dU  pdV

For unit mass Tds relations are applicable for

Tds = du +pdv any processes- reversible or
irreversible as entropy is a
property (point function)

H  U  PV
dH  dU  pdV  Vdp

dH  TdS  Vdp
TdS  dH  Vdp

For unit mass

Tds = dh-vdp
Temperature entropy plot

QR
 dS
T

For reversible adiabatic process,

dS=0
S=constant
Therefore a reversible adiabatic process is an isentropic process

Qrev  TdS
f
Qrev   TdS
i
 f

Qrev  T  dS  T ( S f  Si )
i

Power cycle:
 The Increase of Entropy Principle

Clausius’ inequality
 2 Q
S2  S1

 S
T 
1
gen
depends on end states
depends on process

2 Q
S2  S1 
 
1 T
 S gen

entropy change Entropy generation
entropy transfer

2 Q
S2  S1 
 
1 T
 S gen

entropy change Entropy generation
entropy transfer
Entropy generation is a measure of the magnitudes of the
irreversibilities present during the process
 Q1 2  E2  E1  W1 2

2 Q
S2  S1  
1 T
In a reversible process the entropy changes only if there is
heat transfer during the process.
1.Entropy increases when heat is added
2.Entropy decreases when heat is removed
3.Entropy remains constant if there is no heat transfer

Reference state of entropy:

In engineering thermodynamics, only values of entropy changes are required.
For the purpose, it is sufficient to choose an arbitrary state as the reference
state and assign, say zero value of its entropy.
Entropy: a measure of the amount of disorder in a system
 There is no entropy transfer associated with work

If work is dissipated adiabatically

into internal energy of the system,
there is an entropy increase in the
system but there is no entropy
transfer.

Third law of thermodynamics:

The entropy of a pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero

as the temperature of the substance approaches absolute zero.
Entropy generation through heat transfer process
Entropy generation through heat transfer process
Entropy generation in open system
Entropy generation in open system
Isentropic efficiencies of steady flow devices:
The use of entropy (disorganization, uncertainty) is not limited to thermodynamics

More entropy means more degradation of energy