TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Issue A Slide 1
Causes of failure:

Environment

System

Mal operation

Wrong design

Manufacture

Material

Maintenance

Issue A Slide 2
Transformer failures classification :

1. Internal failure
Causes:

 Winding & terminal faults

 Core faults
 Onload tap changer faults

 Overheating faults

Issue A Slide 3
Transformer failures classification :

2. External failure
Causes:

 Abnormal operating condition

 sustained or unclear faults

Issue A Slide 4
Vector Groups

Group 1 Yy0
Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6
Dd6
180 Phase displacement Dz6
Group 3 Yd1
Dy1
30 Lag phase displacement Yz1

Group 4 Yd11
Dy11
30 Lead phase displacement Yz11

Issue A Slide 5
Vector Configurations

12
11

300

1, DRAW PHASE- N EUTRAL VOLTAGE VECTORS

300

Issue A Slide 6
Vector Configurations

2. Draw Delta Connection

A
a

C B
c

Issue A Slide 7
Vector Configurations

3. Draw A Phase Windings

A
a
a2
A2

a1
b
A
1

C B
c
Issue A Slide 8
Vector Configurations

4. Complete Connections (a)

A
a
a
2
C1 A2

a1
c b
b1 b2
C A 1
2 1
c
B B
C B 2
1 2 c

Issue A Slide 9
Fault current distribution

Earth fault on Transformer winding

T2 T1

V2 V1

X
Fig.N
R

Fig.3 If

Issue A Slide 10
Fault current distribution
Therefore C.T.secondary current ( on primary side of transformer) =, X2

If differential setting =20% √3

For relay operation X2 > 20%

√3

Thus X > 59%

59% ie.
ie. 59% of winding is unprotected.

Differential relay setting % of winding protected

10%
10% 58%

20%
20% 41%

30%
30% 28%

40%
40% 17%

50%. 7%
Issue A Slide 11
 Fault current distribution
If Transformer star winding is solid earthed,

fault current limited only by the leakage

reactance Star side
of the winding
10

9
If as
8
multiple of
7
I F.L.
6
5
4
3 Delta side

2
1

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 . 9 1.0 x p.u Fig.Q

Issue A Slide 12
Basic Protection

Differential

Restricted Earthfault

Overfluxing

Overcurrent & Earthfault

Issue A Slide 13
 Differential Protection

∗ Works on Merz-price current comparison principle

∗ Relays with bias characteristic should only be used

Applied

Where protection co-ordination is difficult / not

possible using time delayed elements

For fast fault clearance

For zone of protection

Issue A Slide 14
Differential Protection
Consideration for applying differential
protection

Phase correction

Filtering of zero sequence currents

Ratio correction

Magnetizing inrush during energisation

Overfluxing

Issue A Slide 15
Differential Protection - Principle

• Nominal current through the protected equipment

I Diff = 0 : No tripping

R I diff = 0

Issue A Slide 16
 Differential Protection - Principle
• Through fault current

I Diff = 0 : No tripping

R I diff = 0

Issue A Slide 17
Differential Protection - Principle

• Internal Fault
I Diff = 0 : Tripping

R I diff = 0

Issue A Slide 18
Biased differential protection
• Fast operation

• Adjustable characteristic

• High through fault stability

• CT ratio compensation

• Magnetising inrush restraint

• Overfluxing 5th harmonic restraint

Issue A Slide 19
Biased differential protection

Why bias characteristic ?

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

LOAD
1A 1A = 200 A

R 0A
I1 I2

OLTC Setting is at mid tap

Issue A Slide 20
Biased differential protection
100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1
LOAD
0.9 A 1A = 200 A

R
0.1 A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10%

Differential current = 0.1 A

Relay pickup setting = O.2 A, So the Relay restrains

Issue A Slide 21
Biased differential protection
100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 10 A
2000 A

R
1A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10%

Relay Pickup Setting is O.2 A

So the Relay Operates

Issue A Slide 22
 Role of Bias
3

2
Differential current (x In) Operate pe
o
= I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4 Sl
%
80
1
Restrain
Setting range
lo pe
(0.1 - 0.5) 20% S
0 1 2 3 4

Effective bias (x In) = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4

2

Issue A Slide 23
USE OF ICT

Dy1(-30 )

Interposing CT provides
 Vector correction
Yd11(+30 )  Ratio correction
 Zero sequence
compensation
R
R
R
 PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR
CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
sur défaut interne: Protection différentielle
Vector Group Correction - Static Relays
Yd11

Dy1(-30 ) R
R
R

Vector and Ratio correction by interposing CT

 PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR
CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
sur défaut interne: Protection différentielle
Vector Group Correction - Static Relays
Yd11

R
R
R

Vector and Ratio correction by CT Connection

VECTOR GROUP CORRECTION

Dy1 (-30 )

Yy0 Yd11
0 87 +30

Yy0, Yd1, Yd5 , Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0

0 , -30 , -150 , 180,+150, +30 , 0
SELECTION OF SUITABLE
VECTOR CORRECTION FACTOR

Dy11 (+30 )

Yy0 Yd1
87
0 -30
 CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION

33kV : 11kV
200/1 I L = 175A 10 MVA I L = 525A 400/1

0.875A 1.31 Amps

1A 1A
1.14 0.76
87
 ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION

+VE SEQUENCE
CURRENTS
BALANCE

REQUIRE ZERO
SEQUENCE
CURRENT
TRAPS FOR A B C
STABILITY
 High Impedance Principle

Based on Current operated relay with an external stabilising

resistor

• Requires matched current transformers of low reactance design,

typically class X or equivalent
• Equal CT ratios
• Non-linear resistor may be required to limit voltage across relay
circuit during internal faults
• Suitable for zones up to 200 - 300 metres (typically)

Issue A Slide 24
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

RCT
2RL
M
2RL
TC
RCTsaturé

Issue A Slide 25
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

Issue A Slide 26
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

M
TC saturé

Issue A Slide 27
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

Issue A Slide 28
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

M
TC saturé

Issue A Slide 29
High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

Issue A Slide 30
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM

TC saturé

Issue A Slide 31
High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM A ZM=0

False tripping
RCT
2RL
M
CT Saturation
2RL
RCT

TC saturé

Issue A Slide 32
High Impedance Principle
M
RCT 2RL 2RL RCT

RS
ZM A ZM=0

RCT
2RL
M
2RL
RCT

TC saturé

Issue A Slide 33
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

RS
ZM A ZM=0

Stabilising resistor

RCT
2RL
M
2RL
RCT

TC saturé

Issue A Slide 34
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

RS
ZM A ZM

RCT Vset

2RL
M
2RL
RCT

Issue A Slide 35
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

RS
ZM A ZM=0

RCT
2RL ZM = 0
Vset
M (CT "short
2RL
RCT circuited" )

Issue A Slide 36
High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

RS
ZM A ZM

RCT RCT
2RL 2RL
M
Vset

Issue A Slide 37
High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

RS
ZM A ZM

RCT RCT
2RL 2RL
M

Vset

Issue A Slide 38
High Impedance Principle

RC 2R 2R RC
M
T L L T
RS
ZM A ZM

Metrosil may be
required for voltage
limitation RC RC
M
T 2R 2R T

L M L

Vset

Issue A Slide 39
Restricted Earthfault Protection

Uses high impedance principle

Increased sensitivity for earth faults

REF elements for each transformer winding

CTs may be shared with differential element

64

64
64

Issue A Slide 40
Restricted Earthfault Protection
REF Case I : Normal Condition
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of transformer
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2

P1 S1

P2 S2

Under normal conditions no current flows thro’ Relay

So, No Operation
Issue A Slide 41
Restricted Earthfault Protection
REF Case II : External Earth Fault

External earth fault - Current circulates between the phase & neutral CTs;
no current thro’ the relay
So, No Operation
Issue A Slide 42
Restricted Earthfault Protection
REF Case III : Internal Earth Fault

For an internal earth fault the unbalanced current flows thro’ the relay

So, Relay Operates

Issue A
Slide 43
 Restricted Earthfault Protection

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

Setting
1MVA
(5%) 1600/1 Setting will require
11000V 415V RCT = 4.9Ω
calculation of :
80MVA 1) Setting stability
voltage (VS)
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
1600/1 RS
RCT = 4.8Ω MCAG14 3) Peak voltage
IS = 0.1 Amp
developed by CT’s
2 Core 7/0.67mm (7.41Ω/km) for internal fault
100m Long

Issue A Slide 44
Restricted Earthfault Protection

Example : Earth fault calculation :-

Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1 P.U. 1
1 4
1 Total impedance = 14 p.u.
I1
∴ I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
1 14
4
I2
Base current = 80 x 106
√3 x 415
4 = 111296 Amps
I0 ∴ IF = 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Issue A Slide 45
Restricted Earthfault Protection
(1) Setting voltage
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming “earth” CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms
2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
∴ Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)
RS = VS - 1
IS IS2 Where IS = relay current setting
∴ RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms
0.1 0.22

Issue A Slide 46
Restricted Earthfault Protection
√2 √VK (VF - VK)
3) Peak voltage = 2√
VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For ‘Earth’ CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
√2 √330 (13946 - 330)
∴ VPEAK = 2√
= 6kV
Thus, metrosil voltage limiter will be required.

Issue A Slide 47
 Magnetising Inrush
• Transient condition - occurs when a
transformer is energised

• Normal operating flux of a transformer is close to saturation

level

• Residual flux can increase the mag-current

• In the case of three phase transformer, the point-on-wave at

switch-on differs for each phase and hence, also the inrush
currents

Issue A Slide 48
Magnetising Inrush
Transformer Magnetising Characteristic

Twice
Normal
Flux

Normal
Flux

Normal
No Load Current

No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
Issue A Slide 49
 Magnetising Inrush
Inrush Current
V
+ Φm Φ
Im
STEADY STATE
- Φm

Im
2 Φm
Φ SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE
V ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX

Issue A Slide 50
Magnetising Inrush

Issue A Slide 51
Magnetising Inrush
Effect of magnetising current

• Appears on one side of transformer only

- Seen as fault by differential relay
- Transient magnetising inrush could cause
relay to operate
• Makes CT transient saturation
- Can make mal-operation of Zero sequence
relay at primary

Issue A Slide 52
Magnetising Inrush

IR
P1 P2
IS S1 S2
P1 P2
IT S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2

IR + IS + IT = 3Io = 0
Issue A Slide 53
Magnetising Inrush
Effect of magnetising current

Example of disurbance records

with detail

Issue A Slide 54
Magnetising Inrush Restrain

2nd (and 5th) harmonic restraint

• Makes relay immune to magnetising
inrush
• Slow operation may result for genuine
transformer faults if CT saturation
occurs

Issue A Slide 55
 Magnetising Inrush Restrain

Bias Differential Trip

differential T1 = 5ms T2 = 22ms
comparator
threshold

Differential input

Comparator output
T1
Trip

T2 Reset

Issue A Slide 56
Overfluxing - Basic Theory

Overfluxing = V/F

Causes

Low frequency

High voltage

Geomagnetic disturbances

Issue A Slide 57
 Overfluxing - Basic Theory

2Φm
V = kfΦ
Φm

Ie
Effects

Transient Overfluxing - Tripping of differential

element

Prolonged Overfluxing - Damage to transformers

Issue A Slide 58
 Overfluxing - Condition
Differential element should be blocked
for transient overfluxing-+

25% OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION

Overfluxing waveform
contains very high 5th
Harmonic content

43% 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT

Issue A Slide 59
Overfluxing - Protection

V α KΦ
f

• Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing

• Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective

action

• Trip : IT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Oil conservator

Bucholz Relay

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay Installation

3 x internal pipe To oil conservator
diameter (minimum)
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)

76 mm typical

Transformer

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Alarm bucket

Mercury switch

To oil
conservato
r
From
transformer Trip bucket

Deflector plate
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buccholz Protection Application

Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Severe winding faults

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Accumulation of Gaz
Interturn faults

Winding faults to earth with low

power (fault close to neutral for
example)

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Inter-Turn Fault

CT
E
Shorted Load
turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio : 11,000 / 1

Current ratio :1 / 11,000
Primary Secondary

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Inter-Turn Fault

CT
E
Shorted
turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio : 11,000 / 1

Current ratio :1 / 11,000
Primary Secondary

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Interturn Fault Current / Number
of Turns Short Circuited
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
100

Fault current
(multiples of
80
rated current)

60

40

20

Turn short-
circuited
5 10 15 20 25
(percentage of
winding)
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Interturn Fault Current / Number
of Turns Short Circuited
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
100

Fault current
(multiples of
80
rated current)

60 Fault current very high

40 Detected by Bucholz relay

20
Primary phase current very low

5 10 15 20 25
Not detected by current
operated relays

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Accumulation of Gaz
Interturn faults

Winding faults to earth with low

power (fault close to neutral for
example)

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Earth Fault Current / Number of

Turnsof Short Circuited
multiples
max fault current
Primary current

100

80
Fault current

60

40

20

Turn short-
circuited
5 10 15 20 25
(percentage of
Issue A winding) Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Accumulation of Gaz
Operating principle

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Accumulation
of gaz

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Accumulation
of gaz

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Accumulation
of gaz

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Color of gaz indicates

Accumulation the type of fault

of gaz
White or Yellow :
Insulation burnt

Grey :
Dissociated oil

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Gaz can be extracted
Accumulation for detailled analysis
of gaz

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Effects of Oil Maintenance

• After oil maintenance, false

tripping may occur because Oil
aeration
Bucholz relay tripping inhibited during
suitable period

Need of electrical protection

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Bucholtz Protection Application

Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Severe winding faults

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage

Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buccholz Protection Application

Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Severe winding faults

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Severe winding fault

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Severe winding fault

Issue A Slide 60
 BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay
Severe winding fault

Issue A Slide 60
CONCLUSION

Scheme exemple Up to 1MVA

3.3kV

51 50
200/5 51 50 N N P121

1MVA
1500/5
3.3/0.44kV

51
P120 N

64 1500/5
MCAG14
CONCLUSION

Scheme exemple 1 - 5MVA

11kV

51 50 P121

64 MCAG14

5MVA
1000/5
11/3.3kV

51
P120 N

64 1000/5
MCAG14
3.3kV
CONCLUSION

Scheme exemple Above 5MVA

33KV

51 50 P141
200/5

P120
10MVA
33/11KV 51
N 87
600/5
P631

64 MCAG14

600/5
5/5A
CONCLUSION

Three Winding Transformer

63MVA 25MVA
300/5 132KV 11KV 1600/5

50MVA
33KV

1000/5

4.59 5.51 10.33

2.88 5 2.88
5

All interposing C.T. ratio’s refer

to common MVA base (63MVA)