Solution of Equation 1

Solution of Equations
Bisection Method: The Bisection
Method is applicable for numerically
solving the equation  f (x)=0 for the 
real  variable x , where   f (x) is a 
continuous function defined on an
interval [a , b] and where  f (a) and  f (b)
have opposite signs. In this case, by
the intermediate value theorem, the
continuous function  f (x) must have
at least one root in the interval (a, b).
At each step the method divides the interval [a , b] in two equal subintervals [a , c ] and [c , b ]
a+ b
by computing the midpoint c= 2 of the interval [a , b]. Unless c  is itself a root (which is
very unlikely, but possible) there are now only two possibilities: either  f (a)and  f (c )have
opposite signs and there is a root between a and c , or  f (c ) and  f (b) have opposite signs and
there is a root between c and b . Explicitly, if  f (a) and  f (c ) have opposite signs, then the
method sets c  as the new value for b , and if  f (b) and  f (c ) have opposite signs then the
method sets c  as the new a . (If  f (c )=0 then c  may be taken as the solution and the process
stops.) In both cases, the new  f (a) and  f (b) have opposite signs, so the method is
applicable to this smaller interval. In this way an interval that contains a zero of  f (x) is
reduced in width by 50% at each step. The process is continued until the interval is
sufficiently small, i.e., f (c ) is near to zero.

1 . Find a real root of the equation f (x)= x3 −x−1=0.

Solution : We get
f (1)=13−1−1=−1 (-ve)
f (2)=23−2−1=5 (+ve)
1+ 2
Hence there is a root between 1 & 2 so we take x 0= 2 =1.5
Now, f (x 0)=f (1.5)=1.5 3−1.5−1=0.875 (+ve)
1+ x 0 1+1.5
Hence there is a root between 1 & x 0. So we take x 1= = =1.25
2 2
We find, f (x 1)=f (1.25)=(1.25)3 −1.25−1=−0.296875 (-ve)
x0 + x 1 1.5+1.25
Hence the root lies between x 0 & x 1. So we take x 2= = 2 =1.375
2
We obtain, f (x 2)=f (1.375)=(1.375)3 −1.375−1=0.2246 (+ve)
x1 + x 2 1.25+1.375
Hence the root lies between x 1 & x 2. So we take x 3= = 2
=1.3125
2
3
We obtain, f ( x 3 ) =f ( 1.3125 )= (1.3125 ) −1.3125−1=−0.051(-ve)
 Solution of Equation 2
x +x
So we take x 4 = 2 3 =1.34375
2
Now, f (x 4 )=0.0826 (+ve)
x +x
So let x 5= 3 4 =1.328125
2
Now, f( x 5)=0.0145, which is near to zero.
Hence the appropriate root of the given equation is 1.328125.

2 . Use bisection method determine the root of f (x)=e−x −x=0

Solution : we get, f (0)=1−0=1 (+ve)
f (1)=−0.63 (-ve)
0+1
Hence the root lies between 0 & 1 so we take x 0 = 2 = 0.5
Now, f (x 0)=f ( 0.5)=0.1065 (+ve)
1+ x0 1+ .5
Hence the root lies between 1 & x 0. So we take x 1= = 2 =0.75
2
We find, f (x 1)=f (.75)=−0.278 (-ve)
x0 + x 1 .5+.75
Hence the root lies between x 0 & x 1, So we take x 2= = 2 =.625
2
We obtain, f (x 2)=f (.625)=−0.088 (-ve)
x0 + x 2 .5+.625
Hence the root lies between x 0 & x 2. So we take x 3= = 2 =.5625
2
We obtain, f (x 3)=f (.5625)=0.0073 , which is near to zero.
Hence the appropriate root of the given equation is 0.5625.

3 . Perform five interaction of the bisection method to determine the smallest positive real
root of f (x)= x3 −5 x +1=0
Solution : we get f (0)=1 (+ve)
f (1)=−3 (-ve)
0+1
Hence the root lies between 0 & 1, So we take x 0 = 2 = 0.5
Now, f (x 0)=f ( 0.5)=−01.375 (-ve)
0+ x 0 0+.5
Hence the root lies between 0 & x 0, So we take x 1= = 2 =0.25
2
We find, f (x 1)=f (.25)=−0.234 (-ve)
0+ x 1 0+.25
Hence the root lies between0 & x 1. So we take x 2= = 2 =.125
2
We obtain, f (x 2)=f (.125)=0.377 (+ve)
x1 + x 2
Hence the root lies between x 1 & x 2, So we take x 3= = .1875
2
We obtain, f (x 3)=f (.1875)=0.069 (+ve)
x1 + x 3 .25+.1875
Hence the root lies between x 1 & x 3. So we take x 4= = 2
=0.21875
2
 Solution of Equation 3
We obtain, f (x 4 )=f (.21875)=−0.08 (-ve)
x3 + x 4
Hence the root lies between x 3 & x 4. So we take x 5= = 0.203125
2
We obtain, f( x 5) = f(.203125) = -0.007, which is near to zero.
Hence the smallest positive real root of the given equation is 0.20325

4. Use bisection method find x 3 of the equation √ x−cosx=0 on [0,1]

Let , f (x)= √ x−cosx
Solution : we get f (0)=−1 (-ve)
f (1)=0.45970 (+ve)
0+1
Hence the root lies between 0 & 1. So we take x 1 = 2 = 0.5
Now, f (x 1)=f (0.5)=−0.17048 (-ve)
1+ x1 1+ .5
Hence the root lies between 1 & x 1. So we take x 2= = 2 =0.75
2
We find, f (x 2)=f (.75)=0.13434 (+ve)
x1 + x 2 .5+.75
Hence the root lies between x 1 & x 2 so we take x 3= = 2 =.625
2
Hence x 3=0. 625

5. Use the bisection algorithm to find an approximation to √ 3.

Solution: Let , x=√ 3
or, x 2=3
or, x 2−3=0
therefore √ 3 is a root of f (x)= x2−3=0
we get, f (2)=22−3=1 (+ve)
1+ 2
So, there is a root between 1 and 2. Hence we take x 1 = 2 = 1.5
Now, f (x 1)=f (1.5)=−0.75(-ve)
2+ x1 2+ 1.5
So we obtain x 2= = 2 = 1.75
2
We find, f (x 2)=f (1.75)=0.0625 (+ve)
1.5+1.75
Hence the root lies between1.5 & 1.75 so we take x 3= 2
=1.625
We obtain, f (x 3)=f (1.625)=−0.3593 (-ve)
x2 + x 3
Hence the root lies between x 2 & x 3. So we take x 4= = 1.6875
2
We obtain, f (x 4 )=f (1.6875)=−0.15234 (-ve)
x2 + x 4 1.75+1.6875
Hence the root lies between x 2 & x 4. So we take x 5= = 2
=1.71875
2
We obtain, f (x 5)=f (1.71875)=−0.045899 (-ve)
x2 + x 5
Hence the root lies between x 2 & x 5 so we take x 6= = 1.734375
2
 Solution of Equation 4
We obtain, f (x 6)=f (1.734375)=0.008, which is near to zero.
Hence 1.734375 is a root of x 2-3=0
.’. √ 3=1.734375

Method of False Position: The False Position Method is applicable for numerically
solving the equation  f (x)=0 for the real variable x , where   f (x) is a continuous
function defined on an interval [a , b] and where  f (a) and  f (b) have opposite signs. In this
case, by the intermediate value theorem, the continuous function  f (x) must have at least
one zero in the interval (a, b).

At each step the method repless the

curve f (x) by the straight line joining
the points (a , f (a)) and (b , f (b)). The
equation of this line is
x−a y−f (a)
=
a−b f ( a )−f (b)
. … (1)
If this line intersect the x axis at c (here
y=0), then we get the value of c by
a−b
solving (1) for x with y=0. Therefore c=a− f ( a )−f ( b ) f (a). Unless c  is itself a root (which
is very unlikely, but possible) there are now only two possibilities: either  f (a)and  f (c )have
opposite signs and there is a root between a and c , or  f (c ) and  f (b) have opposite signs and
there is a root between c and b . Explicitly, if  f (a) and  f (c ) have opposite signs, then the
method sets c  as the new value for b , and if  f (b) and  f (c ) have opposite signs then the
method sets c  as the new a . (If  f (c )=0 then c  may be taken as the solution and the process
stops.) In both cases, the new  f (a) and  f (b) have opposite signs, so the method is
applicable to this smaller interval. The process is continued until the interval is sufficiently
small, i.e., f (c ) is near to zero.

1.Find a real root of f (x)= x3 −2 x−5=0 by method of false poaition.

Solution : we have
f (2)=−1 (-ve) [Here x 0=2]
f (3)=16 (+ve) [Here x 1=3]
f ( 2) (−1 ) 1
So, x 2=2− ( 3−2 )=2− =2+ =2.0588
17
f ( 3 )−f ( 2 ) 16−(−1 )
Now, f (x 2)=f (2.0588)=−0.386 (-ve)
and hence the root lies between 2.0588 and 3.
f (2.0588) (.386)
So, x 3= 2 .0588 - (3-2.0588) = 2.0588 + (3-2.0588) = 2.0812
f ( 3 )−f (2.0588) .6+0.386
We find, f (x 3)=f (2.0812)=−0.1479 (-ve)
Hence the root lies between 2.0812 and 3
 Solution of Equation 5
f (2.0812) (.1479)
So, x 4= 2 .0812 - ( ) (3-2 .0812) = 2 .0812 + (3-2.0812) = 2.0896
f 3 −f (2 .0812) 16+0.1479
Now, f (x 4 )=f (2.0896)=−0.0551 (-ve)
hence the root lies between 2.0896 and 3
f (2.0896) (.0551)
So, x 5= 2.0896 - (3-2.0896) = 2.0588 + (3-2.0896) = 2.0927
f ( 3 )−f (2.0896) 16+.0551
Hence the root of the given equation is 2.0927.

2. Solve x 3- x 2-1 = 0 by the method of false poaition.

Solution : Let, f (x)= x3 −x2 −1
So, f (1)=−1<0
f (2)=3>0
Hence the root lies between 1and 2.
f (1) 1
So, x 2= 1- (2-1) = 1 + 3+1
×1 = 1.25
f ( 2 )−f (1)
We find, f (x 2)=f (1.25)=−0.60938< 0
Hence the root lies between 1.25 and 2.
f (1.25) 0.60938
So, x 3= 1.25 - (2-1.25) = 1.25 + 3+0.60938
(.75) = 1.3766
f ( 2 )−f (1.25)
Now, f (x 3)=f (1.3766)=−0.28633<0.
Hence the root lies between 1.3766 and 2 .
f (1.3766) 0.28633
So, x 4= 1.3766 - (2-1.3766) = 1.3766 + 3+0.28633 (.6234) = 1.4304
f 2 −f (1.3766)
( )
Now, f (x 4 )=f (1.4304)=−0.11938 <0
Hence the root lies between 1.4304 and 2.
f (1.4304) 0.11938
So, x 5= 1.4304 - (2-1.4304) = 1.4304 + 3+0.11938
(.5696) = 1.4522
f ( 2 )−f (1.4304)
Now, f (x 5)=f (1.4522)=−0.046362<0
hence the root lies between 1.4522 and 2.
f (1.4522) 0.046362
So, x 6= 1.4522 - (2-1.4522) = 1.4522 + 3+0.046362
(.5478) = 1.4595
f ( 2 )−f (1.4522)
Now, f (x 6)=f (1.4595)=−0.0212< 0
hence the root lies between 1.4595 and 2.
f (1.4595) 0.0212
So, x 7= 1.4595 - (2-1.4595) = 1.4595 + 3+0.0212
(.5405) = 1.4633
f ( 2 )−f (1.4595)
Now, f (x 7)=f (1.4633)=−0.00796, which is near to zero.
Hence the root is , x 7=1.4633

Iteration Method :
1. Find a real root of the equation f (x)= x3 + x 2−1=0 by iteration method .
Solution : we get
 Solution of Equation 6
f (0)=−1 (-ve)
f (1)=1 (+ve)
So, a root lies between 0 and 1 . Therefore we can take x 0=0.5
To find this root , we put the equation in the form x=φ (x).
So x 3+ x2 −1=0
1
or, x=
√ 1+ x
1 1
So that φ (x) = and φ ' (x) = 3 /2
√1+ x 2(1+ x)
we have |φ ' ( x )| < 1 for x=x 0=0.5
Hence the iteration method can be applied.
We get,
x 1 = φ ( x0 ) =φ (.5)= 0.81649
x 2 = φ (x1 ) =φ (.81649)= .74196
x 3 = φ (x2 ) =φ (.74196) =.75767
x 4 = φ (x3 ) =φ (.75767)= .75427
x 5 = φ (x 4) =φ (.75427)= .75500
x 6 = φ (x5 ) =φ (.75500)= .75485
x 7 = φ ( x6 ) =φ (.75485)= .75488
Hence the approximate value of the root is 0.75488.

2. Find the root of the equation 2 x=cosx +3 correct to three decimal places by using
iteration method .
1
Solution : The given equation can be put in the form, x= 2 (cosx +3)
1
So that φ (x) = 2 (cosx+3)
1
and φ ' (x) =
2
(−sinx)
sinx
we have |φ ' ( x )| = | 2 | < 1
Hence the iteration method can be applied .
Take , x 0=1
We get,
x 1 = φ ( x0 ) =φ (1)=1.7701
x 2 = φ (x1 ) =φ (1.7701)= 1.40098
x 3 = φ (x2 ) =φ (1.40098)=1.5845
x 4 = φ (x3 ) =φ (1.5845)= 1.4931
x 5 = φ (x 4) =φ (1.4931)= 1.5388
x 6 = φ (x5 ) =φ (1.5388)= 1.5160
x 7 = φ ( x6 ) =φ (1.5160)= 1.5274
x 8 = φ ( x7 ) =φ (1.5274)= 1.5217
 Solution of Equation 7
x 9 = φ (x8 ) =φ (1.5217)= 1.5245
x 10 = φ (x 9) =φ (1.5245)= 1.5231
Hence the approximate value of the root is 1.5231.

3. Find a real root of sinx=10 (x−1) correct to four significant figures by using iteration
method.
Solution : The equation can be written in the form ,
10 x−10=sinx
or, 10 x=10+ sinx
1
or, x= 10 sinx+1
1
So that, φ (x) = 10 sinx+1
−cosx
And φ ' (x) = 10
we have |φ ' ( x )| < 1
Hence the iteration method can be applied .
We get, x n = φ (x n−1 )
Choose , x 0=1
x 1 = φ ( x0 ) =φ (1)= 1.0841
x 2 = φ (x1 ) =φ (1.0841)= 1.08834
x 3 = φ (x2 ) =φ (1.08834)= 1.08859
x 4 = φ (x3 ) =φ (1.08859)= 1.08860
x 5 = φ (x 4) =φ (1.08860)= 1.08860
Hence the approximate value of the root is 1.089.

4. Use the iteration method to find a real root of the following equations.
(a) cosx=3 x−1 (e) e− x =10 x
(b) x = ¿1¿ (f) x=cosecx
1
(c) x=(5−x ) 3 (g) sin2 x= x 2-1
(d) sinx=10 (x−1) (h) e x =cotx

Newton-Raphson Method:
Let x 0 be an approximate root of f (x)=0 and let x 1=x 0+ h be the correct root so that
f (x 1)=0 that is, f (x 0+ h)=0
Now expending f (x 0+ h) by Taylor’s series , we obtain,
' h2 ' '
f (x 0)+h f ( x0 )+ f ( x 0)+… … … …=0
2!
Neglecting the second and higher order derivatives, we have
f (x 0)+h f ' ( x0 )=0
 Solution of Equation 8
−f ( x 0 )
or, h= '
f ( x0 )
A better approximation than x 0 is therefore given by x 1 when ,
f ( x0 )
x 1=x 0− '
f ( x0 )
Successive approximations are giveb by x 2, x 3, . … … … … x n+1
f (x n)
Where , x n+1= x n - - '
f (x n)
Which is Newton – Raphson formula.

1. The equation x 3+ 2 x 2−5 x−1=0 has a root near to 1.4 . Use the Newton-Raphson
method to find the root to four significant figures.
Solution : we have ,
f (x)= x3 +2 x 2−5 x−1
therefore f ' (x )=3 x 2+ 4 x−5
Given that , x 0=1.4
Now , f (x 0)=−1.336
f ' (x 0 )=1.6162
f (x 0) −1.336
∴ x1= x 0 - ' = 1.4 - 6.48 =1.6062
f (x 0)
Now, f (x1 )=.2723
f '( x 1)=9.1641
f (x 1) .2723
∴ x2= x 1 - ' = 1.6062 - 9.1641 =1.5765
f ( x 1)
Now, f (x 2)=.0059
f '( x 2)=8.7615
f (x 2) .0059
∴ x3 = x 2 - ' = 1.5765 - 8.7615 =1.5757
f (x 2)
Now, f (x 3)=.000003 which is near to zero .
Hence the approximate value of the root is 1.5757

2. Use Newton’s method to find a root of the equation x 3−3 x−5=0

Solution : we have , f (x)= x3 −3 x −5=0
f (2)=23−3.2−5=−3
f (3)=33−3.3−5=13
So, there is a root between 2 & 3.
∴We choose x 0=2
Now, f '(x)=3 x 2-3
∴ f (x 0)=f (2)=−3
f '( x 0)= f '(2)=9
 Solution of Equation 9
f (x 0) −3
∴ x1= x 0 - ' = 2 - 9 =2.3333
f (x 0)
Now,
f (x 1)=0.7037
f '( x 1 ¿=13.333
f (x 1) −.7037
∴ x2= x 1 - ' = 2.3333 - 13.333 =2.2805
f ( x 1)
Now,
f (x 2)=f (2.2805)=0.01935
f '( x 2)= f '(2.2805)=12.6028
f (x 2) 0.01935
∴ x3 = x 2 - ' = 2.2805 - 12.6028 =2.2790
f (x 2)
Now, f (x 3)=f (2.2790)=0.000016Which is near to zero.
Hence the approximate value of the root is 2.2790.

2. Find a root of the equation xsinx+ cosx=0

Solution : we have , f (x)= xsinx+cosx
f ' (x )=xcosx
Choose , x 0= π =3.1416
∴ f (x 0)=−1
f '( x 0)= -3.1416
f (x 0) −1
∴ x1= x 0 - ' = 3.1416 - −3.1416 =2.8233
f (x 0)
Now,
f (x 1)=−0.06618
f '( x 1)= -2.6816
f (x 1) −.06618
∴ x2= x 1 - ' = 2.8233 - −2.6816 =2.7985
f ( x 1)
Now, f (x 2)=−0.00056 Which is near to zero.
Hence the approximate value of the root is 2.7985.
4. x 3−2 x−5=0
5. x 5+ 5 x +1=0
6. x 3−5 x+ 3=0
7. sinx=1−x
8. tanx=4 x .