CLIMATE CHANGE

Nasa defines climate change as: "a broad range of global phenomena created predominantly by
burning fossil fuels, which add heat-trapping gases to Earth’s atmosphere. These phenomena
include the increased temperature trends des cribed by global warming, but also encompass
changes such as sea level rise; ice mass loss in Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic and mountain
glaciers worldwide; shifts in flower/plant blooming; and extreme weather events."

Climate change is the catch-all term for the shift in worldwide weather phenomena associated with an
increase in global average temperatures. It's real and temperatures have been going up around the
world for many decades.
Reliable temperature records began in and our world is now than it was in the period between 1850
and 1900 – commonly referred to as the "pre-industrial" average.
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The change is even more visible over a shorter time period – , 2017 was 0.68 degrees warmer, while
2016 was 0.8 degrees warmer, thanks to an extra boost from the naturally-occurring El Niño weather
system.
While this temperature increase is more specifically referred to as global warming, climate change is the
term currently favoured by science communicators, as it explicitly includes not only Earth's increasing
global average temperature, but also the climate effects caused by this increase.

are now focussed on keeping temperatures from increasing more than above that pre-industrial
average, and ideally no more than 1.5 degrees. That goal may still be possible if the international
community pulls together.

What are the effects of climate change?

Worsening drought conditions are having a major impact on farmers in South Africa's
Western Cape region
Morgana Wingard/Getty Images

The effects of anthropogenic – human-caused – climate change range from more frequent and
severe droughts to snowstorms and extreme winter weather in temperate regionsas a result of
warming Arctic weather fronts.
It's not only humans that are affected. Warming ocean temperatures are increasing the frequency
of coral reef bleaching; warmer, drier weather means that forests in some regions are no longer
recovering from wildfires and wildlife habitats around the world are becoming less hospitable to
animals.
Climate change is having economic and socio-political effects, too. Food security is already
being impacted in a number of African countries and researchers are studying suggestive links
between climate change and an increased likelihood of military conflict.
We're already seeing the first climate refugees as people are displaced by rising sea levels,
melting Arctic permafrost and other extreme weather.

What are the causes of climate change?

We are. While a wide range of natural phenomena can radically affect the climate, publishing
climate scientists overwhelmingly agree that global warming and resultant climate effects that
we're witnessing are the result of human activity.
Life on Earth is dependent on an atmospheric "greenhouse" – a layer of gasses, primarily water
vapour, in the lower atmosphere that trap heat from the sun as it's reflected back from the Earth,
radiating it back and keeping our planet at a temperature capable of supporting life.
Human activity is currently generating an excess of long-lived greenhouse gasses that – unlike
water vapour – don't dissipate in response to temperature increases, resulting in a continuing
buildup of heat.
Key greenhouse gasses include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is the
best-known, with natural sources including decomposition and animal respiration. The main
source of excess carbon dioxide emissions is the burning of fossil fuels, while deforestation has
reduced the amount of plant life available to turn CO2 into oxygen.
Methane, a more potent but less abundant greenhouse gas, enters the atmosphere from farming –
both from animals such as cattle and arable farming methods including traditional rice paddies –
and from fossil fuel exploration and abandoned oil and gas wells.
Chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons– once widely used in industrial applications and
home appliances such as refrigerators – were key greenhouse gasses released during the 20th
century, but are now heavily regulated due to their severe impact on the atmosphere, which
includes ozone depletion, as well as trapping heat in the lower atmosphere.
Our warming climate is also creating a feedback loop as greenhouse gasses trapped in
Arctic permafrost are released.

Why is climate denial a thing?

August 29 2017: People wade along a flooded street as cars become stuck during
heavy rain in Mumbai
Imtiyaz Shaikh /Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
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For many years, oil companies were heavily invested in pushing the narrative that fossil fuels did
not have an impact on climate change. To this end, they bought advertising and funded
organisations to cast doubt on climate change, even while their own research conclusively
showed that fossil fuels are a major contributing cause of climate change.
This is still playing out in ongoing lawsuitsagainst oil companies, but even giants such as
Chevron now publicly acknowledge the role that fossil fuel use has played in changing our
climate. Now, their key defence is that it's the fault of fossil fuel consumers for using it, rather
than of the companies that extracted, marketed and profited from oil.