BRANCHING

if-else statements

Conditional Statements
• A conditional statement lets us choose which
statement will be executed next

• Therefore they are sometimes called selection

statements

• Conditional statements give us the power to

make basic decisions

• The C conditional statements are the:

 if statement
 if-else statement
 if-else if-else if-else ladder
 switch statement
 Conditional operator (?:)

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 The if Statement
• The if statement has the following syntax:

The condition must be a

boolean expression. It must
if is a C evaluate to either true or false.
reserved word

if ( condition )
statement;

If the condition is true, the statement is executed.

If it is false, the statement is skipped.

The if Statement (Example)

• Selection structure:
– Used to choose among alternative courses of action
– Pseudocode: If student’s mark is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
• Pseudocode statement in C:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float marks;
printf(“Enter your marks: “);
scanf(“%f”, &marks);
if ( marks >= 60 )
printf( "Passed\n" );
}

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 Logic of an if statement

condition
evaluated

true
false

statement

Relational Operators
• A condition often uses one of C's equality
operators or relational operators

== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to

• Note the difference between the equality operator

(==) and the assignment operator (=)

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 The if-else Statement
• An else clause can be added to an if statement to
make an if-else statement

if ( condition )
statement1;
else
statement2;

• If the condition is true, statement1 is executed;

if the condition is false, statement2 is executed

• One or the other will be executed, but not both

if statement analogy (Y-intersection)

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 Logic of an if-else statement

condition
evaluated

true false

statement1 statement2

The if-else Statement (Example)

• Selection structure:
– Pseudocode: If student’s mark is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
Otherwise
Print “Failed”
• Pseudocode statement in C:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float marks;
printf(“Enter your marks: “);
scanf(“%f”, &marks);
if ( marks >= 60 )
printf( "Passed\n" );
else
printf(“Failed\n”);
}

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 Logic of previous example

printf(“Enter your marks: “);

scanf(“%f”, &marks);

marks >= 60

true false

printf (“Passed”); printf (“Failed”);

Write down a program that will take a

number n as input and will determine
whether it is an odd or even number.

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n,r;
printf(“Enter a number:“);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
r = n%2;
if ( r == 0 )
printf( “EVEN\n" );
else
printf(“ODD\n”);
}

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 Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into a
block statement delimited by braces

• A block statement can be used wherever a

statement is called for in the C syntax rules

if (marks >= 60)

printf ("Congratulations!!\n");
else
printf("Sorry…“);

Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into a
block statement delimited by braces

• A block statement can be used wherever a

statement is called for in the C syntax rules

if (marks >= 60){

printf ("Congratulations!!\n");
printf("You made it");
}
else{
printf("Sorry…“);
printf(“Work Hard“);
}

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 Examples
• Write down a program that will take two integers
as input and will print the maximum of two.

• Write down a program that will take three integers

as input and will print the maximum of three.

• Write down a program that will take three integers

as input and will print the second largest.

Largest and Second largest

a b c
4 21 36

s=4 m = 21

Third element
c

c>m s < c <= m c <= s

s=m s=c ignore

m=c

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 Examples

Write a C program that calculates weekly wages

for hourly employees. Number of hours worked
in a week will be input to your program.
 Regular hours 0-40 are paid at the rate of $10/hours.
 Overtime (> 40 hours per week) is paid at the rate of
150% of regular hourly rate.

The if-else if-else if –else ladder

• If-else if- else if –else can be used to select from
multiple choices:
if ( condition1 )
statement1;
else if ( condition2 )
statement2;
…
…
else if ( conditionk )
statementk;
else
statement;
• If the condition1 is true, statement1 is
executed; if condition2 is true, statement2 is
executed; and so on

• If more than one condition is satisfied the first one

from the top will get the priority.

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Logic of an if-else if-else statement

false
condition 1
evaluated

false
true condition 2
evaluated

statement1
true condition k false
evaluated
statement2
statement
true

statement3

Example 1
The following chart will be used for a quick grade
conversion in C programming language course:

90-100 A m >= 90 and m <= 100

80-89 B m >= 80 and m < 90
70-79 C m >= 70 and m < 80
60-69 D m >= 60 and m < 70
0-59 F m >= 0 and m < 60

Write down a program that will take a student’s mark

as input and will convert it to the corresponding
letter grade.

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 Example 2

• Write down a program that will determine

whether a year given as input is leap year or not.

Leap year explained

It takes about
Precisely 365365.2425
it takes days to complete
days! one rotation

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 Leap year explained
Adjustments are needed!

Leap year explained

• Leap year condition

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …..,96, 100, 104, ….200, …. ,300, …,400,

…500, …, 600, …, 700, …., 800, …, 900, … ,1000……

• Blue numbers leap year Divisible by 400

• Red numbers NOT leap year Divisible by 100
(but not by 400)
• Green numbers leap year Divisible by 4
(but not by 100 or 400)
• Black numbers NOT leap year Not divisible by 4

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• #include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int year;
printf(“Enter year: “);
scanf(“%d”, &year);
if ( year%400 == 0 )
printf( “Leap Year\n" );
else if ( year%100 == 0 )
printf( “ Not a Leap Year\n" );
else if ( year%4 == 0 )
printf( “Leap Year\n" );
else
printf( “ Not a Leap Year\n" );

Write down a program that will take an integer as

input and will print YES if it is divisible by either 2
or 5 and will print NO otherwise.

Write down a program that will take an integer as

input and will print YES if it is divisible by 2 but not
by 5 and will print NO otherwise.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20

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 Combining multiple conditions:
Logical Operators
• C defines the following logical operators:
! Logical NOT
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR

• Logical NOT is a unary operator (it operates on

one operand)

• Logical AND and logical OR are binary operators

(each operates on two operands)

Logical NOT
• The logical NOT operation is also called logical
negation or logical complement
• If some condition a is true, then !a is false; if a is
false, then !a is true

• Logical expressions can be shown using a truth

table

a !a
true false
false true

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 Example
• Selection structure:
– Used to choose among alternative courses of action
– Pseudocode: If student’s mark is greater than or equal to 40
Print “Passed”
• Pseudocode statement in C:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float marks;
printf(“Enter your marks: “);
scanf(“%f”, &marks);
if ( marks >= 60 )
printf( "Passed\n" );
}

Example
• Selection structure:
– Used to choose among alternative courses of action
– Pseudocode: If student’s mark is greater than or equal to 40
Print “Passed”
• Pseudocode statement in C:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float marks;
printf(“Enter your marks: “);
scanf(“%f”, &marks);
if (!( marks < 60 ))
printf( "Passed\n" );
}

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 Logical AND and Logical OR
• The logical AND expression

a && b

is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise

• The logical OR expression

a || b

is true if a or b or both are true, and false

otherwise

Logical Operators
• A truth table shows all possible true-false
combinations of the terms

• Since && and || each have two operands, there

are four possible combinations of conditions a
and b

a b a && b a || b

true true true true

true false false true
false true false true
false false false false

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 Example 1
The following chart will be used for a quick grade
conversion in C programming language course:

90-100 A m >= 90 and m <= 100

80-89 B m >= 80 and m < 90
70-79 C m >= 70 and m < 80
60-69 D m >= 60 and m < 70
0-59 F m >= 0 and m < 60

Write down a program that will take a student’s mark

as input and will convert it to the corresponding
letter grade.

Example
• Write down a program that will take an English
letter as input and will determine whether it is a small
letter or capital letter.

• Write down a program that will take an English

letter as input and will determine whether it is vowel
or consonant.

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 ASCII chart

Example:
• Write a C program that calculates the discount of
Agora shop. The discount rate depends on the
purchase amount and provided below:

Purchase amount Discount rate

==================== ===========
5,000 TK or less 5% a >= 0 and a <= 5000
For next 5000 TK 10% a > 5000 and a <= 10000
For rest amount 20% a > 10000

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 Example
A triangle is valid if sum of its two sides is greater
than the third side. Now, write a C program to check
the validity of a triangle if the three sides are given.

Leap year explained

• Leap year condition

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …..,96, 100, 104, ….200, …. ,300, …,400,

…500, …, 600, …, 700, …., 800, …, 900, … ,1000……

• Blue numbers leap year Divisible by 400

• Red numbers NOT leap year Divisible by 100
(but not by 400)
• Green numbers leap year Divisible by 4
(but not by 100 or 400)
• Black numbers NOT leap year Not divisible by 4

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 #include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int year;
printf(“Enter year: “);
scanf(“%d”, &year);
if ( BLUE OR GREEN )
printf( “Leap Year\n" );
else
printf( “Not a Leap Year\n" );

#include <stdio.h>
main(){
int year;
printf(“Enter year: “);
scanf(“%d”, &year);
if ((year%400 == 0)||((year%4 == 0) && (year%100 != 0))
printf( “Leap Year\n" );
else
printf( “Not a Leap Year\n" );

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 Boolean Expressions in C
• C does not have a boolean data type.

• Therefore, C compares the values of variables and

expressions against 0 (zero) to determine if they
are true or false.

• If the value is 0 then the result is implicitly

assumed to be false.

• If the value is different from 0 then the result is

implicitly assumed to be true.

• C++ and Java have boolean data types.

Values on condition
• Zero (0)  False
• Anything nonzero  TRUE

if (40)
printf(" Hi \n" );
else
printf(“ Bye \n" );
Output: Hi
if (-40)
printf(" Hi \n" );
else
printf(“ Bye \n" );
Output: Hi

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 Relational Operators
• Zero (0)  False
• Anything nonzero  TRUE

if (0)
printf(" Hi \n" );
else
printf(“ Bye \n" );
Output: Bye
a = 40;
if (a)
printf(" Hi \n" );
else
printf(“ Bye \n" );
Output: Hi

Relational Operators
• Zero (0)  False
• Anything nonzero  TRUE
a = 0;
if (a)
printf(" Hi \n" );
else
printf(“ Bye \n" );
Output: Bye
a = 30;
if (a = 0)
printf(" Hi \n" );
else
printf(“ Bye \n" );
Output: Bye

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 Relational Operators
• FALSE  Zero (0)
• TRUE  One (1)

a = 5;
printf("%d ", a > 5 );
Output: 0
a = 5;
printf("%d ", a == 5 );
Output: 1

Short-Circuited Operators
• The processing of logical AND and logical OR is
“short-circuited”

• If the left operand is sufficient to determine the

result, the right operand is not evaluated

if (count != 0 && total/count > MAX)

printf ("Testing…");

• This type of processing must be used carefully

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 The Conditional Operator
• C has a conditional operator that uses a boolean
condition to determine which of two expressions
is evaluated

• Its syntax is:

condition ? expression1 : expression2

• If the condition is true, expression1 is

evaluated; if it is false, expression2 is evaluated

• The value of the entire conditional operator is the

value of the selected expression

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 The Conditional Operator
• The conditional operator is similar to an if-else
statement, except that it is an expression that
returns a value

• For example:
larger = ((num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2);

• If num1 is greater than num2, then num1 is assigned

to larger; otherwise, num2 is assigned to larger

• The conditional operator is ternary because it

requires three operands

Example:
• Write a C program that will find the absolute value
of a number. You can only use the ternary
operator.

• Write a C program that will find the minimum,

maximum and second largest of three integers
given as input. You can only use the ternary
operator.

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 The switch Statement
• The switch statement provides another way to
decide which statement to execute next

• The switch statement evaluates an expression,

then attempts to match the result to one of several
possible cases

• Each case contains a value and a list of

statements

• The flow of control transfers to statement

associated with the first case value that matches

The switch Statement

• Often a break statement is used as the last
statement in each case's statement list

• A break statement causes control to transfer to the

end of the switch statement

• If a break statement is not used, the flow of control

will continue into the next case

• Sometimes this may be appropriate, but often we

want to execute only the statements associated
with one case

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 The switch Statement
• The general syntax of a switch statement is:

switch switch ( expression )

and {
case case value1 :
are statement-list1;
reserved case value2 :
words statement-list2;
case value3 :
statement-list3; If expression
case ... matches value2,
control jumps
} to here

The switch Statement

• A switch statement can have an optional default
case

• The default case has no associated value and

simply uses the reserved word default

• If the default case is present, control will transfer

to it if no other case value matches

• If there is no default case, and no other value

matches, control falls through to the statement
after the switch

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 The switch Statement example
• Write down a program using switch structure that
will take an integer as input and will determine
whether the number is odd or even.

switch (n%2){
case 0:
printf(“It is Even”);
break;
case 1:
printf(“It is ODD”);
break;
}

The switch Statement example

• Write down a program using switch structure that
will take an integer as input and will determine
whether the number is multiple of 3 or not.

switch (n%3){
case 0:
printf(“It is Multiple of 3”);
break;
case 1:
printf(“No it’s not”);
break;
case 2: printf(“No it’s not”);
break;
}

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 The switch Statement example
• Write down a program using switch structure that
will take an integer as input and will determine
whether the number is multiple of 3 or not.

switch (n%3)
{
case 0:
printf(“It is Multiple of 3”);
break;
default:
printf(“No it’s not”);
break;
}

This is deliberate….
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
switch (ch)
{
case ‘a’: printf(“It is Vowel”);
break;
case ‘e’: printf(“It is Vowel”);
break;
……

case ‘u’: printf(“It is Vowel”);

break;
default: printf(“It is consonant”);
}

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 This is deliberate….
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
switch (ch)
{
case ‘a’: printf(“It is Vowel”);
break;
case ‘e’: printf(“It is Vowel”);
break;
……

case ‘u’: printf(“It is Vowel”);

break;
default: printf(“It is consonant”);
}

This is deliberate….
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
switch (ch)
{
case ‘a’:
case ‘e’:
case ‘i’:
case ‘o’:
case ‘u’: printf(“It is Vowel”);
break;
default: printf(“It is consonant”);
}

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Limitations of the switch Statement
• The expression of a switch statement must result
in an integral type, meaning an integer (byte,
short, int,) or a char

• It cannot be a floating point value (float or

double)

• The implicit test condition in a switch statement

is equality

• You cannot perform relational checks with a

switch statement

Can we work around with switches

limitations? One example…..
The following chart will be used for a quick grade
conversion in C programming language course:

90-100 A
80-89 B
70-79 C
60-69 D
0-59 F

Write down a program that will take a student’s mark

as input and will convert it to the corresponding
letter grade. Assume that marks are integers.

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THE END

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