Summer 2020

High-Performance
Envelopes
Smart Coatings Deliver
Functionality for Exterior Surfaces

When the Building

Envelope Fails

Retrofitting Building Envelopes

to Improve Energy Efficiency

CEU ARTICLE:
Subscribe to our eNewsletter at
Parapets—Continuity
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com
of Control Layers
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 ABOUT THE COVER: Summer 2020

Your technical online resource Loews Miami Beach Hotel in Miami, Fla.
Photo courtesy of Loews Miami Beach Hotel.
for design and education.
High-Performance
Envelopes
Smart Coatings Deliver
Functionality for Exterior Surfaces

When the Building

Envelope Fails

Retrofitting Building Envelopes

contents
to Improve Energy Efficiency

CEU ARTICLE:
Subscribe to our eNewsletter at
Parapets—Continuity
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com
of Control Layers

Summer 2020

PAGE 12 PAGE 16 FEATURES

12 Retrofitting Building Envelopes Can
Improve Energy Efficiency
Some Improvements Consists of Energy Savings
and Aesthetic Appeal

16 Smart Coatings Bring

High-Performance Enclosures
to the Next Level
Responsive Façade Coatings Technology Boosts
Performance, Sustainability and Long-Term Value
PAGE 30
22 Planning Acoustics in Commercial
Construction
What Happens When You Get it Right, and the
Risks of Getting it Wrong

26 Making Transitions to Fenestration

Air and Water Control Layers are Fundamental
to Building Enclosure Performance

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
30 Material Matters
A Higher Level of Protection for “Mission
Critical” Roofs

34 When the Building Envelope Fails

Selecting the Right Interior Finishes Can
Minimize the Consequences

37 Updating Building Codes

Working From the Outside in

46 CEU ARTICLE
DEPARTMENTS COLUMNS Parapets—Continuity
8 Codes 4 Editor’s Note of Control Layers
10 Details Parapet Continuity of Detailing Required to Manage
41 Industry Voices
62 CEU Showcase Moisture, Air, Vapor and Thermal Performance
63 Advertiser Index 43 Living Sustainable
3
 editor’s note A Publication of BNP Media
2401 W. Big Beaver, Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084
Phone: 248.362.3700 Fax: 248.362.5103

I
Website: www.buildingenclosureonline.com
t seems like these days there’s only one thing on most of our minds:
Group Publisher
COVID-19. The status of the novel coronavirus seems to be changing Jill Bloom
often, and we continue to react daily to those changes. At BNP Media, 313.570.7157 [email protected]
we’ve conducted research within the AEC industry to understand bet-
ter the challenges architects, engineers and consultants are currently facing.
Associate Publisher
Liz Obloy
Most respondents to the survey our research team sent out said that 248.244.6423 [email protected]
about 33-35 percent of their active or planned business was delayed, and 12
Editorial
percent of that had been canceled altogether.
Andy Wasiniak, VP & General Manager, Commercial Group for Wal- Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lindsay Lewis
bridge, recently spoke on AIA Michigan’s webinar “How Stay Home, Stay 248.244.6471 [email protected]

Safe Affects the Industry,” on how projects over the next two months are Director Emeritus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John D’ Annunzio
either stalled, stopped or pushed out—several of which were in the mid- 248.936.8744 [email protected]
design phase. Wasiniak mentioned that at the end of March, they saw the
Art Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephanie Smith
highest unemployment claims ever in Michigan for the construction industry, 248.786.1221 [email protected]
which will only continue as subcontractors have to lay off their trades people.
Obviously, throughout the country not all construction projects have Editorial Advisory Board
Matthew C. Carlton – R.J. Kenney Associates Inc.
stopped, as some have been deemed as critical infrastructure projects. For Rick Damato – Roofing Contractor
these project types, individual owners must define their essential status and Randy Ober – Single-Ply Roofing Industry
Anthony Offak – Walbridge
communicate this to contractors and vendors. Current critical infrastruc-
Daniel Overbey – Browning Day
ture projects include projects for healthcare and data centers. These are of Zebonie Sukle – Johns Manville
the utmost priority to our current climate. It seems that design teams have Ryan VanWert – Duro-Last Inc.
so far been able to keep pace on ongoing projects. Sales
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), Sales Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cecilia Brauer
that passed at the end of March is only phase 3 of what’s to come in the 310.594.6256 [email protected]
Sales Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amy Tuttle
form of some relief bills. It’s believed that there will be a phase 4 and a phase 800.533.5653 [email protected]
5 as well, both of which may be in play by the time this note reaches you. National Sales Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marcia L. Wright
Thankfully, there are a number of programs available to small businesses 415.793.2381 [email protected]
that can help AEC firms. The newly enacted SBA Paycheck Protection Pro- Production
gram, which aims to keep workers employed and small businesses afloat, Senior Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lyn Sopala
248.786.1641 [email protected]
makes all businesses with less than 500 employees or those businesses who
would otherwise comply with the size standards under Title 13 of the Code Circulation
Corporate Database Marketing Analyst . . Christina Gietzen
of Federal Regulations eligible for SBA loans until June 30, 2020. 248.786.1634 [email protected]
Requirements on various other loans and programs, such as the Economic
Marketing
Individual Disaster Loan, have also been loosened to assist firms at this Reprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Karen McConnell
time. Additional funding and less hurtles are set in place to make these 248.979.8137 [email protected]
current economic hardships easier on our industry, as well as various others. Marketing Specialist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sarah Pettit
248.786.1705 [email protected]
It’s clear that overall COVID-19 is changing the face of how the AEC
industry works. Building Enclosure is determined to BNP Custom Media Group
Publishing Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melanie Kuchma
keep you up-to-date on all breaking news and infor- 610.383.7970 [email protected]
mation important to the industry and pertaining to
Development
our current crisis. Online Development Director . . . . . . . . . . . Nikki Smith
Directory Development Manager . . . . . . . . . Erin Mygal
For access to BNP’s entire research regarding COVID-
19 and the AEC industry, visit https://bit.ly/34CsNBw

Corporate Directors
Chief Experience Officer: Darrell Dal Pozzo
Human Resources & Information
Technology Director: Rita M. Foumia
Production Director: Vincent M. Miconi
building enclosure

Finance Director: Lisa L. Paulus

Creative Director: Michael T. Powell
THANK YOU TO OUR PARTNERS: Clear Seas Research Director: Beth A. Surowiec
Chief Event Officer: Scott Wolters

BNP Media Helps People Succeed in Business

with Superior Information

4
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solutions at armstrongbuildingsolutions.com/tectum

TECTUM ® E-N ROOF DECK / NORTHLAND WORKFORCE TRAINING CENTER, BUFFALO, NY

 Your technical online resource
for design and education.

contents
WEB
*Photo courtesy of John Robledo Foto.

AVAILABLE ONLINE AT WWW.BUILDINGENCLOSUREONLINE.COM

❖ University Building Designed to Achieve ❖ The NYC Climate Mobilization Act Demands More
LEED Platinum Energy Efficiency
The new Williams Village East residence hall at the University of Colorado New York City produces over 50 million tons of carbon dioxide a year, more
Boulder welcomed its first students in August for the fall 2019 semester. than half of which comes from its own buildings which are the leading
The 178,000-square-foot residence hall, the university’s largest, houses a carbon emissions sources. Now, the city will be undergoing big changes in
total of 705 students. light of the city’s new legislation.

❖ Time to Elevate Social Responsibility in the ❖ LEED v4.1 Revisions Point to the Future of Building
Sustainability Conversation Commissioning
In the building design and construction industry there is no shortage The U.S. Green Building Council recently released version 4.1 of LEED. In
of principles, frameworks, standards, model codes and rating systems it, one will find many important updates to the rating system. This blog
that endeavor to help enterprises balance economic prosperity and preserve cross-references the guidelines and standards related to commissioning in
environmental quality. LEED v4 versus LEED v4.1.
building enclosure

❖ Innovation Through the Building Code Process ❖ In Pursuit of Environmentally-Friendly Concrete

The development process for U.S. building codes is rigorous and Concrete is a composite of sand, gravel, cement and other constituent
deliberative. Because the process results in the best thinking of a components that are never quite the same, nor sourced from the same
large group of experts, building codes can help drive innovation in design places, nor mixed the same way. Moreover, we use an enormous amount
and construction. of concrete.

6
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 codes
DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING
CODE INTERPRETATION
Section 1807.4.2 This section provides the requirements for foundation drain
FOUNDATION DRAIN placement. The section is precise in the requirements and pro-
A drain shall be placed around the perimeter of vides a basis for design:
a foundation that consists of gravel or crushed 1. Apply a drain around the perimeter of the foundation that
stone containing not more than 10 percent consists of gravel or crushed stone. The gravel or crushed
that passes through a No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve. stone shall be a minimum of 4.75 mm or larger.
The drain shall extend a minimum of 12 inches 2. The drain shall extend a minimum of 12 inches beyond the
beyond the outside edge of the footing.
outside edge of the footing.
The thickness shall be such that the bottom of 3. The thickness shall be such that the bottom of the drain is
the drain is not higher than the bottom of the not higher than the bottom of the base under the floor, and
base under the floor, and that the top of the that the top of the drain is not less than 6 inches above the
drain is not less than 6 inches above the top of
top of the footing.
the footing.
4. Cover the top of the drain with an approved filter material.
The top of the drain shall be covered with an 5. If a drain tile or perforated pipe is used the invert of the
approved filter membrane material. Where a pipe or tile shall be placed higher than the floor elevation.
drain tile or perforated pipe is used the invert of 6. The pipe or tile shall be placed on a minimum of 2 inches
the pipe or tile shall be placed higher than the
of gravel or crushed stone. The gravel or crushed stone shall
floor elevation. The pipe or tile shall be placed
be a minimum of 4.75 mm or larger.
on not less than 2 inches of gravel or crushed
stone complying with Section 1807.4.1, and
7. The completed pipe or tile shall be covered with a mini-
shall be covered with not less than 6 inches of mum of 6 inches of gravel or crushed stone. The gravel or
the same material. crushed stone shall be a minimum of 4.75 mm or larger.

ROOFING
CODE INTERPRETATION
Section 1503.4.2 This code implies that scuppers are an acceptable form of roof drain-
SCUPPERS age. Scuppers are installed at the perimeter of the roof area and can
When scuppers are used for be located at openings in parapet walls and/or openings in the perim-
secondary (emergency overflow) eter metal. Scuppers can be used as primary or secondary (overflow)
roof drainage, the quantity, size, drainage. Proper flashing details are required at scuppers to prevent
location and inlet elevation of the moisture infiltration into the roof system. Exterior downspouts are
scuppers shall be sized to prevent often applied at scuppers for water collection away from the structure.
the depth of ponding water from
exceeding that for which the roof Section 1611.1 provides the performance requirements of the scup-
was designed as determined by
pers. The section also provides calculations to determine the mini-
Section 1611.1.
mum number required for the building, as well as minimum openings
Scuppers shall not have an opening and dimensions. The calculations are identical to the interior drain
dimension of less than 4 inches. calculations and they take into account flow rate, the length of the
building enclosure

The flow through the primary

scupper opening and water pressure (head) on the scupper.
system shall not be considered
when locating and sizing scuppers.
It is important that roof slope is directed to the scuppers to
prevent ponding.

8
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 details
OPTION 1: OPTION 2:
SEAM PLATES WALL SEAM PLATES AND
AND SCREW FLASHING SCREW FASTENERS
FASTENERS MEMBRANE (Install per code required
(Install per code (See Note 3.) wind-design zone and
required wind- fastening schedule.)
design zone and GYPSUM WALL
fastening schedule.) COVERBOARD
OPTIONAL:
3" MIN. WOOD WALL
GYPSUM WALL 3" MIN.
COVERBOARD WOOD ROOF DECK

WOOD WALL OPTIONAL:

GYPSUM THERMAL
WOOD ROOF DECK
BARRIER BOARD
OPTIONAL: GYPSUM
THERMAL BARRIER BOARD DECK OVERLAYMENT
BOARD OR MEMBRANE
DECK OVERLAYMENT BOARD OR PROTECTION FABRIC
MEMBRANE PROTECTION FABRIC
MEMBRANE ATTACHMENT STRIP
SINGLE-PLY THERMOPLASTIC ROOFING
MEMBRANE SINGLE-PLY THERMOPLASTIC ROOFING FIELD
CUT-SEAM SEALANT (As may be required AND WALL FLASHING MEMBRANE (See Note 3.)
by membrane manufacturer.)
OPTION 3: OPTION 4:
OPTIONAL:
SEAM PLATES SEAM PLATES AND WALL
AND SCREW GYPSUM WALL
SCREW FASTENERS FLASHING
FASTENERS COVERBOARD
(Install per code required MEMBRANE
(Install per code wind-design zone and (See Note 3.)
required wind- fastening schedule.)
design zone and
fastening APPROX. 112" OPTIONAL: APPROX. 11 2"
schedule.) GYPSUM WALL
COVERBOARD
WOOD WALL
3" MIN. WOOD WALL 3" MIN.
WOOD ROOF OPTIONAL:
DECK GYPSUM THERMAL
OPTIONAL: BARRIER BOARD
GYPSUM THERMAL
WOOD ROOF DECK
BARRIER BOARD
DECK OVERLAYMENT
DECK OVERLAYMENT BOARD OR MEMBRANE
BOARD OR MEMBRANE PROTECTION FABRIC
PROTECTION FABRIC SINGLE-PLY THERMOPLASTIC
MEMBRANE ATTACHMENT STRIP ROOFING MEMBRANE
SINGLE-PLY THERMOPLASTIC ROOFING FIELD CUT-SEAM SEALANT (As may be required
AND WALL FLASHING MEMBRANE (See Note 3.) by membrane manufacturer.)

Detail courtesy of Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA).

Options for Base Securement

The profile of specific components, their configuration or sequencing, can vary with the roof system, climatic differences,
and regional or area practices. Dimensions as shown are recommended minimums and are intended to be approximate to
allow for reasonable tolerances due to field conditions.
Adhere membrane wall flashing to parapet wall, and attach roof system per code wind-design fastening schedule. For
sunny, hot, and/or high altitude projects located in winter-time heating climates, WSRCA suggests that thermoplastic
single-ply roof membranes and flashing ply(s) be white, or another light color, to provide a reflective surface minimizing
building enclosure

heat gain and thermal aging.

Certain components as depicted in these details may not be provided by the roofing contractor.

10
 Vibrance

The upper two-thirds of this Technical Education Center is clad with

Petersen’s Highline S1 panel in three shades of red, gray and white,
as specified by Pfluger Architects. The mix of finishes and profiles
adds a high-tech appeal, with vibrant colors that pop and installation
detailing that creates unique shadow effects.

Career & Technical Education Center, TX Installing contr.: Texas Roofing Co. Architect: Pfluger Architects
GC: American Constructors Owner: Del Valle Independent School Dist. Photo: alanblakely.com

Highline S1
Metal Wall Panel System
Cardinal Red, Ron Red, Tor Red,
Bone White, Cityscape

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 RETROFITTING BUILDING ENVELOPES
CAN IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

A
t the end of 2017, the average U.S. commercial building was just
Some Improvements under 50 years old. As commercial buildings age, their façades
Consists of Energy Savings and systems can begin to degrade or malfunction. This enclosure
performance degradation can lead to poor thermal comfort, poor
and Aesthetic Appeal indoor air quality and wasted energy, contributing to an increase of energy con-
sumption for the building. With many commercial buildings aiming to reduce
By Michael Smalley their energy footprint, retrofitting a building enclosure can deliver energy sav-
ings, as well as an improvement on the building’s appearance.

Retrofitting Buildings is a Growing Trend

Today, building construction is shifting from new construction to retrofits.
ABOVE: It is economically beneficial to adapt According to a McGraw Hill study, the U.S. Green Building Council found
older buildings instead of constructing new ones. that 61 percent of all construction projects are retrofits in recent years. A
City Foudry STL, a retrofitted space that is now a
building doesn’t have to be new in order to be energy-efficient. Many build-
new mixed-use development that features shops,
a food hall, a bar, restaurants, workspaces and ing owners are choosing to retrofit their facility, which can convert them to
entertainment in St. Louis is shown here. sustainable commercial buildings.
All photos courtesy of IWR North America. Energy saving technology can lower energy consumption and operating
building enclosure

costs. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, HVAC sys-

tems make up 51 percent of the total energy use, while lighting represents 25
Check out the expanded digital edition percent. Understanding that these two elements can add up to three quarters
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com of an office building’s energy use, it is best to focus retrofits on energy effi-
ciency first and foremost.

12
 RETROFITTING BUILDING ENVELOPES CAN IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

While energy cost savings are a strong reason for ret-

rofitting commercial buildings, there are many other
benefits as well. These benefits can include improved
occupancy rates, reduced operating and management
expenditures, increased property value and extended
equipment life.

Ideal Buildings to Retrofit

Adaptive reuse buildings, high-rises and hospitals are
common candidates for retrofitting.

Adaptive Reuse
As existing commercial buildings age and outgrow their
original function, changes in technology and construction
are needed to meet modern demands. It is economically
beneficial to adapt older buildings instead of constructing
new ones. Demolition and reconstruction take more time
than an adaptive reuse project.
Additionally, location often plays a large part in the
decision to renovate or adapt a building for a new use.
For example, factories are commonly adapted to provide
multi-family housing in regions such as the Northeast and
Midwest. Not only does the exterior building façade have
to be retrofitted, but so do the HVAC systems, lighting
systems and overall structures to ensure the building per-
forms optimally.

Hospitals
Hospitals can benefit significantly from a retrofit. The
quality of patient care can be severely impacted by bad
indoor air quality and a building’s poor thermal per-
formance. Hospitals use a significant amount of energy
for around the clock operations and the amount of air Hotel Saint Louis, located in St. Louis, benefitted from an adaptive
that needs to be conditioned. The building’s ventila- reuse technique, instead of demolition and reconstruction.
tion systems must perform at ideal levels or mold can
grow, which can compromise the health of the hospital’s
patients and staff. The insulated glass installed on these buildings typi-
To ensure energy efficiency and improve the quality of cally have a warranty of five to 10 years, but the products

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
patient care, a hospital retrofit should include overhauling having a life-expectancy of 20 to 30 years. Generally, the
the HVAC system, updating energy-draining lights and glass originally installed in these older buildings offered
renovating its building envelope. little protection from outside sounds, such as traffic,
nearby construction and low-flying aircrafts. Poorly insu-
High-rise Buildings lated glass and building façades can result in bad thermal
High-rise commercial buildings in large cities can performance, leaving its occupants uncomfortable and
improve energy performance and sound reduction from increasing energy costs for the building owner.
outside elements through a building envelope retrofit.
Many large-scale commercial buildings in the U.S. were Retrofitting a Building Enclosure
built 30 to 40 years ago with curtain walls that do not The variety of materials on the market used on build-
meet today’s standards. The curtain wall technology was ing envelopes has increased over time. These upgrades can
not as developed back then, resulting in failing sealants increase energy efficiency during a commercial building
that may have led to water penetration and air infiltration. envelope retrofitting.
In recent years, there have been advancements in curtain
wall technology with advanced fabrication processes, pro- Exterior Wall Systems
gressive design techniques and high-performance materi- Exterior wall systems can be made of a variety of mate-
als, which can help prevent air and water from entering rials including fabric, glass, metal, stone and wood. How-
the building. ever, these building façades do not always age gracefully.

13
 RETROFITTING BUILDING ENVELOPES CAN IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The glass and the frame can both contribute to signifi-

cant energy loss. The glass installed in the window systems
decades ago would not meet current building codes due to
the stringency on the max U-value of the installed system.
The U-value is the rate of transfer of heat through a struc-
ture that is divided by the difference in temperature across
the structure. A high U-value indicates poor thermal per-
formance of the glass window systems.
Common thermal problems in existing window systems
range from air leakage to condensation to mold develop-
ment. Building professionals should recognize that win-
dow manufacturers develop their window systems only
based on general wall system designs. During a retrofit, the
design team must provide an integrated window system
design to optimize thermal performance.
As existing commercial buildings age and outgrow their original function, Insulated glass units (IGUs) can improve the thermal
changes in technology and construction are needed to meet modern demands. performance in older commercial buildings. Insulating
the glass is one of the most effective ways to retrofit com-
mercial building envelopes. It can reduce both energy con-
Over the years, cracks can appear in concrete, leaks can sumption and cost. Typical commercial spacers are com-
arise due to damaged silicone joints and glazing gaskets and posed of formed aluminum filled with desiccant to absorb
metals rust. Building maintenance can become much more any residual moisture inside the IGUs, reducing potential
expensive due to rising operating costs as well as subpar condensation. While aluminum is a structurally strong
energy efficiency. Therefore, performing a retrofit on the material, the aluminum-to-glass contact point is a very
exterior wall system can correct issues with the original efficient thermal conductor and increases the potential for
construction and create a more energy-efficient building. major temperature variances between the center and edge
In some cases, fixing the current façade is not an option of the glass, which can cause condensation and reduce the
because the systems are obsolete, beyond repair or it falls unit’s overall U-value.
short of meeting current code regulations. A reclad will When IGUs are used in conjunction with low-E and/or
fix these problems and allow the building to still be fully reflective coatings, IGUs perform even better for conserv-
operational. With proper project planning, the disruption ing energy and complying with local codes. The most com-
to the building’s occupants can be minimal. A dual façade mon configuration of IGUs in commercial buildings are a
may be required if the old façade needs to remain in place 6mm (1/4-inch) lite, 12mm (1/2-inch) or air space and a
during the installation of the new building’s skin. The 6mm (1/4-inch) lite. Using two or more lites separated by
unitized curtain wall installed during the reclad can often a sealed air space enables the glass to meet two very dif-
include infills in various finishes and change the aesthetics ferent requirements of keeping heat in during cold weather
of the building. and keeping heat out during warm weather.
Unitized curtain wall system panels for the reclad may Retrofitting a building enclosure is an efficient and
include higher performance glazing, improved fire-rated effective solution when energy performance needs to be
glazing, spandrel and shadowboxes. These can improve improved. It can keep a building operational, avoiding
the performance while enhancing the appearance of the the expenditures of a complete demolition or recon-
façade. Glazing units are typically shop-fabricated to con- struction. This can be beneficial to hospitals, high-rise
trol its quality and expedite the installation time on the buildings or commercial buildings needing an adap-
job site. tive reuse. Following the proper logistics and structural
The use of exterior insulation is an effective way to design depending on the project cannot only improve the
improve the thermal resistance of wall construction. Exte- building’s energy efficiency and costs, but its aesthetics
rior insulation also has additional advantages for commer- as well. BE
cial buildings, including enhanced water management and
increased air tightness of the building. Michael Smalley is the director of business development for IWR
Contractors add insulation to the exterior of existing North America and has more than a decade of industry experience.
buildings for more effective R-values. Another option is to IWR North America, headquartered in St. Louis, Mo., is one of the
building enclosure

use pre-insulated wall panels. longest standing specialty contractors in the U.S. that focuses on
being a true building enclosure partner. IWR is a subsidiary of MHS
Window Systems Legacy Group, a diversified national holding corporation also based
While windows provide natural light, they have very in St. Louis with roots dating back to 1895. For more information,
minimal insulation value in older commercial buildings. please email Michael Smalley at [email protected].

14
PROTECT
YOUR
‘BRANE. Your roof membrane,
that is.

Because if your roof membrane isn’t protected, your building isn’t either.
Learn why Hydrotech Protected Membrane Roofs last up to three times longer
than conventional membrane roofs. Visit hydrotechusa.com/PYB
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 SMART COATINGS
BRING HIGH-PERFORMANCE
ENCLOSURES TO THE NEXT LEVEL

W
hat could be better than a high-performance coating for a
Responsive Façade Coatings building enclosure? How about a finish or coating system that
Technology Boosts Performance, delivers responsiveness and functionality for exterior surfaces
over the life of the building? These coatings would sense and
Sustainability and Long-Term react to various stimuli such as weather, ultraviolet (UV) light, pressure, heat
and the like, bringing new and active capabilities such as corrosion resistance,
Value of Building Assemblies antimicrobial action, self-cleaning and self-healing, among others.
Fortunately, these “smart coatings” do exist and are viable and available for
By Karine Galla commercial use today. While most regular building coatings are formulated to
be inert, highly stable and resistant, research and development initiatives are
driving a wave of innovations in exterior finishes and engineering products that
ABOVE: Villa Renaissance is a luxury boutique resort
in the Turks and Caicos Islands and is located on 250
are far smarter than ever seen before. Many of these valuable functions mirror
feet of white sand beachfront on Grace Bay Beach. scientific principles found in nature—in fact, the increased development of
It is a tropical paradise, now shimmering and shining materials using biomimicry is leading to a range of new, smart coatings—and
with a gorgeous exterior coating, which is not only some reflect advances in materials chemistry and nano-scale fabrication seen
aesthetically beautiful, it’s extremely easy to maintain over the last two decades. Some of the smart coatings are designed for a single
and keep clean. Photo courtesy of Sto Corp.
layer of application; while other systems require multiple coats.
building enclosure

This new generation of materials marks a dramatic departure from con-

ventional coatings—such as exterior paints—which are relatively unsophis-
Check out the expanded digital edition ticated passive or barrier materials. They are formulated mainly to provide
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com limited protection of substrates and impart aesthetic qualities such as color,
gloss and texture.

16
 SMART COATINGS BRING HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENCLOSURES TO THE NEXT LEVEL

Smart coatings are different.

Call them “coatings with a greater
purpose,” as one expert quipped:
“intelligent coatings” are dazzling
the architectural world with their
unique actions and capacities. They
have found market demand for
equally important but less glitzy
reasons: functionality and added
value for long-term investors and
owners of buildings. Smart coat-
ing functionality typically becomes
activated in some way by sensing
environmental stimuli. These trig-
gers may be of a physical nature—
such as impact—or of a chemical
nature, such as pH changes.
Using life-cycle cost and other
methods, project teams and build-
ing scientists have evaluated the
positive economic impact of using
smart coatings. One group of
researchers, for example, used a
comparative feasibility study of
self-cleaning coatings and ordinary
coatings “to see which one could be
more feasible and reduce the annual
cost over the long-run and be more
eco-friendly as a smart finishing
material for buildings.” Over a two-
decade installation, the smart coat-
ing would save almost 80 percent in
total cost of ownership over a stan-
dard coating product, they found.
What’s the best way to assess
the need for smart coatings and
the potential benefits of the prod-
ucts and coating systems consid-

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
ered? Building project teams should
begin by considering six factors that
impact the exterior of a building.
These include:
• Mechanical action, such
as hail on the outside and The owner of the Villa Renaissance in Turks and Caicos wanted to think of ways to make
swelling on the inside, as his resort stand out and look fresh and new. He wanted to update an existing coral render
well as building movement. façade without the expense of a topcoat, and for it to stand up in a prime location on the
beach. Photo courtesy of Sto Corp.
• Air pollution, including
organics such as NOx and
mineralic materials like dust.
• Biological contaminants, such as mildew or After this analysis, it is valuable for project teams
fungal growth. including the owner, designers and contractors to evalu-
• Bulk water—rain and dew—as well as snow, ate available coating materials—including smart coat-
humidity and other moisture and water vapor. ings—and their ability to increase performance and both
• Temperature effects due to climate and fire. enhance long-term value by extending enclosure life and
• Light impacts, including UV, visible and by reducing maintenance needs, operational costs and
infrared rays. replacement or reapplication needs.

17
 SMART COATINGS BRING HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENCLOSURES TO THE NEXT LEVEL

Stratford Arms Condominiums in Boca Raton, Fla. Photo courtesy of Sto Corp.

Protective and Active with surface reactions triggered by UV radiation have been
Smart coatings offer two areas of value for building designed to improve self-cleaning and resistance to dulling
owners and investors: first is an enhanced protection from or streaking.
external forces and degradation actions, such as icing, Recently introduced—and still under development
microbial incursion, fouling, corrosion and general dam- today—are coatings, sealants and other enclosure prod-
age and soiling. Second is a range of active properties that ucts with self-healing properties. Heat, UV light and even
boost effectiveness, such as hydrophobicity—basically, microbes can cause this action to seal voids and pores or
water repellence—self-healing qualities, liquid-infused correct micro-cracking in material surfaces over gypsum,
formulas, or self-altering micro-structures that adjust for stone, metal, glass or concrete substrates. Another example
tension or porosity. The most effective or smart attributes is the use of photocatalysis, typically with direct sunlight
include sensing, switchable friction, dynamic adhesion and or applied UV light, to achieve varied smart performance
controllable hydrophobicity, according to architectural attributes including experimental techniques to “scrub
engineer Abdelaziz Mohamed, PhD. carbon” or trigger photocatalytic reduction of atmospheric
Coatings can activate when exposed to various envi- CO2 to benefit the environment overall, according to the
ronmental stimuli or threshold levels of those stimuli. An National Institutes of Health.
example is an increased ability to shed water seen in some While these concepts show promise, other photocata-
smart coatings, allowing the surfaces to remain cleaner for lytic smart coatings are gaining wide use today. A new class
building enclosure

a longer period of time thanks to the movement or beading of coatings, for example, can counteract odors and pol-
of moisture and rain. Others have been devised so these lutants in the ambient air when activated by photocataly-
properties allow for faster drying of building enclosure sis. While not typically employed for exterior surfaces, a
surfaces, which in some circumstances can add perfor- related interior paint recently introduced can neutralize air
mative and sustainable qualities. Similarly, formulations impurities and odors without requiring UV light, making

18
 SMART COATINGS BRING HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENCLOSURES TO THE NEXT LEVEL

it ideal for building interior spaces with only normal electric lighting.
The product is especially effective in heavily trafficked areas such as
retail settings and smoking zones.

Predefined Properties
More than protective, smart coatings are designed with predefined
properties that sense and respond to environmental and other external
stimuli. This represents an advance over traditional functional coatings
because these active materials change in tailored and predictable ways
that have been engineered to lead to enhanced performance.
An advance over the conventional barrier concept, the responsive
qualities of intelligent coatings have led to significant building enclosure
benefits. Examples include a growing array of products for sustainable
building design and operations stemming from the application of bio-
mimetic microtechnologies in finish materials, sealants and coatings.
One established advance is a highly water-repellent coating designed to
function similar to a lotus leaf. As rain and moisture impact a building
façade, this smart coating allows dirt particles to simply run off with
the water, while the façade remains dry and attractive.
Called by some the “lotus effect,” this technology works effectively
even on the building exposures that take the brunt of weather impact.
Yet the formulations are vapor-permeable, allowing the substrate to
breathe naturally and resist blisters caused by trapped water vapor. The
resulting coating is also UV-resistant, which improves color retention

Residential Building in Lorrach, Germany. Photo courtesy of Sto Corp.

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0

The Steamboat Grand Resort, located a few steps from the base of the Steamboat Ski area, is a popular luxury resort located in Steamboat
Springs, Colo. Photo courtesy of Sto Corp.

19
 SMART COATINGS BRING HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENCLOSURES TO THE NEXT LEVEL

Loews Miami Beach Hotel in Miami, Fla. Photo courtesy of Loews Miami Beach Hotel.

dramatically over time, further extending the product life- the latter, smart coatings should offer uniquely protec-
cycle and return on investment. tive features as well as enhanced durability over conven-
Another product category with properties similarly tional products. For the former, decorative qualities are
based on biomimetric principles can deliver rapid-drying only valuable as long as they last—and smart materials
surfaces that protect buildings better against the effects of boost the longevity of façade cleanliness and attractive-
rain, fog and dew. The environmentally friendly coatings ness. Advanced coatings should also improve a building’s
also add a long-term safeguard against algae and fungal efficiency, including through reflectance and emissiv-
incursion. These performance benefits have been con- ity measures but also by cutting maintenance costs and
firmed in comparison studies of façade paints and their dry- downtime.
ing properties by groups including Germany’s Fraunhofer In addition, variables such as reliability and improve-
Institute. Drying properties under typical environmental ments to building lifecycle can be considered, including
conditions were found to improve significantly with the performance proven to meet or exceed established bench-
smart coatings formulations. marks. For example, savvy building owners and specifiers
call for references to key ASTM standards for accelerated
Evaluating Smart Coatings weathering, tensile strength and tensile bond, mold resis-
building enclosure

Any review of smart coatings should incorporate these tance, vapor permeability and flame spread, among others.
life-cycle considerations and then be supplemented by a The most important performance measures, such as dura-
review of sustainability prerogatives. The project team bility and resiliency, are vital for contributing to more reli-
begins by considering the most essential attributes of able enclosure systems and buildings. In this way, they also
coatings, their decorative and functional attributes. For extend building lifecycle to boost overall investment value.

20
 SMART COATINGS BRING HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENCLOSURES TO THE NEXT LEVEL

It sounds like a formula for success,

and both investors and project teams are
bullish on smart coatings. A recent mar-
ket study showed growth through 2024 to
$8.5 billion in varied end-use industries
including marine, aerospace, automotive
and building and construction. This tracks
the compound annual growth of more
than 5 percent determined by analysts
at Technavio through 2022, according to
their latest report.
Based on performance on buildings and
in investments, smart coatings are clearly
the future. BE

Karine Galla is Senior Product Manager for Sto

Corp. She has more than 17 years of experience in
product marketing in EIFS, stucco, air and moisture
barriers, and other materials. Karine has a mas-
ter’s degree from the University of Lyon, France.
She is multilingual and holds AWCI’s EIFS Doing it
Right and Building Envelope Doing it Right certifi-
cations, as well as the ISO Internal Lead Auditor Grace Church in Fayetteville, Ga. Photo courtesy of Sto Corp.
certification from Georgia Tech.

eNEWSLETTER
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A weekly eNewsletter brought to you
by the editors of Building Enclosure.

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21
 PLANNING ACOUSTICS
IN COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION

W
What Happens When You Get it Right, e know more today than ever before about the importance
of building structures that are energy-efficient, safe and
and the Risks of Getting it Wrong comfortable for occupants. Creating these high-perfor-
mance buildings begins at the planning stage with design
By Chad Holmes professionals and technical experts who consider all the factors that go into
ABOVE: A properly designed building envelope can making spaces perform as they are intended. When it comes to acoustics,
help reduce the impact of exterior sources of noise. The getting it right means improving the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
mass of concrete isn’t enough; insulation in wall and of a space.
roof assemblies also helps create positive IEQ, which
And yet, the acoustics of a building is often still overlooked in the
includes a healthy acoustic environment for occupants.
All images courtesy of ROCKWOOL. planning stage, even though we know the risks of poor acoustic design
building enclosure

can range from irritating to harmful. In fact, noise has been defined by
the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a pollutant and a
Check out the expanded digital edition hazard to human health and hearing. It has the potential to seriously affect
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com people, interfering with daily activities at school or work, at home and
during leisure hours.

22
 PLANNING ACOUSTICS IN COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION

The Risks of Poor Acoustics on sound transmission. When ignored or done incorrectly
Depending on the type of structure, the potential com- these junctions can lead to flanking paths for sound. In
plications from poor acoustic building design can vary fact, walls and closed-door offices often give the illusion
greatly, but all are significant. Consider the following: of privacy because of this oversight.
• Noisy neighbours can be irritating and may contrib-
ute to loss of sleep and related consequences includ- How Should You Get Started with
ing the inability to focus, along with cardiovascular Acoustics Planning?
and psycho-physiological symptoms. Consider the unique needs and possible architectural
• Office workers can be distracted and experience acoustic challenges of every renovation or new construction
decreased productivity by a noisy environment, as project. With the application-specific goals in hand,
well as increased stress levels. determine whether you’ll need to work with an acoustical
• The same can be said of students and teachers in consultant or engineer. If you do, get them involved at
educational settings. project conception using an integrated design process. As

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
• In healthcare environments, noise can limit a part of that process, the team is encouraged to articulate
patient’s recovery, as well as the ability of healthcare and understand the specific objectives of a space, including:
professionals to properly do their jobs. • How important is speech privacy?
• In all of these settings, poor acoustical design can • Does speech need to be clearly intelligible?
significantly limit privacy. • Does sound propagation need to be prevented,
particularly in large open rooms?
People speaking or moving about, electronics, HVAC
systems… they all contribute to noise problems. But it’s Next, consider what the “source-path-receiver” model
not just interior sources of noise that can be troublesome. reveals for potential risks:
Exterior noises—everything from road traffic to construc- • What are the various sources of sound in a space—
tion sites—are considered noise pollution when excessive. both interior and exterior? Do they reach the criteria
When they are limited, however, their impact on our daily for “noise pollution”, i.e. are they causing harm or
environments will support a positive occupant experience. discomfort to occupants?
Why should we be thinking about acoustics early on • Which paths will be available for sound to travel,
during the planning process? First, because mitigating and what adjustments need to be made to limit its
noise problems post-construction are often complicated impact, or in other cases, ensure it gets delivered?
and costly. Second, the junction of construction and design • Where is the receiver, and what do they require?
elements (e.g. walls and partitions) have a huge impact Speech privacy or speech intelligibility? Or both?

23
 PLANNING ACOUSTICS IN COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION

It’s important to remember that meeting building code

requirements for acoustics is a minimum standard and often
falls short of the ideal conditions required for occupants.
Instead, consider the value of moving to high-performance
building design and following the strict requirements of cer-
tifications programs such as LEED v4 and the WELL Build-
ing Standard to create the ideal acoustical environment.

Put the Acoustics Design Plan in Action

What’s next? With this information gathered, your team
can ensure that the right acoustic design and construction
principles are incorporated for occupant comfort. Consid-
eration should be given to the following:
• Noise transmission can occur due to sound leakage.
Managing the interior acoustic environment means also
The most common leakage spots are cracks and poor- considering exterior sources of noise: road traffic, boisterous
ly made layers between the wall, ceiling and floor, neighbours, even nearby construction sites.
poorly sealed doors and windows, non-insulated
pipelines and crawl space, and poor brickwork (too
little mortar between the bricks). An inadequately • Material selection for assemblies is important in help-
designed ventilation system will also increase sound ing to achieve acoustic objectives both through sound
transmission. That’s why the best method to solve for absorption and sound blocking or isolation. Frequently
indoor and outdoor noise is at the source. we want to achieve both. Stone wool solutions offer
• Assess the environmental noise of the site and plan the the ability to better control sound at the source and
appropriate building envelope assemblies using insula- can be used effectively to limit vibration and sound
tion to increase noise reduction. DNL, or day-night transmission along the sound pathway in a space.
average sound level, is the sound level in a space aver-
aged over 24 hours. Selecting quiet HVAC equipment Good acoustic design is based on a strong foundation
and locating it away from spaces sensitive to sound can of technical knowledge. Compiling this information and
be effective, as can using interior partitions with insu- planning specific design and construction details from the
building enclosure

lation to boost the sound transmission class. Speech beginning will contribute to a space that meets its acous-
privacy can be improved between rooms by using tics goals and supports a positive IEQ. BE
full-height partitions with insulation; likewise, speech
intelligibility inside rooms can be improved by incor- Chad Holmes is the Product Manager—Exterior Wall Insulation,
porating sound-absorbing ceilings, islands and baffles. Roofing & Core Solutions for ROCKWOOL.

24
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or shop online at www.buildingenclosureonline.com/books
 MAKING TRANSITIONS
TO FENESTRATION
Air and Water Control Layers
W
ithin many commonly used exterior opaque wall assemblies,
the air and water control layers are provided by a single material
are Fundamental to Building with a combined function, indicated as an air and water bar-
rier (AWB). When integrating glazing into the wall assembly,
Enclosure Performance transitions between the AWB and fenestration1 assemblies are created. It is at
these transitions where many post construction issues originate. As such, these
transitions need to be carefully designed and coordinated during construction,
By Julie Szabo, CET and Jason Sanchez, AIA since these transitions typically include the work of multiple trades/installers.
Discontinuities in this continuous air and water seal between the AWB and
the fenestration can result in air and water infiltration to the building interior.
Like many building materials, selection of fenestration systems for specific
wall assemblies is a process in which performance characteristics such as struc-
ABOVE: Photo courtesy of Getty Images. tural capacity, the resistance to air infiltration, water penetration and thermal
attributes are evaluated along with aesthetics and cost. However, the inte-
building enclosure

gration of the system(s) under consideration with the adjacent exterior wall
assembly is often overlooked in the selection process.2
Check out the expanded digital edition Once the fenestration is selected, the specific detailing of the AWB and
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com fenestration transition can be difficult and complex, especially on projects
where many different types of fenestration are used. Often in the contract

26
 MAKING TRANSITIONS TO FENESTRATION

documents, both the fenestration assembly and FIGURE 1

the AWB are represented schematically, with the
specific details being refined during the submit-
tal process when coordination between the trades
occurs. Since this transition is critical to enclo-
sure performance, the focus on the integration
of the AWB and fenestration should begin during
design, to avoid potentially increasing time and
costs during construction.
To effectively design and install the AWB tran-
sition to different fenestration assemblies, the
fenestration air control and water management
design must be understood. This will determine
where and how to provide the continuous air and
water seal. The continuous seal should be located
at the “wet-dry line” of the fenestration assembly,
the location of which is a function of the fenestra-
tion air and water management.
The following elements should be reviewed
throughout the project:
1. Identify the available substrates for
installation of a continuous air and water
seal at both the rough opening and the
fenestration frame.
2. Align air and water seal at the wet-dry
line of fenestration assembly.
Wet-dry line for typical captured curtain wall and storefront systems. All figures courtesy
3. Confirm access and installation method of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
of the air and water seal.
4. Verify seal continuity and compatibility
with substrates. allow air into the pocket. As such, the wet-dry line of a
curtain wall assembly occurs at the interior edge of the
As discussed, the design of the fenestration assembly glass pocket in alignment with the interior surface (surface
determines the location and method of providing the air #2) of the IGU and the edge of the solid frame extrusion
and water seal between the AWB and fenestration assembly. supporting the IGU (see Figure 1). This area is commonly
The “wet-dry line” and seal position are reviewed at three referred to as the “shoulder” of the curtain wall frame. It
commonly used fenestration assembly types below: glazed is at this location where the continuous air and water seal
curtain wall, storefront and integral nail fin windows. between the curtain wall and AWB should occur.
The air and water seal can be detailed in a variety of

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
Curtain Wall ways with different types of materials. To be durable, the
A curtain wall assembly is a non-load-bearing exterior seal must manage thermal and differential movement at
wall assembly that is hung on the structure of the build- the transition between the curtain wall and opaque wall.
ing, usually spanning multiple floor levels at a façade. 3 In the most basic form, the air and water seal can consist
Curtain wall assemblies can also be used in punched open- of a sealant joint between the shoulder of the curtain wall
ings, typically in mid- to high-rise buildings. There are frame and the AWB (see Figure 2). Installation of this
two primary types of glazed curtain walls: stick-built and detail requires that the AWB and underlying adjacent wall
unitized, and two primary means of glazing: mechanically assembly are in alignment with the curtain wall shoulder
captured or structural silicone glazed. Stick-built curtain to provide adjoining substrates for the sealant joint.
walls are generally field constructed and field glazed; unit- Where this alignment is not possible or where obstruc-
ized curtain walls are shop fabricated and glazed in units tions, such as open tubes and attachment clips, limit access
and then fit together on-site. to the curtain wall shoulder the air and water seal can be
With respect to the captured system (the focus of achieved by using a transition membrane, sealed onto the
this paper), both types of curtain walls share the same edge of the frame within the glass pocket or at the shoul-
air and water management concepts, which occur within der (see Figure 3). It is important that the transition sheet
the glass pocket where the insulated glass unit (IGU) is material used for this purpose is capable of accommodat-
located. Typically, water is managed individually in each ing the unsupported span between the curtain wall and
glass pocket and is weeped to the exterior. The weeps also rough opening as well as the expected movement at this

27
 MAKING TRANSITIONS TO FENESTRATION

FIGURE 2 joint. Preformed silicone sheet has been devel-

oped by several manufacturers for this exact
purpose and performs well in this application.
As with any installation, compatibility and
adhesion of materials should be confirmed.

Storefront Systems
Storefront glazing assemblies (storefront)
are typically used in single-story, floor-to-
ceiling applications in non-residential areas of
buildings, commonly as commercial entrance
systems and windows. Like a curtain wall, air
and water management in this system gener-
ally occurs within the glass pocket. However,
these assemblies typically use open channel
frames with interconnected glass pockets that
can allow air and water within the assembly
to reach the interior-most edge of the frame.
Any bulk water or moisture within this area
is collectively drained down the mullions to a
sub-sill where it is weeped out. For this rea-
son, the wet-dry line for a storefront is located
at the interior edge of the storefront frame
(see Figure 1) which is the location where the
air and water seal between the storefront and
Curtain wall jamb with air and water seal at the curtain wall shoulder. AWB transition needs to occur. Although the
wet-dry line is at the interior (glass) side of
the perimeter storefront frame, the open side
of the frame (facing the rough opening) is not
FIGURE 3 designed to manage water. As such, the AWB
should be configured to seal off this side of
the frame and prevent movement of air and
bulk water into this space from the adjacent
opaque wall. This can be achieved by provid-
ing a continuous seal between the AWB and
the exterior edge of the storefront frame (see
Figure 4). Depending on the location of the
storefront within the wall assembly and the
type of cladding, this may require the use of a
closure that is integrated with the AWB. The
closure would be used to extend and align the
AWB with the exterior edge of the storefront
frame and provide a substrate for this con-
tinuous seal.

Nail Fin Window

Residential-style windows, which incorpo-
rate an integral nailing fin within the frame, are
commonly used on single-family and multi-fam-
ily construction within punched openings. This
type of assembly performs as a barrier assembly
building enclosure

with limited capability, usually only within the

operable units, to manage and drain bulk water.
Curtain wall jamb with transition membrane as the air and water seal within The integral nailing fin is often provided for the
the glass pocket (option to seal at the curtain wall shoulder not shown). structural attachment of the window assembly
as well as a substrate for integration with the

28
 MAKING TRANSITIONS TO FENESTRATION

AWB at the opaque wall, and effectively defines the loca- FIGURE 4
tion of the wet-dry line for the window. Commonly with
this type of window assembly, designers create drainage at
the sill of the window by creating a membrane pan flashing
at the sill of the rough opening and leaving the nailing fin at
the sill of the window open to drain.
This strategy is desirable for use with residential grade
windows to provide redundant protection to the overall
water management as the internal seals of the window age
and breakdown. Many AWB and window manufacturers
specifically support this design approach at rough openings
with nail fin windows. However, without a continuous seal
at the sill nailing fin, accommodations need to be made to
provide continuity of the AWB. This can be achieved by
providing a continuous air seal between the interior perim-
eter of the frame and the AWB at the rough opening. This
approach accepts that exterior air, from the sill pan, will
have access to the full perimeter of the frame; however,
additional seals can be added to limit that air movement.

Supplemental Seals
Like many assemblies in the building enclosure, redun-
dancy of the air and water seals at these transitions can
also be provided. Although not part of the primary air and
water control, a weather seal or outermost seal between
the fenestration assembly and cladding can be provided
to shed water and provide protection to the primary seal Storefront jamb with closure to extend the AWB to the exterior edge of the
storefront frame.
from weather and UV exposure. On the interior, a supple-
mental air seal can also be provided between the fenestra-
tion and AWB to limit movement of interior conditioned
air to the edge of the frame bordering or outboard of the 2. Slaton, Deborah J.; Patterson, David S. (2019)
thermal break where condensation can occur. This is typi- Integrating Fenestration with the Wall, Construction
cally more critical in cold, very cold and arctic regions; Specifier, Sep
depending upon the climate zone and anticipated interior 3. “Curtain Wall,” 12 March 2020. [Online]. Avail-
conditions, this seal may be critical for condensation con- able at http://aamanet.org
trol and no longer considered supplementary. 4. YKK AP, “YKK AP Product Quide,” [Online].
When designing transitions in the building enclosure Available at https://www.ykkap.com/commercial/
between the AWB and fenestration assemblies, providing productguide/ [Accessed 6 March 2020].

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
a continuous and durable air and water seal between the
systems is critical to mitigating air and water infiltration. Julie Szabo is a Senior Associate with Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Designing, implementing and achieving an effective seal Associates, Inc., where she has performed building enclosure con-
requires an understanding of a fenestration’s air control sulting services on a wide variety of building types. In addition to
and water management design and the identification of the hands-on experience investigating enclosure performance issues
wet-dry line location, to adequately design and execute the related to air leakage, water infiltration, thermal performance and
air and water seal at each different fenestration type. BE condensation, she is experienced with design, detailing and instal-
lation of various high-performance enclosures. Julie actively serves
References on various Air Barrier Association of America technical committees,
1. Per the Fenestration & Glazing Industry Alliance, is the current co-chair of the ABAA Editorial Review of Technical
fenestration includes “Openings in or on the build- Documents Task Group and the past-Chair of the Building Enclosure
ing envelope, such as windows, doors, secondary Council of Washington, D.C.
storm products, curtain walls, storefronts, roof
windows, tubular daylighting devices, sloped glaz- Jason Sanchez, AIA is an architect with Wiss, Janney, Elstner
ing and skylights, designed to permit the passage of Associates Inc. He has over 13 years of experience with building
air, light or people.” It is at the perimeter of these enclosures including investigation, assessment, and rehabilitation of
various elements where the transition between the existing buildings and new construction design review, construction
opaque wall and the fenestration assembly occurs. observation and performance verification.

29
 MATERIAL MATTERS
A Higher Level of Protection
I
nnovation fuels our industry, empowering architects and contractors to
do more and do it better every year. And the innovation happens quickly.
for “Mission Critical” Roofs We can see the evolution of design and building envelope options from
year-to-year at the industry’s leading shows. Advances in building science
By Tiffany Coppock and technology are bringing new materials to market that are lighter and more
energy-efficient, promote safety and enable some truly spectacular designs.
ABOVE: Chicago’s James W. Jardine Water Filtration But even among all our new options, sometimes a material we thought we
Plant is the world’s largest water purification plant. knew can surprise us, especially when viewed in the context of today’s build-
When it needed a new roof, the design team—pleased
ing enclosures. That’s becoming the case with cellular glass insulation, which
with decades of reliable performance—opted to
continue using cellular glass as the roofing insulation is getting renewed attention from many architects and designers, particularly
layer, pairing it with a new thermoplastic membrane. for mission critical buildings.
Photo courtesy of Owens Corning.
building enclosure

What is Cellular Glass?

Just like any glass, the primary ingredient in cellular glass insulation is sand.
Check out the expanded digital edition The sand is mixed with other ingredients including limestone, soda ash and
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com recycled glass to form a molten compound. Through a process of more mixing,
crushing and heating again, the compound goes through a chemical reaction

30
 MATERIAL MATTERS

that results in a glass matrix of millions of hermetically minor damage. Roofs are areas of extreme vulnerability in
sealed glass cell bubbles. This matrix provides an array of these structures.
performance benefits that are different from other roofing When a roofing membrane is compromised (and it’s
insulation material options and offer several advantages in a question of “when”, not “if ”), cellular glass insulation
mission critical buildings. serves as a secondary, watertight layer. Like any glass con-
Cellular glass was developed in Europe more than 70 tainer, cellular glass is impervious to moisture—both liq-
years ago and became a popular option for commercial uid and vapor. Cellular glass can be adhered and sealed
building roofs in the U.S. from the 1960s-1980s. Many with asphalt or cold adhesive without breaking down.
of these roofs continue to be in service across the nation This allows for more effective sealing at joints and seams.
today. In the late 1980s, the introduction of new roofing
material options captured the market’s attention and use Additional Performance Benefits of
of cellular glass declined in the U.S. as interest in the new Cellular Glass
offerings grew. However, cellular glass continued to be Compressive strength
used extensively across Europe, where it was prized for its In many mission critical buildings, the roof may serve
performance characteristics. multiple purposes, housing a parking deck, green space,
Now, as more architects are being tasked with design- HVAC equipment, solar panels and more. Cellular glass
ing buildings that serve mission critical purposes, cellular offers superior compressive strength when a roof needs
glass is getting a second look—especially when it comes to to do more than cover a building. Indeed, the highest
the roof. A building’s “critical mission” might be protect- compressive strength ratings for foam plastics are just the
ing invaluable treasures or housing classified documents starting point for cellular glass. Even under heavy loads,
and processes. Any leak or rupture in the roofing mem- cellular glass won’t deflect or move.
brane of a mission critical building could result in losses
very difficult to replace or even irrecoverable. Resistance to acids and chemicals
Cellular glass is inert, so it’s not affected by chemical
A Cellular Glass Case Study: The compounds that may deposit on the roof. In some cases, a
Jardine Water Treatment Plant roofing material must also handle assaults from the inside—
The James W. Jardine Water Filtration Plant sits adja- for example, the corrosive chemicals used in natatoriums. A
cent to Chicago’s Navy Pier, on the city’s iconic lakefront. humid, chemical-rich environment can eventually eat away
Processing a billion gallons of water per day, the Jardine at plastic and rubber roofing materials but won’t damage
plant has reliably supplied the water needs of Chicago and cellular glass. And as a non-organic material, cellular glass
its suburbs for more than 50 years. When the building was doesn’t promote mold or bacteria growth.
originally constructed, cellular glass rigid foam was used
as the roofing insulation. The roof performed admirably Adaptability
for decades, exposed to the harsh Chicago climate on the When viewing the roof as part of the totality of a build-
outside and a constant mix of water vapor and chemistry ing’s enclosure, it’s important to note that cellular glass can
inside. But, eventually, the roofing membrane had to be be used below the roof as well. The high R-values of cellular
replaced. The design team noted that the cellular glass glass help prevent thermal bridging. Cellular glass is a struc-
insulation layer had not deformed, deflected or been dam- tural insulation, so it can be used below-grade, and the con-

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
aged over its many decades of use. So, they decided when tinuous insulation path can cross over a load resolution path.
it was time to replace the roof, cellular glass would again
be used as the insulating layer. Sustainability
The Jardine plant is a prime example of a mission criti- Cellular glass doesn’t contain any flame retardants
cal building. It supplies water to 5.5 million Chicagoans or binders and it contributes to overall green building
and any interruption or incursion of contaminants would goals. It’s also easy for contractors to cut and install
have the potential to disrupt daily life, commerce—even using techniques they already know, so there’s no special
pose a threat to public health. Every roof membrane will training required.
be exposed to stress over time, opening up the risk of As our industry looks to constantly improve our options
leaks and deterioration. For the Jardine plant, a redun- for building enclosure solutions, it’s important to have
dant layer of protection was vital. Cellular glass provided access to a broad range of tools and materials. For mission
that assurance. critical buildings, cellular glass deserves renewed attention
as a viable and valuable option for roofing insulation sys-
Mission Critical Redundancy tems where redundancy and resilience are top concerns. BE
Whether a building is protecting a city’s water supply,
a bank of critical data servers or a gallery of priceless arti- Tiffany Coppock, NCARB, AIA, CSI, CDT, LEED AP, ASTM,
facts, every mission critical building is characterized by RCI, EDAC is the Commercial Building Systems Specialist for
the extreme disruption or loss that could occur from even Owens Corning.

31
Flawless — Just As You Intended
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Eliminate WRB-AB design variability and installation inconsistencies, which can degrade your design.
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And with cladding versatility, you can design with nearly any cladding type.
Control? With DensElement® Barrier System, it always stays in your hands.
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Flashing finishes DensElement® Barrier System
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and rough openings, while DensDefy™ Transition
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areas of movement. You could call it integrated-
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All rights reserved.
Unless otherwise noted,
all trademarks are owned by
or licensed to GP Gypsum LLC.
 WHEN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE FAILS

Selecting the Right Interior

H
ow far into the interior does the building envelope go? We design
around questions of how far daylight, views and heat will pene-
Finishes Can Minimize trate, but how far will failure penetrate?

the Consequences
The effects of envelope performance—or failure—may extend
all the way through the building, especially in regard to moisture. Although
elements closest to the exterior are likely the most affected, water has a ten-
By Steven H. Miller dency of finding its way deep into a structure. Are the interior materials resil-
ient enough to withstand intruding moisture, or will they be damaged and
ABOVE: Thermoformed panels resist water, compound the cost and disruption caused by the envelope failure?
are cleanable without damage and do not retain
Intruding moisture is a frequent cause of problems with indoor air quality
moisture, so they are approved for use in places
where hygiene is tightly regulated, such as over (IAQ). Moisture combines with organic material used in building products to
this food preparation area. Photo courtesy of create breeding grounds for mold and bacteria. Where IAQ is especially criti-
Martin Knowles. cal, such as when hospital construction mandates an Infection Control Risk
building enclosure

Assessment (ICRA), industrial hygienists may be required on the construction

site to spot weaknesses where moisture has a potential to intrude or collect.
Check out the expanded digital edition Moisture-related damage can be minimized if potential envelope failures are
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com considered when selecting interior finishes. This proactive design guideline is
not always heeded, however.

34
 WHEN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE FAILS

A dramatic example is a church in Texas, that

had to replace their ceiling panels up to six times
in just 30 years due to persistent roof problems.
Leaks can be caused by:
• Roofing and cladding failures,
• Voids in wall air barriers,
dampproofing, and waterproofing,
• Blockages in drainage media or cavities
in walls, and
• Defective flashings and sealant failures.

In addition, dripping water due to

condensation can occur wherever cold surfaces
contact warm, moist interior air. This occurs,
for example, at thermal short circuits through
insulation, glazing that does not have thermal
breaks, and pipes, ducts and other objects that
penetrate the envelope.
The composition of various other panels
usually includes starch and cellulose, which are
water absorbent and can feed the growth of mold
and fungus, as well as other water-absorbent
components such as expanded perlite. Visible
stains and blotches in ceiling tiles may indicate
bacteria and mold growth, which can impact
IAQ. The U.S. Environmental Protection When envelope failures occur, interior materials need to be resilient, to avoid compounding
Agency (EPA), in Indoor Air Facts No. 4 the damage. Some ceiling panels bear evidence of the frequency of roof leaks and
(revised)—Sick Building Syndrome (Publication condensation, and can become sources of IAQ problems as well as visual blemishes.
MD-56) lists “replacement of water-stained Photo courtesy of Ceilume.
ceiling tile” as an example of “pollutant source
removal” to reduce IAQ problems.
The Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), Technical Bulletin 2—Flood
Damage-Resistant Materials Requirement
classifies common finish materials by their
flood-damage resistance on a scale of 1-5, with
5 being the most resistant and 1 being the least.

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
A More Robust Alternative
Try as we may, most buildings will experience
some form of building envelope failure during
their life. An awareness of this justifies using
ceiling materials that are more robust—capable
of performing without failure under a wide
range of conditions.
Thermoformed acoustic ceiling panels,
for example, are made of rigid vinyl that is
impervious to moisture and does not support
growth of mold or bacteria. They comply with
FEMA Category 4 for flood-damage resistance,
“these materials can survive wetting and
drying and may be successfully cleaned after
a flood to render them free of most harmful
pollutants.” They can be washed with soap Thermoformed panels have the ability to be used for creating back-
and water—a process that would destroy some lighted luminous ceilings. Photo courtesy of Martin Knowles.
other panels—and are therefore approved for

35
 WHEN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE FAILS

use in places where hygiene is tightly regulated (such as healthcare

and food processing facilities).
Recent testing confirms the robust properties of thermoformed
panels. ASTM D1308—Strength Properties of Prefabricated Architec-
tural Acoustical Tile or Lay-in Ceiling Panels evaluates four criteria,
1) Hardness, 2) Friability, 3) Sag due to humidity exposure, and 4)
Transverse Strength.
Thermoformed panels also have various attributes, such as the
ability to be used as drop-out panels installed beneath fire sprin-
klers, and light transmitting versions for creating back-lighted lumi-
nous ceilings. Thermoformed panels are stain resistant, acoustical,
and up to 80 percent lighter than other panels—so they can easily
be substituted in most 2 feet by 2 feet and 2 feet by 4 feet sus-
pended ceiling grids.
With a cost-competitive, higher-performing alternative available,
the persistent use of other ceilings suggests that designers are not
factoring in the probability of even minor envelope failure, nor are
Thermoformed ceiling panels made of rigid vinyl are a robust they designing for it. Paying attention to a properly detailed envelope
alternative. They are impermeable to water, stain resistant and fully that can protect the interior from the outside world is paramount,
washable. Photo courtesy of Ryan Bent. but even with our best efforts, nothing is perfect. The use of robust
materials that can survive a failure is also worthy of consideration. BE

Steven H. Miller, CDT, is an award-winning freelance writer and photographer, based in California, who specializes in the construction
industry. His work has been published in numerous AEC magazines and journals including Concrete International, The Construction Specifier,
The Military Engineer, The Journal of the Post-Tensioning Institute, Constructor, Walls and Ceilings, Structure and others.

Build
Your Skills
Earn your credits and expand your expertise with
articles, webinars, and interactive courses on building
envelope design at:
continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com
building enclosure

Photo used with permission of Huber Engineered Woods LLC ©2013

36
 UPDATING BUILDING CODES
Working From
B
uilding codes change over time as new and improved methods of
construction are developed to satisfy the stringent requirements for

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
The Outside In safety, health and accessibility of buildings. Effectively implement-
ing building codes is a specific skill adapted and perfected by expe-
rienced construction firms.
By Keith Poettker
and Dave Lammers Purpose, Types and Differences of Building Codes
Different building codes direct how certain aspects of a building are
designed and constructed. The International Code Council provides a set of
code standards that many state and local jurisdictions have adopted. When fol-
lowed properly, these various codes keep the building safe and well maintained
ABOVE: The front view of Poettker for the building occupants.
Headquarters. All photos courtesy of When designing and building projects, professional design and construction
Poettker Construction Company. teams collaborate to determine innovative, code-compliant building envelope
solutions, while increasing the building’s energy efficiency and reducing its
carbon footprint impact.
In recent years, there has been progress made in the design of unique build-
Check out the expanded digital edition ing structures with improved envelope systems. With each unique material
www.BuildingEnclosureOnline.com component considered, it is important to pay attention to the way components
are integrated, attached or adhered, ensuring continuous barrier protection.

37
 UPDATING BUILDING CODES

Creating a waterproof, breathable building envelope

helps to prevent moisture damage to the interior wall
materials and the building itself. When unaddressed, this
damage can lead to mold, frame support weakening and
structural integrity breakdown. Liquid air and vapor bar-
rier is an innovative building envelope sealing process,
being used from walls to windows, and roofing down to
the foundation. The liquid air and vapor barrier tech-
nique is increasingly utilized to replace the traditional
building wrap method. This new method continuously
seals and isolates the building from moisture and heat
flow, which reduces operating and maintenance costs
drastically over time.
Enhancements have also been incorporated specifically
into energy conservation and mechanical codes. Designed
to maintain a building’s energy use efficiency, design
updates to energy systems aim to cut down on excessive
energy use and maximize savings for the building owner,
as well as reduce the strain on the community power grid.
Adopting energy-efficient lighting options such as LED The front angle view of Pierce Terrace Elementary School Entrance.
occupancy-sensor lighting, and integrating solar energy
are key effective energy solution examples.
To lessen a building’s environmental impact, design opportunities allow participants to gain knowledge and
and construction teams integrate continuous insulation to network with other industry professionals on the code
reduce heating and cooling burden, and consider alterna- updates and new technologies available.
tive, sustainable mechanical systems such as geothermal Building codes change periodically due in part to tech-
heating and cooling. nology innovation, changing building element exposure,
Poettker Construction Company took advantage of and jurisdiction parties finding new and improved ways
a liquid air and vapor barrier system and multiple effi- to increase security, safety and efficiency. Organizations
cient energy and mechanical systems in the design and like the National Association of State Contractors Licens-
construction of its new 40,000-square-foot headquarters ing Agencies assist state agencies and improve the pro-
facility. The building’s exterior façade features a vast array fessionalism of the construction industry through educa-
of materials and finishes that are prominent in Poettk- tion and certification requirements. These organizations
er’s diverse portfolio: structural steel framing, concrete, meet regularly to discuss new codes and how they can be
exposed glulam beams, masonry, metal wall panels, wood implemented across the industry to advance the design
plank siding and standing seam metal roofing. The appli- and construction processes. By creating a licensing and
cation of a liquid-applied barrier allowed a broad, seamless certification system, the practices can be examined, tested
continuity between components across the entire build- and updated with the industry standards.
ing, which was critical because of the varying properties Being a part of these councils is a worthwhile time com-
of the envelope’s material makeup. Key sustainable energy mitment. These in-depth meetings help keep the industry
conservation and mechanical components incorporated requirements up-to-date with potential issues that come
into the facility include 100 percent LED lighting with to light. Participants learn best practices and develop these
occupancy sensors, a solar panel farm, and geothermal guides through cooperative communication.
systems reducing energy consumption by 75 percent and Certain areas of the country require specific process-
carbon footprint impact by 65 percent. es to be followed based on the environmental elements
With every new technological advancement, staying the building will be exposed to. For example, additional
up-to-date is critical for maintaining a competitive edge envelope sealing is needed in the hurricane prone South-
in the market. east region of the country versus the desert areas South-
west. Companies with experience in their respective
Education for Building Codes region understand what regional threats may exist for
In the building construction industry, it is common the building.
building enclosure

to attend conferences and join industry committees to The various types of envelopes have different advantag-
stay current with new codes, practices and procedures. es in different regions. For example, liquid applied prod-
There are specific courses and organizations available for ucts are applicable across multiple geographical territories
the various fields within construction, such as building and useful in the majority of buildings, including educa-
envelope, concrete, masonry and roofing. These learning tional facilities, corporate offices and healthcare facilities.

38
 UPDATING BUILDING CODES

The front entry view of covered walkway of Pierce Terrace Elementary School.

Incorporating a combination of innovative new technol- building that is government or multi-source funded will
ogy and traditional construction methods as well as project require code reviews and inspections from multiple enti-
type and location weigh heavily on the level of project juris- ties. In the case of the Pierce Terrace Elementary School in
dictional review needed. Depending on the project’s com- Fort Jackson, S.C., the project team integrated the highly
plexity and owner’s involved, some projects require more regulated design guidelines of the Department of Defense
jurisdictional oversight than others, with strict codes and Education Activity’s 21st Century learning principles as
stringent processes directing design and construction. Any well as Fort Jackson’s Installation Design Guide for base

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
consistency to create an interactive, innovative and sus-
tainable educational facility. Code reviews were required
by both agencies throughout the project.
BUILDING CODES ARE BOTH Planning for Success
A GUIDELINE AND RESTRICTION Building codes are both a guideline and restriction for
construction processes. Utilizing and understanding these
FOR CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES. codes can better streamline projects and encourage repeat-
ed partnerships with clients and business partners.
UTILIZING AND UNDERSTANDING Proactive third-party internal design development
THESE CODES CAN BETTER reviews and on-site team preconstruction meetings are
imperative to support and implement the jurisdictional
STREAMLINE PROJECTS review process and ensure a project’s overall success. Prior
to beginning construction, jurisdictional code officials are
AND ENCOURAGE REPEATED required to review and approve all project documents,
PARTNERSHIPS WITH CLIENTS validating that building details adhere to the code’s intent.
To support and expedite the code review process, one
AND BUSINESS PARTNERS. best practice is to check the design documentation with

39
 UPDATING BUILDING CODES

An aerial view of Poettker Headquarters.

the compliance team at various stages during development. money in the grand scheme rather than working to cor-
Internal compliance reviews by third-party certified qual- rect issues after construction. BE
ity professionals provide detailed plan checks, constructive
feedback and recommendations on the current code stan- Keith Poettker is the president of Poettker Construction Company.
dard implementation. With more than 24 year’s construction experience, he oversees a
Seamless coordination from design development to $150 million commercial construction company, that is licensed and
construction through the use of on-site preconstruction qualified to do business in 26 states. Poettker is a Southern Illinois
meetings is important to better prepare for daily task University-Edwardsville graduate with a BS in Construction Manage-
implementation and jurisdictional agency inspections. The ment, and is a certified National Association of State Contractors
compliance team collaborates with the project superinten- Licensing Agencies Occupational Analysis Subject Matter Expert,
dent and trade contractors proactively discussing project American Hospital Association Certified Healthcare Constructor, and
specific details, anticipating all possible project outcomes, International Council of Shopping Centers Certified Development,
and implementing best practices to make sure that every- Design and Construction Professional.
thing is applied, constructed or integrated to the highest
quality level. Dave Lammers is a corporate compliance officer at Poettker
It’s always beneficial to get more eyes on a project early Construction Company. Lammers has more than 29 years’ experi-
and throughout the life-cycle of the project. From time ence in the construction industry specializing in building envelope
to time, compliance officers of Poettker Construction are quality control. He provides guidance, administration and technical
asked to take a look at other buildings that may be hav- direction for corporate quality control and safety operations, over-
ing issues to help give them advice on the next steps to seeing a four-person compliance team that coordinates indepen-
building enclosure

improve the quality of the building. That helpful team- dent in-house and third-party reviews and best technique imple-
work attitude helps to build quality relationships. mentation from design development through construction. Lammers
A proven practice to have a strict and thorough plan- is certified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction
ning process leading into a project, incorporating and Quality Management for Contracts and is an active member of the
adhering to all the necessary codes, as it saves time and Building Enclosure Council.

40
INDUSTRY VOICES
By Rebecca Price

NEW REPORT REVEALS DRAMATIC ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPACTS

Gains in lighting and space heating efficiency have decreased energy intensity in commercial buildings, but demand in other areas is driving
increased commercial energy use overall. Graphs courtesy of the Alliance to Save Energy.

E
nergy efficiency is many things to many people, policies and programs have incentivized energy efficiency
encompassing a wide range of technologies and in a variety of sectors.
approaches, from building insulation or LED One of the main characters in the energy efficiency story

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
lightbulbs to vehicle fuel economy or manufac- is buildings: residential and commercial energy consump-
turing practices. Its diverse and ubiquitous nature explains tion primarily occurs indoors. In fact, energy consumption
why it’s often difficult to characterize efficiency’s full in homes and other multi-family buildings is responsible
impact, and why there hasn’t been a single resource that for approximately 20 percent of total primary energy use
summarizes energy efficiency’s full range of benefits. in the U.S. But even though the average U.S. resident lives
With that in mind, the Alliance to Save Energy joined in larger, better-acclimated homes with significantly more
with the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Econ- devices, the EE Impact Report shows that residential
omy and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy in energy use per household has fallen by roughly 16 percent
December to release the Energy Efficiency Impact Report from 2001 to 2018.
(EE Impact Report)—a first-of-its-kind publication that How can we have bigger homes and plug more devices
uses reams of data and intuitive graphics to tell the com- in them and still use less energy per household? Energy
prehensive story of energy efficiency’s impact on the U.S. efficiency.
economy, environment and society. While there’s no short- Decades of experience have taught us that energy effi-
age of technical reports that discuss the benefits of energy ciency isn’t a rabbit pulled out of a hat. Rather, it requires
efficiency in specific sectors, the EE Impact Report instead strong policies and proactive support from a diverse set
tells a broader story of this incredible resource by charac- of stakeholders. In addition to summarizing efficiency’s
terizing 54 indicators that highlight the breadth, depth and impact, the EE Impact Report highlights the urgent need
diversity of the energy efficiency market and explore how to do more in the buildings, utility, transportation and

41
 INDUSTRY VOICES

average of 2.4 percent per year. Many states and munici-

palities have set benchmarking requirements using the
EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. Benchmarking
through Portfolio Manager has grown to represent close to
25 percent of U.S. commercial floorspace.

Residential Home Energy Use Rating

and Certification Tools
Ratings and certifications bring greater transparency
to energy use. They can help people better understand
their utility bills and recognize opportunities for savings.
There are several rating and certification tools available
to help builders and property developers improve energy
performance, including the Home Energy Rating System
(also known as HERS ratings) and the Home Energy Score
(HES rating). More than four million energy performance
ratings and certifications have been performed since 2012.

Commercial Building Certifications

Building certifications help guide, demonstrate and
document efforts to construct or retrofit highly efficient
buildings. Two of the most common commercial building
Total energy consumption in this sector has been rising due to increased develop-
ment, with square-footage rising from 71 billion in 2003 to 87 billion in 2012, and certifications are ENERGY STAR and Leadership in
increases in certain areas, such as the energy consumed by office equipment and Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), which have
computing, cooling, ventilation and other loads. increased by nearly three- and six-fold since 2010. An
ENERGY STAR-certified building must perform better
than at least 75 percent of similar buildings nationwide,
industrial sectors. Readers can use the Index to navigate while LEED requires the modeled design for its
by topic, download data and PowerPoint slides from the certified buildings to be better than a baseline building’s
Resources page, or skim the footnotes in each section for performance by 5 percent for new construction and 3
even more resources. percent for major renovations. The first generation of
Here are some of the most effective policies that the EE certification programs often took a prescriptive approach.
Impact Report identifies for energy efficiency in buildings. Now, certification programs are increasingly performance-
based, which allows for flexibility in choosing strategies to
Building Energy Codes meet whole-building energy performance requirements.
Building energy codes set minimum efficiency require- The above-mentioned policies and programs are just a
ments for renovated or new buildings. Because the average snapshot of the array of tools available to improve energy
building lasts about 100 years, stringent building energy efficiency in buildings. Despite monumental progress,
codes lock in savings throughout a building’s lifespan. there is still tremendous potential for improving energy
These codes have reduced covered energy use in build- efficiency in buildings. An influx of innovative technolo-
ings by more than 40 percent over four decades. Model gies—such as smart meters, advanced controls and automa-
building energy codes are expected to save $126 billion tion—along with greater integration of building systems
in energy costs and 13 quads of primary energy between are poised to drive even deeper energy savings in buildings.
2010-2040. Moreover, a building built to the specifications The upshot of the EE Impact Report is that energy
of the International Energy Conservation Code of 2018 efficiency is a process, not a destination. It will continue
would use 40 percent less code-covered energy than if it to change along with our evolving energy system and tech-
had been built using standard practices in 1975. nology landscape, creating countless new opportunities.
While buildings are meant to last 100 years, their opera-
Commercial Building Energy tions must continue to change and improve to optimize
Performance Benchmarking energy use. BE
Benchmarking is a mechanism to gauge a building’s
building enclosure

energy performance, helping facility managers set reason- Rebecca Price is a Senior Associate for Research and Strategic
able energy efficiency goals and assess the effectiveness Initiatives at the Alliance to Save Energy, an energy efficiency advo-
of their energy savings programs. The U.S. Environmen- cacy group based in Washington, D.C. In this role she helps develop
tal Protection Agency (EPA) found that buildings that compelling initiatives that address gaps in the energy efficiency
were consistently benchmarked reduced energy use by an market and in federal policy.

42
SUSTAINABLE LIVING
By Daniel Overbey, AIA

RENEWABLE ENERGY CREDITS AND CARBON OFFSETS

H
istorically, LEED has prompted teams to pur- companies to single-family homeowners, anyone can pro-
chase “green power” via qualified renewable duce and trade in RECs.
energy credits to account for a certain pro- The “ownership” of a REC is critical. If the owner of a
portion of the project’s anticipated electricity facility that produces renewable energy sells their RECs
usage. For project owners, achieving “100 percent green to another company, then that other company “owns” or
power” was as simple as contracting with their utility pro- secures the right to claim credit for those 1 MWh units of
vider for electricity and paying a relatively small premium green power in the utility grid.
for renewable energy credits (RECs).
Simple solution. Easy to document. What is a Carbon Offset?

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
Starting with LEED v4, carbon offsets are introduced— A carbon offset represents the reduction of greenhouse
and required to account for “green power” relative to non- gas (GHG) emissions on a metric ton of carbon dioxide
electrical energy consumption (such as natural gas). equivalent (CO2e) basis. When the owner of a facility pur-
In the abstract, perhaps the notion of purchasing some chases offsets, that owner alone has the right to all associ-
combination of RECs and/or carbon offsets bears little ated claims about the environmental benefits embodied by
distinction. Both sound like forms of “green power.” Ulti- the purchased offsets. Carbon offsets are to be regarded as
mately, a Btu is a Btu when it comes to sourcing green a commodity and not a donation or investment in a future
power for a project—right? emissions reduction project.
In fact, RECs and carbon offsets are fundamentally dif-
ferent and there is a certain propriety with regard to their Scope 1 vs. Scope 2 GHG Emissions
utility on a project. There are two type of GHG emissions.
Scope 1 emissions are emitted directly from sources
Renewable Energy Credit (REC) owned or otherwise controlled by a specific entity. Elec-
RECs are directly related to electricity production. tricity produced on-site through the burning of fossils fuels
They are not related to greenhouse gas emissions. For is measured by the Scope 1 emissions associated with that
every 1,000 kilowatt hours (kWh)—or 1 megawatt hour fossil fuel.
(MWh)—of renewable energy produced and connected to Scope 2 emissions are emitted indirectly through pur-
the utility grid, one REC is generated. From large power chased electricity as well as high-temperature hot water,

43
 SUSTAINABLE LIVING

chilled water, or steam that come from a utility provider. certification body). Certification requires companies to
Scope 2 emissions include transmission and distributions provide their customers with a notice of price, terms and
losses related to hot water, chilled water and steam as it conditions of service.
is conveyed from the utility to the site. However, Scope 2
emissions do not account for transmission and distribution The Economics of RECs and Carbon
losses associated with electricity. Offsets
As a result, RECs can only be used to mitigate the The marketplaces for both RECs and carbon offsets are
effects of Scope 2. fluid. Moreover with regard to cost, there is an economy
Carbon offsets may be used to mitigate Scope 1 or of scale and the price per unit of either can diminish with
Scope 2 emissions. larger purchases (think of it like the money saved by buy-
ing a commodity in bulk).
Ensure that RECs and Carbon Offsets To illustrate the economics of RECs and carbon offsets
are Certified on a building project, consider a recent example: a small
Before purchasing RECs or carbon offsets, it is critically commercial structure pursuing LEED v4 certification
important that reputable vendors are sourced in order to intending to purchase either 50 or 100 percent green
ensure that the green power is sourced from projects that power and carbon offsets for at least five years.
have been validated and registered under high-quality The project was predicted to consume 112,204 kWh/
project standards. year in electricity and 825,200 kBtu/year in natural gas.
As such, RECs and carbon offsets should be certified Table 1 and Table 2 breakdown the costs of the RECs and
by Green-e (or equivalent through another reputable green power investments respectively.

TABLE 1

Example REC quote based on a predicted 112,204 kWh/year in electricity demand. Graphs courtesy of author.

TABLE 2

Example carbon offset quote based on a predicted 825,200 kBtu/year of natural gas consumption for a total of 44 metric tons of CO2e emissions per year.

Addressing New Market Realities

LEED v4 and earlier versions of the rating system leveraged RECs and carbon offsets to provide credit for on-site pro-
duction and purchased power/carbon offsets. However, looking toward the future, it is imperative for the rating system
(which functions as a major market driver) to provide an integrated credit solution that reflects the evolution of the
renewable energy market that combines all avenues teams can pursue whether it is on-site, off-site but owner developed,
or via credible power/carbon offsets. The current draft of LEED v4.1 integrates offsets with the full diversity of on- and
off-site procurement options into a single, streamlined REC.
The intent of integrating the former on-site renewable energy and green power credits is to better ensure that LEED is
structured to provide true “additionality” in renewable energy development—that is, the many minds behind LEED want
to make sure that projects are growing the renewable grid and not just harnessing existing capacity where possible. BE
building enclosure

Daniel Overbey, AIA, NCARB, LEED Fellow (LEED AP BD+C, ID+C, O+M), WELL AP is an Assistant Professor of Architecture at Ball State Uni-
versity and the Director of Sustainability for Browning Day in Indianapolis, Ind. His work focuses on high-performance building design and con-
struction, environmental systems research, green building certification services, energy/life-cycle assessment modeling, and resilient design.
He can be reached at [email protected].

44
PHOTO COURTESY OF GRAHAM ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTS

BUILD
YOUR SKILLS
Earn your credits and expand your expertise on building envelope at:

ce.bnpmed ia.com
 ceu CONTINUING
CONTINUING EDUCATION
EDUCATION UNIT
UNIT EARN: 1.5 AIA LU/HSW; 1.5 IIBEC CEH; 1.5 GBCI CE Hour; 0.1 IACET CEU
AIA COURSE #BE2020A; GBCI COURSE #0920020988

Parapets—Continuity of Sponsored by:

Control Layers
Parapet continuity of detailing required to manage moisture,
air, vapor and thermal performance, as well as wind By Benjamin Meyer, AIA, LEED AP
resistance requirements at the critical wall-to-roof interface. All images courtesy of GAF, except as noted.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this article, you
should be able to:
1 Discuss the requirements to
manage moisture, air, vapor and
thermal continuity.
2 Review code requirements and
how to achieve compliance.
3 Outline design and specification
requirements to set achievable
performance.
4 Develop critical details blending
form and function.

To complete the quiz and receive a

certificate of completion,
follow this link: bit.ly/BE2020A

T
he parapet is so much more than the intersection of roof Parapets can generally be composed of structural materials
and wall. It’s also the junction where building aesthetics such as wood framing, light gauge metal framing, pre-engi-
meets structural performance, air and moisture man- neered steel, concrete or masonry. In this context, the terms
agement, energy efficiency, construction trade sequencing and “platform framed” and “balloon framed” are referring to the
operational maintenance. Each of these perspectives is critical configuration of the wall and roof structure to form a para-
for the long-term performance of the building, but they are pet. These terms are applied to parapets throughout this article
often at odds with one another. At such a critical interface, based on the parapet configuration and are inclusive of all ma-
proper parapet detailing, installation coordination and execu- terials comprising the assembly.
tion are paramount. Continuity of water, air,
thermal and vapor control layers are neces-
sary for long-term performance.

Types of Parapets
Parapets can be assembled in many
configurations and each requires project-
specific detailing. The 2018 International
Building Code (IBC) defines a parapet as
“the part of any wall entirely above the
roofline.” To simplify the discussion a bit,
building enclosure

this article will look at a baseline flush edge

condition and two primary parapet types—
platform framed and balloon framed—de-
fined by how the roof and wall structure Flush edge roof-to-wall and two parapet configurations.
are connected.

46
 The flush edge roof-to-wall connection is the sim-
plest approach, with the roof structure placed above
the wall system. Compared to the platform or balloon
framed parapets, the flush edge configuration provides
the least wind uplift protection for the system at the
roof edge and the most limited aesthetic options.
Platform framed parapets are similar to the flush edged
construction, with the roof structure sitting directly on
the wall system, but include a parapet wall assembly on
top of the roof structure. In this configuration, the roof
structure acts as a platform for the parapet wall above.
Depending on the attachment method, height and materi-
als of the parapet wall, additional lateral and/or wind brac-
ing strategies may be needed for this type of parapet.
Balloon framed parapets are formed when the wall sys-
tem bypasses the roof system to form a wall that extends
above the roofline. In this configuration, the roof structure
is commonly hung from the wall structure or supported by
a separate superstructure inboard of the wall system.

Control Layer Continuity An “ideal” roof and wall transition.

To better understand common parapet challenges, it
is important to review continuity across the roof and wall
systems, specifically the key four control layers: water,
air, thermal and vapor.
These four key control layers should generally be
continuous across all six sides of the building enclosure.
ASTM E2947 defines the term “building enclosure” to
“refer collectively to materials, components, systems and
assemblies intended to provide shelter and environmental
separation between interior and exterior, or between two or
more environmentally distinct interior spaces in a building or
structure.” It is difficult—but not impossible—to achieve
effective control layer continuity across the building sys-
tems, especially at significant transitions like a parapet,
where the roof system meets the wall system.
When beginning to think about designing the enclo-
sure, it’s helpful to start with an ideal scenario. The con-

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figuration of the ideal wall system can be considered as
follows: the cladding on the outside, continuous insula-
tion keeping the rest of the control layers tempered in the
middle, and structure to the inside. This “ideal” configu-
ration can also be applied horizontally to the roof assem-
bly. For the transition example, the roof and wall meet
as an “ideal” flush edge with very simple transitions. As
a system moves away from the ideal configurations, like
with the inclusion of a parapet or actual project con-
straints, the transition details become more challenging
and trade-offs have to be made.
For more complex scenarios, like parapets, there are
simple design tools to connect the control layers as they
transition from the wall to the roof. The “pen test”—trac-
ing each of the control layers across the building enclo-
sure—is a helpful tool to design and communicate to the
field the intent of the critical components and functions Example of air control “pen test” continuity across the building enclosure.
of the building enclosure.

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FIGURE 1
Do these control layer concepts apply
equally to any climate condition within
the U.S.?

Each climate zone and construction type presents

its own set of challenges. The core concept of identify-
ing and maintaining continuity of the four key control
layers (water, air, thermal and vapor) is consistent across
climate zones. Some geographic areas benefit from par-
ticular continuity strategies due to local trade sequenc-
ing, such as in the coordination example provided in this
article, or because the specific climate has a dominant
enclosure concern, like insulation in very cold climates or
air control in humid areas. The pen test is a useful tool to
help follow the continuity of each control layer regardless
of the climate zone. Water control elements highlighted in blue, an example of
parapet continuity.

Do Inverted Roof Membrane Assembly

(IRMA) roofing details also work for
maintaining control layer continuity?
In this type of roof system, the roof assembly has
the membrane attached directly to the deck with the
insulation above the membrane, and overburden is com-
monly included such as ballast, soils or pavers. IRMA
or protected roof membrane systems are exactly what is
Water control diagram for flush roof edge (left), platform framed
parapet (center), and balloon framed parapet (right). described with the “ideal roof” system, as it’s much easier
to tie the control layers from the roof into the wall. There
are many values to IRMA systems and they are a great
Water Control option when supported by the project team and budget.
Goal: Keeping water out of buildings is a function of both
roofs and walls, so it’s reasonable to assume parapets should do
the same.
Principles: Construction-related moisture, installation defi- important to protect the top of the wall assembly with a mem-
ciencies and damage in the use-phase can introduce moisture brane below the parapet cap, sealing fastener penetrations for
into the roof and wall systems. Construction acceptance test- coping cap cleats, and lapping over the wall’s secondary water
ing, scheduled inspections and regular maintenance play an management layer in shingle fashion.
important role in ensuring the systems are able to meet their
intended performance over time. Air Control
Figure 1 shows the individual components to be considered. Goal: Most buildings require a continuous air barrier. If you
In a parapet condition, it starts with managing the flow of wa- think of a building as a solid 3D shape, like a cube, then the air
ter on the parapet coping cap which is sloped back to the roof barrier must be continuously detailed across all six sides of the
system; this also helps prevent staining on the exterior wall. building enclosure to be effective.
Where the roof membrane meets the parapet wall, the mem- Principles: To achieve continuity, the air control layer re-
building enclosure

brane should be installed to allow for the possibility of differen- quires much more than selecting a material or specifying a lab-
tial movement, and terminated with flashing/counterflashing rated assembly. Air control discontinuities in parapets can lead
under an appropriate transition membrane under the coping to water ingress, impact occupant comfort, waste energy from
cap. Wall systems commonly include a secondary water man- loss of conditioned air, cause damage from significant conden-
agement layer behind the exterior cladding. For instance, it is sation moisture, and transmit airborne contaminants through

48
Air control diagram for flush roof edge (left), platform frames parapet (center), and balloon framed parapet (right).

the building enclosure. The amount of moisture trans-

ported through the building enclosure via an air leakage
pathway at normal interior-to-exterior pressure differ-
ences is many times greater than the amount of water
vapor that can pass through a permeable material due to
vapor diffusion alone. When it comes to the air control
layer, parapets are among the most challenging areas to
get right.
Roof membranes are generally very good at blocking
airflow, but unless they are designed to be part of the
continuous air barrier system, and tied into the other five
sides, the building will still leak air.1
For low-slope roof systems, it can be beneficial to de-
sign the primary air control layer as the roof deck or to
the topside of the roof deck. An example of this would
be air sealing the penetrations to a concrete roof deck

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
or installing a dedicated membrane to the roof deck,
prior to installing insulation. Clearly identifying and
communicating the air control layer in the roof system
simplifies detailing at penetrations and transitioning at
the parapet wall.
Installing an air barrier after the parapet wall is in
place is difficult to get right. It requires significant
coordination among trades to install the air control
layer up and around the parapet wall, transition to the
coping cap flashing, and terminate to the wall system
air control on the other side of the wall. One alternative
is to connect the air control layer from the roof side of
the wall to the exterior wall by insulating within the
wall cavity with a closed-cell spray foam. While this
may be the “fussiest” option with regards to blocking,
trade coordination and use of specialty trades, in some
Air control elements highlighted in red, across parapet cavity example. cases, such as balloon framed light-gauge stud walls, it
may be the best (or only) option. The case of a flush edge

49
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT
is fairly straightforward; maintain continuity of the air control and is not often implemented in the field. To accomplish it suc-
layer either over or under the roof edge blocking and terminate cessfully, the stripped-in portion of the air barrier should be
over the wall air barrier system. installed with excess material on either side of the roof edge.
When the parapet wall is built on top of the roof deck, as in Then frame the parapet wall on top of the roof deck, and con-
a platform framed parapet, it gets a bit trickier. The best option nect the excess stripped-in membrane to the air control materi-
for continuity is to “strip-in” the air barrier to the roof deck als on the wall and at the roof deck.
before framing the parapet wall above the roof deck. Though
the strip-in method is preferred as a way of keeping conditioned Thermal Control
air out of the parapet, it requires significant trade coordination Goal: Maintaining continuity of the insulation layer, espe-
cially the continuous exterior insulation, across the parapet is
important to achieve the intended energy performance and to
prevent moisture condensation on cold surfaces.
Principles: In current IECC and ASHRAE 90.1 national
model commercial energy codes, the basic prescriptive require-
ments for both walls and roof systems include the use of contin-
uous insulation in many climate zones and construction types.
Continuous insulation is far more effective than cavity insu-
lation, which is tucked into the voids between framing mem-
bers. In parapets, the framing members are exposed to exterior
conditions on both sides of the wall, rendering cavity insula-
tion highly ineffective. Across the flush roof edge and parapets,
maintaining continuity of the “continuous insulation” can be
tricky. Even with continuous insulation designed in the roof and
wall systems, a common thermal discontinuity emerges where
the roof system meets the backside of the parapet wall. These
discontinuities are important because they represent thermal
bridges in the thermal control layer.
For the flush edge condition, the thermal discontinuity pri-
marily results from the intersection of roof edge blocking for
terminating the roof system and wall cladding at the transition.
The compactness of this detail makes it difficult to simply add
insulation. The roof edge blocking should be a wood-based ma-
terial, which has a much lower thermal conductivity than steel.
Roof framing members over the wall below should be covered
by the continuous insulation from the wall system below. That
is, don’t stop the continuous insulation short of roof framing
edge conditions!
For platform framed and balloon framed parapets, tactics
for maintaining the thermal control layer may be specific to
Air barrier “strip-in” example with platform framed parapet. the wall framing material that extends past the roof. For walls
composed of concrete, insulated precast, mass masonry or steel
framing, the best approach may be to go up
and over the wall with continuous insulation.
In this case, continuous insulation is applied
to the roof side of the parapet wall under the
coping blocking at the top of the wall and
connected to the continuous insulation on
the exterior wall. If the parapet walls are tall
cavity walls, this may not be ideal. Although
insulated, the two-sided exposure and limit-
ed conditioning of the air in the cavity space
within the parapet could still lead to conden-
building enclosure

sation moisture on cold surfaces.

Another strategy that is better-suited
Thermal control diagram for flush roof edge (left), platform frames parapet (center), and for wood-framed and very tall steel-framed
balloon framed parapet (right). walls is to effectively, but not literally, ex-
tend the roof thermal control layer through

50
 Can concrete masonry unit (CMU)
structures also be considered a balloon
frame parapet?

If the CMU bypasses the roof structure or has

the roof structure hung from the CMU, it can also
be considered balloon framed. For projects with
balloon framed CMU parapets, moisture accumu-
lation during construction and temporary dry-in
phases can be significant. This is because CMU,
especially when the walls are not grouted solid and
have open cores, can act as a reservoir; and there
is significant volume available for moisture storage
within the CMU. Protecting the CMU from bulk
water during the parapet assembly is important. For
all the control layers in this type of parapet, ensure
the front, top and back of the CMU is treated to tie
into the air barrier, continuous insulation and water
control from the roof to the wall systems.

the backside of the parapet cavity wall and connect on

the other side to the exterior wall continuous insula-
tion. This is similar to the strategy described in the Air
An example of thermal control continuity parapet. Control section, using closed-cell spray foam to connect
the control layer from the roof side of the wall to the
exterior wall within the wall cavity. As stated previous-
ly, this may still be the “fussiest” option. It is, however,
well suited for wood-framed walls where thermal bridg-
ing is less pronounced than steel framing, and with tall
steel-framed cavities where even continuously insulated,
air-controlled parapets can result in condensation due
to their exposure and isolation from the regular interior
space conditioning. It is important to note that when in-
sulating across the parapet wall cavity, air-permeable in-

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
sulation like fiber batts is not effective. If interior air can
bypass or travel through the insulation, it can still lead
to condensation and moisture problems in the parapet
above the air-permeable insulation.

Vapor Control
Goal: The primary function of a dedicated vapor con-
trol layer is to prevent condensation that results from
vapor diffusion. Vapor diffusion occurs when water mol-
ecules in the air (vapor) pass through a solid material due
to a pressure differential (high to low) on either side of
the material.
Principles: Vapor diffusion through a solid material,
even a vapor-permeable one, is a slow process. There
Looking up inside a balloon framed parapet. Condensation at the top of
parapet from interior conditions. Image adapted from U.S. Environmental are specific scenarios where enough vapor is able to
Protection Agency—Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, diffuse through a solid material (not carried along by air
Construction and Maintenance. leakage) to result in significant moisture accumulation
over time. (Think of all the moisture that can potentially

51
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT

Vapor control diagram for flush roof edge (left), platform framed parapet (center), and balloon framed parapet (right).

accumulate in a roof system as a concrete roof slab cures.) consulting with a building enclosure professional can lead to
When it comes to vapor control, it is also possible to cause unintended moisture problems, such as preventing an assembly
moisture problems by adding a vapor impermeable material to from drying from incidental moisture. Many times when vapor
an assembly, intentionally or unintentionally. All materials— control is discussed, the conversation quickly slips into “air
from insulation to membranes, air barriers, sheet metal, control” strategies to manage condensation-related issues—as
sheathing boards, paint, adhesives and so on—have some level air movement can transport up to many times more moisture
of vapor retarding properties. Be sure to consult with a building than vapor diffusion alone. Vapor-retarding materials (and
enclosure professional to understand what materials may act as vapor-open materials) often also act as air barriers and can
a vapor retarder in the roof, wall and parapet assemblies.
Not all wall, roof and parapet scenarios require a vapor
control layer. In fact, adding a vapor barrier to a design without
Should a dedicated vapor retarder be added
on the “warm side” of the assembly?
Generalizing warm versus cool side vapor strategies
often does not capture the nuance and constant flux of va-
por migration. Vapor drive direction can change multiple
times a day, depend on building orientation, and can re-
verse directions at night. Applying rules of thumb can eas-
ily be oversimplified for buildings that have extreme peak
loads during winter or summer, but may not capture the
more vulnerable wetting/drying periods in the temperate
spring and fall seasons when the vapor drive is slower. It
is recommended to first ensure the design, specifications
and field scope include a comprehensive air control strat-
egy before focusing on the need or location of adding a
vapor barrier to an assembly. After air control is assured
in the design and field installation methodology, then it
is recommended to perform a hygrothermal analysis per
building enclosure

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 160: Criteria for Moisture-Con-

trol Design Analysis in Buildings to understand your risk of
moisture accumulation in an assembly due to vapor.
Initial concrete roof deck moisture example.

52
be incorporated into the continuous
air barrier design. As designing and
installing continuous air barriers
becomes required in most buildings,
the confusion regarding air barriers
and vapor retarders still exists.2
For parapets and roof systems in
general, one of the more challenging
vapor control scenarios involves newly
poured or “green” concrete roof decks.
Significant initial moisture within the
concrete will diffuse into the rest of
the system or interior (due to its high
vapor pressure) over a potentially long
time. If the concrete is placed on a steel
composite deck and can’t dry down-
ward through the steel, then moisture
in the concrete will drive to the exte-
rior (upward) through the roof system,
wetting the roof system along the way. Example of breaking down a parapet detail by the four control layers.
A common strategy is to install a Class
I or lower vapor retarder on the top
surface of the concrete deck to prevent
the moisture from rising. However, a self-adhered vapor retard- can be challenging. It’s important to be mindful of
ing material will not always stick to high-moisture concrete. If cavity insulation and the potential design risks of
a vapor barrier is to be installed above the composite concrete condensation at the thermal bridges.
deck, a vented steel composite deck may be somewhat helpful as • Vapor Control can also be in the same plane as the air
a means to provide a path for downward drying of the concrete, control layer, based on location needs, construction
but this is not a definitive solution. Alternatively, an above-deck methodologies and occupant use of the building.
vapor retarder that allows horizontal movement of moisture with
perimeter venting (think insulating lightweight concrete roof de- Code References for Parapets
sign) may also be beneficial. This section will make reference to the following national
model codes and standards: 2018 International Building Code
Control Layer Summary (IBC), the 2018 International Energy Efficiency Code (IECC),
Discussing control layers as they apply to a roof or wall alone and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 (ASHRAE
is fairly manageable. But the process gets much more complicat- 90.1). It is worth noting that the summary provided below is
ed when the roof meets the wall at the parapet condition. The not an exhaustive list of requirements for exterior wall and roof
“pen test” is relatively easy in theory, but it can get complicated systems in the referenced national model building and energy
as we zoom in and consider the control layers at each condition, codes. Different versions of the referenced codes have addition-

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
penetration and transition. al and/or different requirements; these requirements may also
In summary, the following are key points to maintain conti- vary by adoption and modification by the local authority having
nuity of the control layers:
• Water Control is managed by the
roof membrane and the cladding. A
secondary water control layer is often
found against the structure, behind
or below the exterior insulation.
• Air Control can be managed at the
deck level of the roof, which more
readily can be married into the wall
air barrier. The roof membrane can
also be used as an air barrier as long
as the detailing and transitions are
done carefully.
• Thermal Control continuity is
maintained by connecting the Summarized applicable code references for parapets.
roof and wall insulation, which

53
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT
While not an exhaustive list, IBC 1404.4 includes a mini-
mum list of areas requiring exterior wall flashing. These are
summarized below:
• Penetrations and terminations
• Intersections with roofs, chimneys, porches, decks,
balconies and similar projections
• Built-in gutters and similar locations where moisture
could enter the wall
• Flashing with projecting flanges, installed on both
sides and the ends of copings

At all of the prescriptive flashing locations listed in the

IBC, the purpose is two-fold. The first is for the flashing to
be installed in a way that prevents water from entering the
wall system. This concept is known as “shingle fashion,” or
installing components of the roof, exterior wall and parapet
“such that upper layers of material are placed overlapping
lower layers of material to provide for drainage via gravity and
moisture control” (IBC 202). Logistically, this is best accom-
plished on-site by applying materials from the bottom of the
building to the top, so the next progressive layer or system is
then lapped correctly.
The second, and more challenging flashing requirement, is
to also be installed in a manner that permits water to exit the
IBC Chapter 14: Exterior Wall applicable area highlighted in blue. wall system if it enters incidentally. This requires the para-
pet to be designed with a method and pathway for water to
drain from the flashing, even from behind the cladding (think
jurisdiction. It is important to refer to local codes for the ap- weep holes at masonry shelf angles). In addition to providing
plicable requirements. a means for drainage, the IBC also includes a drainage sce-
The requirements for parapets generally come from the nario to avoid exterior wall pockets (1404.4.1). Wall pock-
building code (IBC) and the energy code (IECC and ASHRAE ets or crevices are locations within a wall assembly “in which
90.1). The requirements within the building and energy codes moisture can accumulate.” These scenarios can be common
can be mandated prescriptively, as a performance threshold, or in parapets where the exterior wall, roof and parapet wall
by reference through specific key standards. The performance above might not always be in alignment. In parapets, these
standards are important because they don’t attempt to regulate wall pockets should be avoided or protected with appropriate
by providing exhaustive lists and itemized component require- flashing for the application.
ments, like a prescriptive method. These performance require- Exterior Wall Weather Protection: The weather protection
ments establish the design benchmark and then provide a meth- section (IBC 1402.2) requires that the exterior wall “shall be
odology to demonstrate compliance with the benchmark. designed and constructed in such a manner as to prevent the
The building codes and standards do not always address par- accumulation of water within the wall assembly.” One of the
apets exclusively, but many refer to “exterior walls” separately methods prescribed in this section is to include a secondary wa-
from “roof assemblies.” ter management layer, or WRB, behind the exterior cladding
in the exterior wall portion of a parapet. Beyond including the
Exterior Walls in the Building Code WRB layer, “a means for draining water that enters the assem-
The exterior wall requirements for parapets are covered in bly to the exterior” must also be provided in the parapet wall
Chapter 14 of the IBC which addresses “exterior walls, wall design. There are exceptions to the secondary WRB and drain-
coverings and components.” For parapets, the requirements for age requirements provided in the IBC for concrete and specifi-
weather protection, water-resistive barriers (WRBs), managing cally tested systems, but the benefits for designed water control
vapor and flashing apply as they do for the rest of the exterior is applicable for all construction types.
building walls. Exterior Wall Vapor Retarders: In exterior parapet walls,
Exterior Wall Flashing: Flashing is very important and is gen- protection against condensation is also required to be compliant
erally repeated in both the wall (IBC 1404.4) and roof provisions with the vapor retarders portion (IBC 1404.3). Vapor retarder
building enclosure

of the code. The IBC includes the principle that “flashing shall be materials are separated into three classes by ASTM E96 testing
installed… to prevent moisture from entering the wall or to redi- (Procedure A, desiccant method):
rect that moisture to the exterior.” This is an important starting • Class I: 0.1 perm or less;
point for parapet design where the sequencing can be a challenge • Class II: 0.1 < perm ≤ 1.0 perm;
among numerous wall- and roof-system contractors. • Class III: 1.0 < perm ≤ 10 perm

54
 Parapets can help reduce wind uplift at the corners and perimeter.

weather protection, flashing, coping, wind resistance design,

edge securement and specific requirements for various types of
roof coverings.
Roof Assembly Weather Protection: The requirements for
weather protection (IBC 1503) are fairly broad, requiring roof
decks covered with approved roof coverings. Much more detail
is covered in the additional IBC sections regarding roofing and
parapets. In the roofing provisions, it is important to note that
IBC Chapter 15: Roof assembly applicable area highlighted in blue. compliance with “the manufacturer’s approved instructions”
doesn’t just affect a project’s eligibility for warranty, but is also
required for building code compliance.
The vapor retarder classes are referenced in the IBC to iden- Roof Assembly Flashing: The requirements for flashing (IBC
tify by climate zone if a material is permitted in the assembly 1503.2) are repeated in part across the wall and roof portions of
in a prescriptive manner (IBC 1404.3.1 and 1404.3.2). It is im- the code. This repetition highlights the importance of manag-
portant to note that all materials have vapor retarding proper- ing water control at the transitions. The code requirements for
ties to some degree and may limit vapor transmission without both roofs and walls support the water control layer principles
the addition of a dedicated vapor control layer. This is also why in the pen test discussed previously. The roofing chapter in the
the IBC includes the alternate performance compliance of pro- code also directly mentions the parapet walls as a critical loca-
viding a “design using accepted engineering practice for hygro- tion for both roof system transition flashing and requirements
thermal analysis” as described in the initial language of 1404.3. for copings. While not an exhaustive list, IBC 1503.2 includes
In most cases, if a vapor control layer is needed, it is a good a minimum list of areas requiring roof flashing. These are sum-
idea to select a vapor retarder that will allow some amount of marized below:

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drying from diffusion. High-humidity interior environments • Flashing joints in copings
such as natatoriums, manufacturing facilities and grow houses • At moisture-permeable materials
may require a vapor barrier for long-term performance. How- • At intersections with parapet walls
ever, the decision of whether or not to add a vapor control layer • At other penetrations through the roof plane
to a roof assembly is normally based on risk and is best made
with a building enclosure consultant. The weather protection Roof Assembly Coping: The roof requirements for parapet
and vapor retarding sections of the IBC apply to exterior walls, wall copings are spread across many categories. One section
but parapets may have very different design and performance specific to copings (IBC 1503.3) has a limited scope, requir-
requirements than the wall assembly below the roof. That is ing materials to be limited to “noncombustible, weatherproof
why it is important to maintain continuity of the four control materials” and be installed with a “width not less than the
layers at this interface. thickness of the parapet wall.” Many other requirements in the
code also apply to copings in the code, such as flashing, wind
Roof Assemblies in the Building Code design loads and edge securement performance. More will be
The roofing portion for parapets is covered in Chapter 15 of discussed about copings in those sections.
the IBC which addresses roof assemblies, specifically the “de- Roof Wind Resistance: The wind resistance for low-slope
sign, materials, construction and quality” of roofs. Regarding commercial roof decks and roof coverings (IBC 1504.1) is re-
parapets, the roof system requirements impact the wall where quired to be designed in accordance with IBC 1609.5, which ul-
terminations and transitions occur. The requirements include timately leads to utilizing ASCE 7 for determining design wind

55
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT
loads. There are numerous updates to ASCE 7—2005, 2010 or
2016—and each has its own nuance as to how it impacts roof
design loads. 3 Because ASCE 7 is a performance standard, it is
In hot-humid climates, can the vapor
possible to use a version with higher performance requirements
because designs do not need to be the minimum allowance. Par- barrier on the warm side of the structure
apets are a combination of wall and roof pressures. The exact also work as the air barrier?
height of the parapet is not factored into the roof wind uplift
calculations, but if the parapet is 3 feet or higher, the perimeter
It is important to note that hot-humid climates are not
values can be used at the corners, lowering the uplift require-
required to include a vapor retarder by the IBC, but the
ments for that portion of the roof area.
inclusion of a continuous air barrier is required by the
Roof Edge Securement: Securing the edges on low-slope
IECC. In hot-humid climates, it is recommended to first
roofs (IBC 1504.5) has a significant impact on preventing
control air leakage as the majority of the moisture trans-
failure and allowing the roof system to resist loads as it was
ferred through the enclosure comes from bulk air move-
designed. In addition to designing the wind resistance perfor-
ment and not vapor diffusion. To add to the confusion,
mance for the entire building (i.e., walls, roofs and parapets)
some vapor retarding materials can be designed as part of
per ASCE 7, metal roof edges are required to be tested for
a continuous air barrier, but not all vapor retarders are
resistance in accordance with Test Methods RE-1, RE-2 and
installed in a manner that sufficiently blocks air leakage
RE-3 of ANSI/SPRI ES-1. The referenced standard ANSI/
at penetrations, terminations and joints.5 Roof and wall
SPRI ES-1 is a performance requirement that is specific to the
assemblies should include a path for drying in at least one
strength of metal roof edges.4 ES-1 covers the “baseline” flush
direction (such as to the interior) or in both directions (in-
roof edge as well as parapet coping caps. When designing, it
terior and exterior). Hygrothermal analysis in a hot-humid
is important to specify compliance with ES-1 in the construc-
climate can assess the impact on initial drying capacity,
tion documents.
long-term drying potential and accumulated moisture risk
Roof Coverings: The IBC provides minimum installation
from minor water ingress into the assembly.
criteria (IBC 1507) for various roof systems, based specifically
on the attributes of that roof covering. In addition to the
prescriptive criteria listed within, the IBC also mandates
that “roof coverings shall be applied in accordance with the…
manufacturer’s installation instructions.” Generally, the content energy compliance beyond code, the performance path within
of these roof covering sections address minimum substrate ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G is the methodology required. For
requirements, minimum roof slope, ballast requirements and example, any modeling being performed to show compliance
relative ASTM references to material standards, such as D6878 with LEED is being performed to comply with Appendix G
Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) Based in ASHRAE 90.1. A growing method of compliance is whole-
Sheet Roofing. building design energy modeling and on-site performance test-
ing happening in new construction. When an existing building
Energy Efficiency for Parapets is reroofed, the designer will most likely follow the prescriptive
Generally, within the IBC it is required that a building path to determine the amount of insulation to use.
be “designed and constructed in accordance with the IECC Insulation: The insulation requirements in the table include
1301.1.1.” The IECC has both residential and commer- both cavity and continuous insulation, but vary based on the
cial provisions, and the commercial provisions apply to “all framing material (IECC C301.1 & 90.1 Annex 1). Including
buildings except for residential buildings 3 stories or less in continuous insulation in both the walls and roof systems of the
height.” The IECC is structured in a way that provides the parapet helps manage thermal bridging across the assemblies.
option of either complying with the prescriptive require- The prescriptive tables in the energy codes dictate minimum
ments within it or by complying with the alternate ASHRAE R-values in the roofs and walls based on the climate zone of the
90.1 energy standard. project site, the building use, and the framing materials of the
Compliance Alternatives: The IECC has multiple compli- wall and roof system. As described earlier in the thermal con-
ance paths within it, including: trol discussion, the framing materials matter in the prescrip-
1. Either following the prescriptive requirements within tive requirements, especially when insulation is placed between
the IECC or ASHRAE 90.1, or framing members in parapet cavities.
2. Following the performance modeling requirements of For more complex details like a parapet, the energy code
ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G. doesn’t get into separate requirements for the insulation. The
The prescriptive options within both the IECC and the ref- codes generally require that continuous insulation be depicted
building enclosure

erence standard ASHRAE 90.1 primarily regulate energy use in the construction documents with sufficient clarity to indi-
by providing lists and itemized requirements. These can be cate the location, extent of the work and show sufficient de-
helpful when the building is straightforward and tradeoffs don’t tail for continuity of the thermal control layer. Per the IECC
need to be made. When a building is more complex, has specific (C103.2), insulation continuity for complex conditions should
energy usage demands, or if an owner wants to demonstrate be shown in the details.

56
 Air Barrier: ASHRAE 90.1 defines a continuous air bar- FIGURE B
rier as a “combination of interconnected materials, assemblies,
and sealed joints and components which together minimize
air leakage into or out of the building envelope.” It’s a good
definition and an accurate description of what is needed to
have a completed building enclosure that minimizes air leak-
age (IECC C402.5 & 90.1 5.4.3.1). Actual air leakage for a
building is measured by pressurizing the enclosure with a set
of blowers and measuring the airflow through the blowers to
determine the air leakage through the enclosure being tested,
on all six sides. Materials and assemblies used as a part of the
building’s continuous air barrier are generally tested by the
manufacturers of those materials and systems to comply when
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
for that application.
The ultimate goal of airtightness is whole-building per-
formance. To help accomplish that goal, the energy code also
specifies aspects of air barrier design (IECC C103.2 & 90.1
5.4.3.1.1) and installation (IECC C402.5.1.1 & 90.1 5.4.3.1.2)
for continuity across joints, penetrations and assemblies. Below
is a brief summary of the design and installation requirements
from ASHRAE 90.1:
Pre-treated corner.
• Air Barrier Design
o Components, joints and penetrations details
o Extending over all surfaces, including the roof • Air Barrier Installation
o Resist pressures from wind, mechanical and o Junctions between walls and roofs or ceilings
stack effect o Penetrations at roofs, walls and floors
o Joints, seams and connections between planes
o In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
FIGURE A
Code Summary
For the various applicable codes and standards, in both roofs
and walls, weather protection and flashing are important re-
quirements at all transitions and penetrations, including para-
pet conditions. It is vital to specify key reference standards for
wind and edge securement, in order to achieve the performance
needed to keep the roof on the building as intended.
In general, the energy codes require continuity of the ther-

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
mal and air control layers. Detailing the thermal control and air
barriers to be continuous in the design AND field installation
are critical for energy code compliance.

Coordinating Complexity
This section provides a practical example of applying the
control layer continuity principles and working through how
the construction trade sequencing could flow as a result. This
example is intended to demonstrate some common challenges.
When confronted with a similar design as the example below,
a general contractor may request alterations to the design in
order to shorten the schedule or reduce costs. However, this
value engineering process—the reduction of cost and time—
may also comprise continuity of the control layers and reduce
the intended long-term performance of the parapet systems.6
If unsure or designing high-performance buildings, it is rec-
Initial condition. ommended to engage a building enclosure consultant to help
anticipate continuity and constructability issues.

57
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT

FIGURE C For the purposes of this discussion, the materials applied to the parapet
assembly sequence (Figures A-H) are color-coded in their application step
by their primary control layer function:
• Water control elements are shown in blue
• Air control elements are shown in red
• Thermal control elements are shown in yellow
• Vapor control elements are not shown separately
(See the Vapor Control section for applicability)

To help identify separate materials within a control layer, lighter and dark-
er versions of the color are used to distinguish elements within the same step.
Also dashed, or “hidden lines,” are used to depict materials edges that may be
overlapped or behind another layer in the sequence the same step.

A: In the initial condition, the wall and roof deck are assembled up to
their sheathing. The roof structure is a corrugated steel deck with a sub-
strate board placed on top to provide a continuous surface for later air bar-
rier adhesion. The exterior wall is steel framed with cavity insulation and
exterior sheathing applied.
B: In preparation for the parapet wall construction, a strip of air barrier
material is applied to the roof and wall edge with sufficient material for
future integration with the remainder of the continuous air barrier. It is
important to note the material on the wall side is not yet adhered to allow
for future lapping to manage water in “shingle fashion” as required by the
IBC. This can be accomplished by leaving a portion of the release liner in
place for adhered materials.
C: The parapet wall is then assembled on top of the roof deck in a plat-
Parapet wall assembled.
form framed configuration. If lateral bracing for the parapet is required,
additional detailing and coordination would be needed.
D: After the parapet wall is in place, the remainder of the continuous air
FIGURE D
barrier can be applied to both the roof and wall systems. It is notable that
if the air control layer is also intended to act as the WRB in the wall and
parapet system (as shown in Figure D), the application should start from
the lowest point and work upward; this allows the subsequent layers to be
lapped in shingle fashion. After the air barrier is applied to the walls (light
red), the pre-applied strip of material can be lapped and secured over it
(dark red in the center of the wall). The air barrier can then be applied to
the roof deck (light red), up the backside and over the top of the parapet
wall, and then terminate downward on the outside of the wall, lapping over
in shingle fashion (dark red at the top of the wall). Lapped edges hidden
behind the layers of air barrier materials are shown with dashed lines.
E: The roof insulation and high-density coverboard can now be installed
to the roof deck. These could be mechanically-fastened or adhered roof sys-
tems, but the use of mechanical fasteners through the entire roof insulation
can have a significant effect on the thermal performance of the building.7
Continuous insulation is also applied to the backside of the parapet wall to
maintain continuity. The parapet blocking for the coping cap can now be
installed. In this case, it also includes a layer of tapered insulation to provide
slope back to the roof area and extend the continuous insulation to the top
side of the parapet. Wood blocking is included as required to accomplish
fastening to meet ANSI/SPRI ES-1 uplift requirements. After the parapet
blocking is in place, a piece of counter flashing (shown in blue) is required
building enclosure

to lap over the WRB prior to the installation of the walls continuous ex-
terior insulation; flashing will later lap over the coping cap, but without
this piece pre-installed, there would be a discontinuity in the water control
Air barrier integrated. layer. The bottom edge of the flashing, under the wall exterior insulation,
is shown as a dashed line.

58
FIGURE E FIGURE F

Continuous insulation installed. Roofing and terminations installed.

FIGURE G FIGURE H

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0

Coping and cladding installed. Final parapet assembly.

59
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT

If only the parapet is balloon framed

in a multistory building, and the lower
stories are platform framed, is there still a
condensation risk from air leakage?
The pressure drive from stack-effect is cumulative
over the entire building. Bypassing the roof structure at
the top of the building is likely the highest risk floor for
air leakage. As noted previously, in balloon framed para-
pet cavities, it is important to have a comprehensive air
control strategy to prevent air leakage beyond where the
thermal control layer can maintain surface temperature
to prevent condensation. Also, the insulation in a balloon
Common complexity at parapet-to-wall interface. framed parapet should not be of a type that allows air to
pass through the insulation, and risk condensation beyond
the thermal control layer.
F: The roof membrane is applied to the roof area. An expan-
sion joint may also be added at the joint between the roof and
the parapet wall to allow for any expected movement between
the systems. The membrane is then lapped and seams com-
pleted at the horizontal roof edge, extended up the backside of These challenges should be considered for every project.
the parapet wall and terminated over the previously installed Standard details aren’t able to capture project complexities
counter flashing on the face of the coping blocking. Terminat- such as high-to-low parapet transitions, terminations into a ris-
ing and lapping downward on the outside of the parapet wall ing wall and curtain wall flybys. These conditions all require
maintains the continuity of the water control layer and provides unique detailing that must include continuous and well-con-
a shingle-lap onto the secondary water control layer on the wall. ceived transitions. It’s important to remember that control layer
The membrane over the coping blocking will also act as a sec- discontinuities can lead to failures in the field. For instance,
ondary protection below the future coping cap. The coping cap air leakage can lead to concealed condensation, which can be
attachment cleats and spline flashing are installed to the top mistaken for roof leaks.
edge of the parapet wall, bedding and treating the fasteners in
sealant where they penetrate the membrane. Complexity is Common
G: The exterior cladding is then installed to the outside of Parapet assemblies include numerous components and ac-
the parapet and exterior walls (light blue). The coping cap is cessories. That often results in complicated interfaces even be-
installed at the top of the wall, over the cleats and blocking fore reviewing design-specific conditions. Critical detail loca-
(dark blue). The coping cap should be attached with the cleats tions are often difficult to illustrate on 2D drawings alone and
as tested for by ASNI/SPRI ES-1, lapped over the cladding with can require exploded diagrams and/or sequence information to
drip edges on both sides, and maintain an overall slope towards communicate the design intent. Additional complexity is com-
the roof system to shed water. mon for parapets at the following locations:
H: The parapet assembly is now complete. During the ser- • Parapet wall terminating into an adjacent building wall
vice life of the building, regular inspections and maintenance • Height or material changes of the parapet wall
are needed to retain the performance of the parapet. Recov- • Parapet with cladding on both sides of the wall system
ering or replacement of the roof system in the future should • Eave and soffit conditions extending past the exterior
utilize as-built documentation to understand how to continue wall face
to manage the wall and roof system control layers. • Curtain walls extending beyond the roofline
• Inside/outside corners of parapet walls
Enabling Success • Scuppers and other penetrations
Identifying and maintaining continuity of the four key control
layers is important in the design phase. To get the design intent Engaging a building enclosure professional and selecting prod-
implemented in the field, detailing and identification of the con- ucts with details and field support to assist in maintaining the
trol layer(s) in the drawings and specifications is critical. This four key control layers (water, air, thermal and vapor) is critical
building enclosure

can require the design to be pretty specific—more than just “or to achieving the optimal performance of the building enclosure.
equal” or “by others.” Specifying materials with known compat-
ibility is important. And if the sequencing of components and Coordination is Key
members in the field impacts the intended continuity or perfor- The project design and details should consider construction
mance of the control layer in the design—it should be addressed. sequencing, access and replacement across the expected life of

60
 During Construction
• Weather and overnight protection during on-site para-
pet assembly.
• Consult product literature prior to use of all roof and
wall products to ensure instructions are followed
at parapets.
• Install control layer pre-stripping, blocking and acces-
sories, as required, at penetrations, details and inter-
faces to maintain continuity.
• Minimize “blind” attachment through exterior finishes
into the structure and sheathing.
• Involve manufacturer or certified professionals, as
required, to establish warranty and/or guarantee
requirements.
• Notify enclosure professional when air barrier details
are ready for review.
• Perform qualitative and/or quantitative testing to
verify water and air control performance and identify
air leakage locations; document any resulting design
changes.

After Occupancy
• Document and communicate critical continuity details
for maintenance and replacement in the future.
End wall not assembled at parapet termination. • This includes methods for maintaining air barrier
continuity upon replacement when the roof membrane
is designed as part of the continuous air barrier, and/
the building. The framing contractor, for example, should be or conditions where “hidden” elements like closed-cell
allowed to complete the construction of the primary framing spray foam in the parapet assembly are integral to the
before beginning the installation of the air barrier components. performance of future replacements.
Sequencing the work of different trades makes it easier to • Perform, schedule and document regular inspec-
coordinate air barrier installation. Sometimes it’s necessary tions, maintenance and repairs of the parapet
for one trade to pause one phase of work in order to pre-treat conditions. BE
a critical interface before proceeding (e.g. “pre-stripping”
the roof joint at a platform framed parapet wall.) Early, clear References
and frequent communication helps to keep everyone on 1. How Air Barriers and Low-Slope Roofing Can Work
the same page. The following are best practices for enabling Together, blog.gaf.com/how-air-barriers-and-low-slope-
communication between the owner, general contractor, trade roofing-can-work-together
contractor, architect, building enclosure professional and 2, 5. Air Barriers versus Vapor Retarders, blog.gaf.com/air-barri-

w w w.buildingenclosureonline.com • summer 2 0 2 0
performance testing agency: ers-vs-vapor-retarders
3. An Analysis of Wind Load Design—Load Side, blog.gaf.
Prior to Construction com/analysis-wind-load-design-load-side
• Meet with design team, contractor and affected sub- 4. The Details Make the Difference in Wind Design, blog.gaf.
trades to discuss control layer continuity strategy com/details-make-difference-wind-design
and details. 6. Value Engineering—Optimizing Performance or Reducing
• Affirm the expected service life of the building and Costs?, blog.gaf.com/value-engineering-optimizing-per-
systems installed in conjunction with the control layers. formance-or-reducing-costs
• Make final material selections and confirm 7. R-Value Optimization: A Case Study, blog.gaf.com/r-value-
compatibility of substrates and accessories across roof optimization-a-case-study
and wall systems.
• Confirm requirements for manufacturer warranties Benjamin Meyer, AIA, LEED AP is a Roofing & Building Science Architect
and/or guarantees across wall and roof systems. with GAF. His previous experience includes: enclosure consultant principal,
• Confirm sequencing and mobilization expectations technical management for enclosure products, architecture, real-estate
across trades. Who goes first? Who has to come back? development and construction management. He serves as a Member of
• Discuss the quality control and quality assurance pro- the LEED Technical Committee, Member of the ASHRAE 90.1 Envelope and
cedures during installation. Project Committees and a Director of ABAA. To connect with Ben, visit
• Prepare mock-up(s) demonstrating the parapet details. www.linkedin.com/in/benjamin-meyer-728740a

61
 ceu CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT EARN: 1.5 AIA LU/HSW; 1.5 IIBEC CEH; 1.5 GBCI CE Hour; 0.1 IACET CEU
AIA COURSE #BE2020A; GBCI COURSE #0920020988

QUIZ QUESTIONS Sponsored by

1
Which of the following is NOT a
common parapet type?
A. Balloon framed
Parapets—Continuity of Control Layers
B. Picture framed
To complete the quiz and receive a certificate of C. Platform framed
completion, please follow this link: bit.ly/BE2020A D. All three are parapets

2 A parapet as defined by the 2018

International Building Code: 3 Which of the following is NOT an
important wind consideration in 4 When it comes to the water control
layer in parapets, which is TRUE?
A. “where the roof system is vertical” parapet design? A. Water rarely causes problems in
B. “the part of any wall entirely above A. Account for wind uplift pressures, building enclosures
the roof line” including at corners and perimeters B. Focusing on a single system, like a
C. “a portion of wall that is not a wall” B. Parapets reduce pressure wall or roof is sufficient to manage
D. “a portion of roof that is not a roof” differences at roof edges water in a parapet
C. The color of the air barrier within C. Parapets have to be designed to
the roof assembly manage water across the roof and
D. Ensure ANSI/SPRI ES-1 edge wall system to be effective
securement compliance D. It only matters in certain climate zones

5 What are the four key control layers

for building enclosures? 6 Which statement is TRUE regarding
the potential sources of moisture? 7 Flashing is required by code to be
installed in the following locations:
A. Water, security, mold, vapor A. Vapor Diffusion > Air Leakage A. Wall and roof penetrations and
B. Water, air, thermal, vapor B. Air Leakage > Vapor Diffusion terminations
C. Water, air, mold, vapor C. Bulk Water < Vapor Diffusion B. Intersections with roofs, parapets,
D. Water, air, security, vapor D. None of the above chimneys, porches, decks, balconies
and similar projections
C. Joints in copings, either side of the
coping, and ends of copings
D. All of the above

8 Maintaining control layer continuity in

parapets should be addressed in the 9 Which of the following is TRUE
regarding air barriers in parapets? 10 What quality assurance activity can
help ensure the design intent occurs
design by accomplishing the following: A. Air barriers are not required in during parapet construction?
A. Clearly note the parapet as roof assemblies A. Ignore contractor experience
“by others” in drawings and B. The vapor control layer may be when awarding roofing bids
specifications designed as part of the B. Allow contractor to detail complex
B. Specify compatible materials continuous air barrier 3D parapet conditions
for continuity between material C. The energy code doesn’t define C. Rely on contractor to submit RFI’s
transitions materials that are an air barrier for clarity
C. Design with trade sequencing and D. Transitions and joints don’t need D. Perform mockups and
constructability in mind to be included to comply with performance verification testing
D. Both B and C the energy code

Take the quiz online to earn credit: bit.ly/BE2020A

building enclosure

Attendees must read this article in its entirety and complete the 10-question quiz online at bit.ly/BE2020A to earn credit.
For those who pass the quiz with a score of at least 80 percent, a certificate of completion will be available for immediate download.
Questions? Email [email protected].

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Telling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . buildstrong.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866-372-6384 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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mammoth results.
As a SOPREMA® project, it was vital that the Seminole Hard Rock® Hotel & Casino project in Hollywood, Florida,
maintain completion deadlines and remain on budget. Also, performance was a major factor in the selection of
the roofing material due to risk of exposure to high winds and torrential rain caused by hurricanes. SOPREMA’s
COLPLY® EF Ribbon applied system provided the perfect solution. Overall, this unique system allows for quicker
application and is less expensive than alternatives. COLPLY® EF cures quickly and has an extremely strong bond
to lightweight concrete or other concrete roof decks, which made it the ideal solution to withstand Hurricane Irma.

When it comes to SOPREMA® products, they

th deliver MAMMOTH RESULTS on every project every time!
W W W . S O P R E M A . U S