Dept.
of Periodontology
New Horizon Dental College & Research Institute
Seminar on:
Osteology of Maxilla & Mandible
Muscles of Mastication
Guided by: Presented by:
Dr. P.V. Sunil Reddy (Professor & Head) Dr. Javeria Khan
Dr. Shailendra S. Chaturvedi (Reader) P.G. Student
Dr. Pramod V. (Reader)
Dr. Hiroj Bagde (Senior Lecturer)
Dr. Abhilasha Singh (Senior Lecturer)
CONTENTS
Anatomy of maxilla & maxillary sinus
1. Age changes in maxilla
2. Applied anatomy
Anatomy of mandible
1. Age changes in mandible
2. Applied anatomy
Temporomandibular Joint
Muscles of mastication
Conclusion
References
MAXILLA
2nd largest bone of face
Forms the upper jaw
It contributes to the formation of:
1.Floor of the nose & orbit
2. Roof of mouth
3. Lateral wall of nose
4. Pterigopalatine & infratemporal fossae
5. Pterigomaxillary & infraorbital fissures
ANATOMY OF MAXILLA:
Body (pyramidal shape)
1. Anterior surface
2. Posterior surface
3. Orbital surface
4. Nasal surface
Processes
1. Zygomatic
2. Frontal
3. Alveolar
4. Palatine
Anterior Surface:
Incisive Fossa gives origin to:
1. Depressor septi
2. Incisivus
Canine fossa gives origin to:
1. Levator anguli oris
Infraorbital foramen transmits infraorbital nerves & vessels
Levator labi superioris
Nasal notch gives origin to
1. Nasalis
2. Depressor septi
Anterior Nasal Spine
Posterior surface:
Directed backwards and laterally
Forms anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa
Near the centre of posterior surface, opens 2 or 3 canals for posterior superior alveolar
vessels and nerves
Posteroinferiorly, maxillary tuberosity gives origin to superficial head medial
pterigoid muscles
Above maxillary tuberosity, the smooth surface forms anterior wall of pterygopalatine
fossa & is grooved by maxillary nerve.
Superior/Orbital Surface:
Smooth and triangular
Anterior border forms infraorbital margin
The surface presents infraorbital groove leading to infraorbital canal opening into
infraorbital foramen transmitting nerves & vessels
The canal gives off a branch laterally, the canalis sinuosus, for the passage of anterior
superior nerves & vessels.
Medial border presents lacrimal notch (inferior oblique muscle of eyeball). Behind
this it articulates with;
1. Lacrimal
2. Labyrinth of ethmoid
3. Orbital process of palatine
Posterior border is smooth, rounded & forms anterior part of infraorbital fissure.
A little lateral to the lacrimal groove there is attachment of inferior oblique muscle of
eveball.
Nasal surface:
Forms the lateral wall of nose.
Posterosuperiorly, displays a large maxillary hiatus which leads into the maxillary
sinus.
Behind the hiatus, the surface articulates with the perpendicular plate of palatine bone.
In front of the hiatus, there is a nasolacrimal groove.
More anteriorly concal crest for articulation with inferior nasal concha.
Maxillary sinus:
Large pyramidal cavity
Size: 3.7x2.5x3.7cm
Opens in the middle meatus of nose
The hiatus is reduced by,
1. Uncinate process of ethmoid (above)
2. Descending part of lacrimal bone (above)
3. Inferior nasal concha (below)
4. Perpendicular plate of palatine bone (behind)
Articulations of maxilla:
Superiorly with 3 bones:
1. Nasal
2. Frontal
3. Lacrimal
Medially with 5 bones:
1. Ethmoid
2. Inferior nasal concha
3. Vomer
4. Palatine
5. Opposite maxilla
Laterally with:
1. zygomatic bone
Ossification of Maxilla:
Intramembranous ossification
3 centres of ossification:
1. One for maxilla proper (appears above canine fossa during 6th week of IUF)
2. Two for premaxilla
Mandible
• Largest and strongest bone of the face
• Curved horizontal body; convex forwards
• It has two rami which project upward from posterior end of the body
• The body is horse shoe shaped
External Surface
• Faint ridge: symphisis menti
• Mental protuberance in the triangular area below sympisis menti
• Mental tubercle on each side of mental protruberance
• Mental foramen between premolar teeth
• Oblique line
Internal Surface
• Myelohyoid line
• Sub mandibular fossa
• Sub lingual fossa
• Genial tubercle
• Myelohyoid groove
Borders
• Upper boder:
– Sockets for the mandibular teeth are present
• Lower border(Base) presents a digastric fossa
• Ramus
– Lateral Surface
– Medial Surface
• Mandibular foramen & canal
• Lingula- mylohyoid groove
• Inferior border is continuous with the angle of mandible
• Upper Border: Mandibular Notch
Processes:
– Condylar
– Coronoid
Age changes in mandible
Muscles of mastication
Primary
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Medial pterygoid
4. Lateralpterygoid
Accessory
1. Infrahyoid
2. Strenohyoid
3. Thyrohyoid
4. Omohyoid
5. Suprahyoid
6. Digastric
7. Stylohyoid
8. Mylohyoid
9. Geniohyoid
They are functionally classified as:
Jaw elevator
1. Masseter
2. Medialpterigoid
3. Temporalis
Jaw depresser
1. Lateralpterigoid
2. Anterior Digastric
3. Geniohyoid
4. mylohyoid
MASSETER
Quadrilateral , thick covers lateral surface of ramus of mandible & it consists of three layers:
1. Superficial Layer
2. Middle Layer
3. Deep Layer
Superficial Layer
It is largest layer.
Origin : It arises from the anterior 2/3rd of the inferior border of zygomatic
arch & zygomatic process of maxilla.
Insertion: fibers of superficial layer pass downwards &
backwards to insert into angle & lateral surface of the mandibular ramus.
Middle Layer
Origin : It arises from the medial aspect of the anterior two thirds & from the lower
border of the posterior third of the zygomatic arch.
Insertion : fibers of middle layer inserts into the central part of the mandibular ramus.
Deep Layer
Origin : It arises from deep surface of the zygomatic arch.
Insertion : Fibers of the deep layer inserts into the upper part of the mandibular ramus
& into it’s coronoid process.
NERVE SUPPLY
Massetric branch of mandibular nerve supplies to the masseter muscle.
BLOOD SUPPLY
Maxillary artery , which is a branch of external carotid artery.
ACTION OF MASSETER
Elevates the mandible to close the mouth to bite .
Brings molars together for crushing & grinding “ Chewer muscle” .
Superficial muscles can cause protusion .
Small effect in side to side movement , retraction & minimal activity in resting
position.
TEMPORALIS
Largest of all muscles of mastication.
Fan shaped muscle.
Fills the temporal fossa.
ORIGIN
Temporal fossa, excluding zygomatic bone.
Temporal fascia : thick, aponeurotic sheet that roofs over the temporal fossa &
covers the temporalis muscle. Superiorly, the fascia is single layered & is attached
to superior temporal line. Inferiorly, it splits into two layers, which are attached to
inner & outer surfaces of upper border of zygomatic arch. small gap between two
layers contains superficial temporal artery & zygomatico temporal nerve .
Deep Surface gives origin to some fibers of temporalis muscles.
Superiorly they run vertically
Middle runs obliquely
Posteriorly runs horizontally
All pass through gap deep to zygomatic arch.
INSERTION
Deep surface of coronoid.
Anterior border of ramus of mandible.
NERVE SUPPLY
Anterior & posterior deep temporal branches from the anterior division of mandibular
nerve.
BLOOD SUPPLY
The muscle receives its blood supply from the deep temporal arteries which anastomose
with the middle temporal arteries.
ACTIONS OF TEMPORALIS
Elevates the mandible .
Side to side gliding movements.
Retraction of protruded mandible.
MEDIAL PTERYGOID
It is also called pterygoidus internus or internal pterygoid muscle.
It is a quadrilateral muscle.
It has a small superficial head, large deep head.
ORIGIN & INSERTION
It arises from lateral pterygoid plate (deep head), and from the maxillary
tuberosity(superficial head).
Insertion is seen on the Medial surface of angle of the mandible.
FIBERS
• Runs downwards,backwards and laterally.
NERVE SUPPLY
• Branch of the main trunk of the mandibular nerve i.e. nerve to medial pterygoid.
BLOOD SUPPLY
• Pterygoid branch of 2nd part of maxillary artery.
FUNCTIONS
Elevates themandible.
Closes the jaw.
Helps in side to side movement.
Palpation of medial pterigoid:
LATERAL PTERYGOID
Also known as pterygoideus externus or external pterygoid muscle.
Short, conical muscle.
Has two heads : upper , lower
ORIGIN
Upper head – from infratemporal fossa and crest of greater wing of sphenoid
Lower head – lateral pterygoid plate
INSERTION
Fibers run backwards and laterally and converge for insertion into anterior side of
condyle & pterygoid fovea.
BLOOD SUPPLY
Pterygoid branch of 2nd part of maxillary artery.
NERVE SUPPLY
Nerve to lateral pteygoid branch of anterior division of trigeminal nerve.
ACTION OF LATERAL PTERYGOID
• Assists in opening the mouth with suprahyoid muscles.
• Right lateral pterygoid and right medial pterygoid turns the chin to left side as a part
of grinding movement.
• When the lateral & medial pterygoids of two sides act together they protrude the
mandible so that the lower incisors project in front of the other.
• The upper (superior) head being involved in chewing.
The combinded efforts of the Digastrics and lateral Pterygoids provide for natural jaw
opening.
Medial and lateral pterygoid act together to protrude the mandible
REFERENCES
• B.D.Chaurasias, Human anatomy
• Shafer Textbook of oral pathology
• Grays Anatomy
THANK-YOU
