SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS: A BIM BASED

MODEL FOR AN EXISTING BUILDING,

SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS AND
RETROFITTING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

KARACHI, PAKISTAN
 SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS: A BIM BASED MODEL FOR AN EXISTING
BUILDING, SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS AND RETROFITTING

Batch 2015-2016

By

Name SEAT NO

1. HASHIR TAREEN CE-15213

2. SYED MURTAZA ALI CE-15226
3. SHAHZAD AHMED CE-15227
4. ARQAM AFZAL MALLICK CE-15231
5. TAHA SAEED CE-15236
6. MUHAMMAD SAUD CE-15238

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

KARACHI, PAKISTAN

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of batch 2015-2016 have successfully
completed the final year project in partial fulfillment of requirements for a
Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering from NED University of Engineering and
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.

HASHIR TAREEN CE-15213

SYED MURTAZA ALI CE-15226
SHAZHAD AHMED CE-15227
ARQAM AFZAL MALLICK CE-15231
TAHA SAEED CE-15236
MUHAMMAD SAUD CE-15238

PROJECT SUPERVISOR
---___-

_____________________________ ________________________
__
Prof. Rizwan U. Farooqui
Prof. Dr. Asad-ur-Rehman
Department of Civil Engineering Khan
NED University of Engineering & (Chairman)
Technology, Karachi Department of Civil

ii
 Engineering
NED University of
Engineering & Technology,
Karachi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATE ii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xii
ABSTRACT xiii
DEDICATION xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Objectives 1
1.4 Scope 1
1.5 Beneficiaries 2
1.6 Expected Outcome 2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 General 3
2.2 The Building Retrofit Sector 3
2.3 A Similar Case Study 3
2.3.1 Approach 4
2.3.2 Details of Strategies 5
2.4 The Concept of Green Retrofits 5
2.5 Management Strategies for Green Existing Buildings 6
2.5.1 Supply Side Management 6
2.5.2 Demand Side Management 6
2.5.3 Change in Energy Consumption Pattern 6
2.6 Life Cycle Costing Analysis 6
2.6.1 Time Value of Money 7
2.6.2 Inflation Rate 7
2.6.3 Escalation 7
2.6.4 Discount Rate 7
2.6.5 Comparative Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness 7
2.7 Retrofitting Strategies 8
2.8 Criteria and Variables for Application Retrofitting Strategies 9
2.8.1 Air Tightness and Infiltration 9
2.8.2 Insulation of Walls 9

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2.8.3 Eps Board Insulation 9
2.8.4 Lasani Acrylic Board 9
2.8.5 PVC Foam Board 10
2.8.6 PVC Wall Panels 10
2.8.7 Window Glazing 10
2.8.8 Low-Emissivity Coating 10
2.8.9 Metal Frames (Single Glazed) 10
2.8.10 Wood Frames (Single Glazed) 11
2.8.11 Double Glazed Wood Windows 11
2.8.12 Triple Pane Wood Glazing 11
2.8.13 Window Film 11
2.8.14 Solar Shading 11
2.8.15 Roof Insulation 11
2.8.16 Green Roof 12
2.8.17 Gravel Ballasted Layer 12
2.8.18 Isothane 12
2.8.19 Roof Titles (Insutile) 12

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Methodology 13
3.2.1 Literature Review 13
3.2.2 Model Development 13
[Link] Prototype 13
[Link].1 Energy Analysis 14
[Link] Case Study 14
[Link].1 Building envelope analysis 15
3.2.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 15
[Link] Comparative Analysis of Case Study 16
3.2.4 Conclusion and Recommendations 16

CHAPTER 4: SUSTAINBILITY ANALYSIS 17

4.1 Introduction 17
4.2 Identification of problems In Indoor Environmental Quality 17
4.3 Identification of Health Problems Caused By Indoor 17
Environmental Quality
4.4 Identification of Retrofitting Measures Taken In Past Years 17
4.5 Methodological Approach 17
4.5.1 Questionnaire Survey 17
4.5.2 Targeted Audience 17
4.6 Survey 18
4.6.1 Number of Respondents 18
4.7 Survey Analysis 18
4.7.1 Students’ Responses 18
4.7.2 Faculty’s Responses 21

CHAPTER 5: MODEL DEVELOPMENT 24

5.1 Introduction 24
5.2 BIM Model Development Tools 24
5.2.1 Software Usage 24
5.3 Case Study 25
5.3.1 Scope of BIM Model 25

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5.4 3D BIM Modelling 25
5.4.1 3D BIM Model 26
5.4.2 Grids 26
5.4.3 Levels 27
5.4.4 Column 28
5.4.5 Floor, Ceiling and Roof 29
5.4.6 Walls 31
5.4.7 Stairs 32
5.4.8 Components 33
5.4.9 Plumbing 35

CHAPTER 6: ENERGY ANALYSIS 36

6.1 Energy Analysis 36
6.1.1 Energy Analysis Prototype 36
6.2 Building Envelope Analysis 36

CHAPTER 7: LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS 41

7.1 Introduction 41
7.1.1 K-Electric Tariff Schedule 41
7.1.2 LCCA of Base Model 41
7.1.3 LCCA for Base Model with XPS 1.5” Insulation 42
7.1.4 EPS Insulation Model 42
7.1.5 Isothane 43
7.1.6 XPS 1” Insulation 43
7.1.7 XPS 2” Insulation 43
7.1.8 Thermopore Blue Insulation 44
7.1.9 Gravel Roof 44
7.1.10 Insutile 45
7.1.11 Led Bulbs 45

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47

8.1 Conclusions 47
8.2 Recommendations 47

REFERENCES 49

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 LIST OF TABLES

Page
Table 2.1 Potential Measures to Improve Efficiency 4
Table 2.2 Strategic Elements (SE) and their classification 5

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure 3.1 Methodological Flowchart 18
Figure 4.1 Percentage of Respondents 18
Figure 4.2 Percentage of visitors by batch 18
Figure 4.3 Percentage of Counts and no. of times 19
Figure 4.4 Percentage of Respondents for Comfort level 19
Figure 4.5 Percentage of respondents feeling suffocated 19
Figure 4.6 Percentage of choice of sitting place 20
Figure 4.7 percentage of lighting level 20
Figure 4.8 Ventilation level of library 20
Figure 4.9 Percentage of renovation 21
Figure 4.10 Work experience percentage 21
Figure 4.11 Percentage of symptoms 21
Figure 4.12 Perceive percentage of symptoms 22
Figure 4.13 Percentage of bad eyesight 22
Figure 4.14 Percentage of answer of respondents 23
Figure 4.15 Percentage of ventilation level of work area 23
Figure 5.1 Architectural View of Library 25
Figure 5.2 New Project Window 26
Figure 5.3 Grids of Library 27
Figure 5.4 Levels of Project 28
Figure 5.5 Plan View of Columns 28
Figure 5.6 3d View of Columns 29
Figure 5.7 Floor Type for Project 29
Figure 5.9 Type of Ceiling in Project 30
Figure 5.10 3D View of Ceilings 30
Figure 5.11 3D View of Floor, Ceiling and Roof 31
Figure 5.12 A General Wall 31
Figure 5.13 Walls in Plan View 32
Figure 5.14 3D View of Walls 32
Figure 5.15 Main Staircase Type 33
Figure 5.16 2D Plan View of Staircase 33
Figure 5.17 Load Family Option in Revit 34
Figure 5.18 Inserting the Downloaded Family 34
Figure 5.19 Plan View of First floor for components 35
Figure 5.20 Plumbing Plan of 1st floor 35
Figure 6.1 Library model 37
Figure 6.2 Autodesk Ecotect Interface 38
Figure 6.3 Sun radiation path 38
Figure 6.4 Energy plus interface 39
Figure 6.5 Detailed energy analysis 39

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Figure 6.6 Energies of retrofitted models 40
Figure 7.1 Tariff for different buildings and timings 41
Figure 7.2 Curve between cumulative cost in millions and no of years. 41
Figure 7.3 Payback graph of Library with XPS 1.5” Insulation 42
Figure 7.4 Payback graph of Library with EPS 42
Figure 7.5 Payback graph of Library with Isothane 43
Figure 7.6 Payback graph of Library with XPS 1” Insulation 43
Figure 7.7 Payback graph of Library with XPS 2” Insulation 44
Figure 7.8 Payback graph of Library with Thermopore Blue Insulation 44
Figure 7.9 Payback graph of Library with Gravel Roof 45
Figure 7.10 Payback graph of Library with Insutile 45
Figure 7.11 Payback graph of Library with LED Bulbs 46

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

LCCA Life Cycle Costing Analysis

BIM Building Information Modeling
EPBD Energy Performance of the Buildings Directive
PE Primary Energy
SE Strategic Elements
SATW Swiss Academy of Engineering Science
NEFF Swiss National Energy Research Foundation
GHG Green House Gas

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The first acclaim is to Allah, on whom eventually we depend for sustenance and
direction. The salutation is due to NED University of Engineering & Technology
for the support it has given us for the accomplishment of the project. We would like
to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful completion of this project.
We would like to express our gratitude to our project supervisor, Prof. Rizwan U.
Farooqui for his guidance, supervision and his colossal patience throughout the
development of the work. We would also like to thank Mr. Muhammad Saqib for
his persistent attention and valuable time.

In addition, we would also like to express our gratefulness to our beloved parents
and friends who helped and encouraged us throughout the project.

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 ABSTRACT

At a time where the building sector is responsible and accounted for 40% of the
energy consumption globally, the use of retrofitting strategies for better energy
efficiency of the existing buildings is the way forward. The modern technology and
techniques provide a good platform to analyze what impacts any specific
retrofitting strategy will have on an existing building. This project described in
detail the energy analysis of Engr. Abul Kalam Library of NED University. It gave
a complete set of information about the 3D model development, energy analysis of
the model in Energy plus and detailed life cycle cost analysis of retrofitted energy
efficient models. Retrofitted models that showed a payback period of the
investment within six years was highly encouraged.

xi
 DEDICATION

The project is especially dedicated to our parents, our supervisor for helping us out
during the completion of the entire project.

xii
 CHAPTER NO. 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
This chapter includes the relation of respective work done to the other work done in
the same field along with need of the study. It also contains the aims and objectives
of the project which defines the purpose and need of work to be done associated
with the project. Similarly, the beneficiaries of the project are also described in the
chapter. It is acknowledged globally that there is need to pay much attention to how
buildings are designed and constructed to reduce their energy consumption. In the
context of retrofitting and for the criteria of sustainability the architects and
engineers are looking for global optimization of existing buildings. To structure the
approach for this this complex process, with the support of the Swiss Academy of
Engineering Sciences (SATW) and the Swiss National Energy Research
Foundation (NEFF) in the framework of the European Master in Architecture and
Sustainability, carried out a research that has made it possible to develop
assessment methodology for office building retrofitting strategies applied to
different case studies.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Construction industry of Pakistan are so far unable to do sustainable and Building
Information Modelling based energy efficient construction. While the building
sector contributes to about 40% to 50% of the energy consumption of the entire
country. It is also estimated that around half million tons CO 2 emission every year
is attributed to the energy use by the residential buildings. A major issue arising
from the concern about climate change is the reduction of energy use in residential
buildings. The improvement of the energy consumption of the existing buildings
constitutes a major challenge. It is the need of the hour to identify cost optimal
retrofitting strategies that can play a vital role in reducing the energy consumption.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
Following are the objectives of the project
1. To do sustainability analysis of an existing building.
2. To develop BIM based model of an existing building to perform energy
analysis, implement retrofitting strategies to obtain optimized model.
3. To perform life cycle cost analysis.

1.4 SCOPE
An existing building for the project, Engr. Abul Kalam Library of NED University
was detected. Only the architectural aspects was considered as part of the study and
that no structural change was incorporated.

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1.5 BENEFICIARIES
Several stakeholders can be listed that would act as beneficiaries for the respective
project. Indoor Environment that keeps its occupants in comfort zone without any
hazardous effect on heath is utmost required in any residential, educational and
commercial building. Since this project is pro-environmental thus common man
was the most important one who takes benefit from this project. Others are the
group members, respected supervisors and NED University for its Engr. Abul
Kalam Library as model. Details are described below:
The project as it focused on Engr. Abul Kalam Library, offered to the student and
the staff a healthy indoor and aesthetic outdoor environment
Members got this opportunity to represent and use their different set of skills by
implementing them for the achievement of the aim. This work can be used by the
university to achieve its aims of making Engr. Abul Kalam Library LEEDS
certified and making university carbon neutral.

1.6 EXPECTED OUTCOME

The sustainability analysis should increase the quality of building indoor
environment for human safety, comfort and to avoid sick building syndrome. This
project should result in cost-optimized BIM models that are sustainable and energy
efficient. This project will facilitate in the selection of optimized sustainable
building envelope alternatives. This study should improve the operating function of
the building that will reduce the need for maintenance.

1.7 METHODOLOGY

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 CHAPTER NO. 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
With excessive consumption of energy, demand for saving strategies is increased.
Over the last decade, there has been a drastic increase in the energy consumption in
public buildings. Applying retrofitting strategies to some of the building’s envelope
features can provide comfort without compromising functional needs [1]. Thermal,
visual and acoustical, that are part of comfort needs can reduce energy
consumption. Some of the important measures used in the retrofitting process of the
building envelope include; windows glazing type, air tightness, external walls
insulation and solar shading [1]. By the application of these simple retrofitting
strategies, on average 33% of the energy consumption is reduced. In this
examination, retrofitting strategies are predominantly being considered and the
literature that identifies the successful and effective implementation of these
strategies are investigated.

2.2 THE BUILDING RETROFIT SECTOR

The building sector accounts for 40% to 50% of the final energy consumption in the
countries participating in this project [2]. While in the European Union energy-
related requirements for new buildings are constantly increasing (e.g. EPBD, nearly
zero energy buildings up to 2020), the improvement of energy performance of the
existing building stock constitutes a major challenge [2]. The mastering of this
challenge requires the identification of cost optimal retrofit strategies to achieve
maximal reduction of energy consumption and carbon emission through and within
building renovation. The increasing number of building retrofit reaching the
requirements of advanced building standards is an indicator for the availability and
feasibility of energy-efficient technologies. Buildings efficiency potentials and
cost-curves of building envelope measures new buildings [2]. In the case of
building renovation there are often object-specific additional costs for integrating
energy-related retrofit measures into existing buildings, which give rise to an
extended cost range and to uncertainties regarding rusting costs of the building
retrofit.

2.3 A SIMILAR CASE STUDY

The research focused on the residential building typologies in Denmark, Finland,
Romania, Sweden and Switzerland [2]. The objective of the research was to provide
an overview and systematic assessment of retrofit strategies and policy portfolios,
through the evolution of generic strategies and comparative case study analysis.
This knowledge is critical in designing, developing, implementing and evaluating
policy instruments supporting retrofit strategies. Currently available technologies
and retrofit practices were evaluated with respect to technical performance, primary
energy needs, and ranges of application, costs and CO 2 emission reduction
potential. Evaluation was done for commonly available and for the best practice
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technologies. Special focus should be paid in Eastern Europe, prefabricated blocks
represent a particular retrofitting challenge [2].

2.3.1 Approach
The evaluation methodology was structured into the following steps:
 Classification of the building stock, selection and definition of generic
buildings;
 Definition of basic factors: interest rate and energy prices; time period of the
advancement; electricity mixture, subsidies;
 Definition of the reference situation and of potential measures to reduce
energy use or GHG emission;
 Collecting of techno-economic data on primary energy and GHG mitigation
measures
 Calculation of energy related impacts of measures and of cost-effectiveness;
 Comparison of different combinations and conclusions concerning cost
efficient and sustainable mixes of measures on the building envelope
 Strategies and policy instruments for retrofitting buildings were evaluated
using a methodology which takes into account the following
indicators
 Costs: implement, operational and maintenance costs, energy costs. Costs
are calculated on annual basis life cycle cost.
 Primary energy (PE) use: direct and upstream primary energy use of energy
carriers consumed as well as all energy consumed to use for retrofit
strategies. Both total PE and non-renewable PE were considered.

The method to calculate indicators for the above mentioned dimensions included
the following steps.
Table 2.1: Potential measures to improve the energy efficiency and outputs
generated from them
Input Calculations Outputs
 Building  Space rating,  Useful energy;
geometry; hot water and  Final energy
 Transmission, electricity demand by
thermal bridges; needs; energy-carrier;
 Ventilation rate  Final energy  Primary energy
and efficiency; consumption; demand, non-
 Passive energy  Life cycle costs; renewable
gains by solar  Primary energy primary energy
energy; and GHG demand;
 Electricity emissions based  Greenhous gas
consumption, on final energy emissions;
internal and electricity  Costs indicators
processes; mix; and life cycle
 Energy system,  Embodied cost structure.

4
 energy carriers; primary energy
 Energy supply use and GHG
mix; emissions based
 Specific costs(per on chosen
m2, per kW) materials.
 Economic data
(energy prices,
interest rates);
 Climate data.

2.3.2 Details of Strategies

These are different strategic elements (SE), i.e. simplified way to increasing
efficiency of primary energy (PE) use and decreasing GHG emissions of existing
buildings, were identified and classified by three dimension refer (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2: Classifies the Strategic Elements Based on Construction and

Technology Bases.

2.4 THE CONCEPT OF GREEN RETROFITS

Green retrofits is an upgradation for an existing buildings either wholly or partially
to improve energy and environment performance, reduce water use, and improve
the comfort and quality of the space in terms of natural light, air quality and noise.
It can be equally simple as putting in new HVAC system, mounting solar panels on
roof. For sustainability greening existing buildings is one of the primary approaches
at relatively low cost and high consumption rates. Although there is a variety of
retrofit technologies readily available, methods to identify the most cost-effective
retrofit measures for special projects is still a major technological challenge [3].
Across the world, several attempts have been made in developed countries like the

5
USA, Australia and UK towards improving energy efficiency of existing buildings.
These attempts include approaches such as provision of policy guidance, financial
and technical support to implement energy efficiency measured. Likewise, a
substantial number of works by numerous authors have been carried out to explore
energy efficiency through diverse avenues directed for improved performance in
energy use of existing residential houses [3].

2.5 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR GREEN EXISTING

BUILDINGS
The current state of the art of the strategies employed to date is categorized into
three, namely: supply and demand side management, and change in energy use in
patterns (i.e. human energy use behavioral factors) [3].

2.5.1 Supply Side Management

The strategies for building retrofit through supply side management comprise of
electrical systems, and the use of renewable energy (e.g. solar hot water, solar
photovoltaic (PV), wind energy, geothermal energy, etc.) as alternative energy
supply systems to provide electricity and thermal energy for buildings [3].

2.5.2 Demand Side Management

The demand for cooling and heating can be minimized through building fabric
retrofitting and the application of other strategies such as air tightness, windows
shading etc [3].

2.5.3 Change in Energy Consumption Pattern

This is the biggest and the most significant strategies for energy conservative and
management in low income houses. It requires proper orientation of building users
on their consumption pattern and closely working early and frequently with
occupants in the process of retrofitting. This would enhance the occupants
understanding of energy management required at different times of the year through
behavioral and system controls [3].

2.6 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

It is a process of estimating the economic performance of a structure over its entire
life. LCCA equilibriums initial financial investment with the long-term expenditure
of owning and operating the building. LCCA is centered upon the norms that
multiple building design options can achieve acceptable performance, and that
these options have different initial costs, maintenance costs, operating costs and
possibly different life cycles.
LCCA estimates the total cost of the follow-on building, from initial construction
through operation and maintenance, for some part of the life of the building. By
comparing the life cycle costs of various project configurations, Life cycle costing
analysis can explore trade-offs between minimum initial costs and long-term cost
savings, identify the most cost-effective arrangement for a given use, and determine
how long will it take for a precise system to “pay back” its incremental cost.
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LCCA is a method of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of project design decisions.
Costs that are considered in the analysis are initial costs of the strategic
implementation, operating and maintenance costs and disposal costs. LCCA
includes initial costs plus present values of escalated operating and maintenance
costs but salvage values of disposal costs were deducted from analysis.

2.7 FACTORS AFFECTING LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

2.7.1 Time Value of Money

The value of money today and the amount of money that will be spent in the future
are not equal. This concept is referred to as the time value of money [4].

2.7.2 Inflation Rate

It reduces the purchasing power or value of money over time. It is a result of the
gradual increase in the cost of services and goods due to economic activity [4].

2.7.3 Escalation
Like discount rates, escalation rates are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation.
The formula for calculating the future cost of an item with a known cost today and
a known escalation rate is given by,
Cost Year−Y =Cost Year−0 (1+ ESC )Y
Where,
CostYear-Y is cost at Y years from present
CostYear-0 is the cost today
ESC is escalation rate
Y is the number of years in future

2.7.4 Discount Rate

These future values then converted into present values because project costs that
occur at different points in the life of a building cannot be compared directly due to
the varying time value of money. They must be discounted back to their present
value.

The basic discount equation is as follows

FY
PV = Y
(1+ DISC )
Where,
PV is the present value in year 0
FY is the value in the future in Y years
DISC is the discount rate
Y is number of years in the future

2.7.5 Comparative Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness

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Every comparative analysis is made on a project specific basis. A “base case” is
established then it is drawn upon the collective details to identify alternatives to the
base case. Alternatives that result in a payback of 6 or less than 6 years are strongly
encouraged [4].

2.8 RETROFITTING STRATEGIES

Retrofitting means adding materials or components not fitted during manufacture or
adding with something to current that it did not have when first constructed. With
the increasing energy consumption worldwide the demand for energy saving
measures increases because existing buildings comprise the largest segment of the
built environment, it is important to initiate energy conservation retrofits to reduce
energy consumption and the cost of heating, cooling, and lighting buildings.
Energy retrofits not only allows individuals and organizations to reduce
their construction and operational costs, is can also help lower energy consumption
and so reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and help prevent climatic change
which is rising rapidly yearly . Retrofitting and refurbishment of existing buildings
provides an opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial building
assets with relatively low cost as compared to build them from scratch for their
ongoing life. Often retrofit involves modifications to existing commercial buildings
that may improve energy efficiency or decrease energy demand along with
sustainability.
Energy-efficiency retrofits can reduce the operational costs, particularly in older
buildings, as well as help to gain a market edge. But conserving energy is not the
only reason for retrofitting existing buildings. The goal should be to create a high-
performance building by applying the integrated, whole-building design process, to
the project during the planning phase that ensures all key design objectives are met.
The unique aspects for retrofit of historic buildings must be given special
consideration in this modern world where every year the temperature is rising
drastically. Designing major renovations and retrofits for existing buildings to
include sustainability initiatives will reduce operation costs and environmental
impacts, and can increase building adaptability, durability, and resiliency along
with the expansion of life span of buildings.
The energy consumption of buildings, and the role of the construction industry to
minimize it has been a focus of government policy and legislation as well as it is
gaining equal importance in third world countries as well among these
policies the Climate Change Act, Carbon Plan, Infrastructure Act, Building
Regulations are prominent. Several initiatives and devices, such as the use of smart
meters and LEED certification , low energy light bulbs, door and windows energy
rating, and so on have been introduced in an attempt to reduce the energy
consumption of buildings [5]. According to Energy plus analysis which is taken
into implementation in our project it implies that the most significant benefits of
energy consumption assessment were the improvement of envelope thermal
insulations, energy efficient lighting and window glazing.
2.8 CRITERIA AND VARIABLES FOR APPLICATION OF
RETROFITTING STRATEGIES

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The basic emphasis for application of retrofitting strategies is based on thermal
comfort. Comfort needs, which include thermal, visual and acoustical, can be
provided by using retrofitting strategies which is quite cost effective rather than
renovation of new facility. Thermal comfort which plays a major role in energy
consumption can be achieved by adding slight modifications to previously
constructed buildings by the use of the following selected building envelope
features which include outer walls, roof, foundation, windows and doors based on
their efficiency and feasibility for retrofit.

2.8.1 Air Tightness and Infiltration

One of the basic steps to achieve efficiency in the building where HVAC and AC
are powered is to simply cut off the air leakages. Air leakage can be reduced
efficiently by using rubber based air insulator, caulking material and sealants.
Window panels can be insulated by adding different insulating panels [2].

2.8.2 Insulation of walls

To achieve higher thermal resistance in places where temperatures in summer are
higher a new approach to insulate building envelope internally or externally has
been introduced by many green based manufacturing company under the name
Structural Insulation Panels (SIP). SIP is a prefabricated building panel that uses
insulated core. Extruded polystyrene possess good insulating characteristics with
respect to its durability and resistance to moisture transfer. R-values of 5
watt/square meter Kelvin per inch thickness or more can be achieved by increasing
the thickness [2]. Different thickness of XPS board was implemented which yields
following results
1) XPS board 1 inch thick
2) XPS board 1.5 inch thick.
3) XPS board 2 inch thick.
4) XPS board 3 inch thick.

2.8.3 EPS Board Insulation

Similarly, EPS board insulation (expanded polystyrene) which is a newly synthetic
product was also implemented on the library model which yields quite effective
result reducing energy consumption from 150k to 121k respectively. Each type of
insulation is applied differently and has its own advantages according to where it is
applied [2]. We used to different types of EPS BOARD which are as follows:
EPS BOARD 1 “thick: It gives an R-value of about 3. Watt/square meter Kelvin /
inch
.
2.8.4 Lasani Acrylic Board
Insulation is an important parameter to both the performance of the building and
health of the occupants. With insufficient insulation, huge portions of the energy
used to heat or cool a building will be lost to the outdoors. The best way to insulate
building is to develop a boundary that is well defined. For this purpose, wood based
board insulation has been effective, efficient and aesthetically improved strategy as
9
an insulating product (LASANI ACRYLIC WOOD BOARD) for interior walls
insulation having r values of 2.25 watt/square meter kelvin in has been
implemented on energy plus for better results [6].

2.8.5 PVC Foam Board

For better thermal insulation for interior walls (PVC FOAM BOARD) strategies
were also implemented decreasing energy demands along with architectural beauty.
Foam board is water-resistant and serves well as an efficient thermal break because
it can cover entire interior walls, including framing with architectural beauty. Foam
board is sold in 4’ x 8’ sheets and its R-value depends on what material it contains
[7].

2.8.6 PVC Wall Panels

It’s a simple and durable way of increasing thermal resistance and architectural
beauty. It yields an R-value of about 2.2 watt/square meter Kelvin.

2.8.7 Windows Glazing

When the term building envelope is used the significance and importance of
windows cannot be denied it provides day light, offers security and ventilation
along with aesthetical beauty. For this reason, appropriate size, orientation and
glazing is a necessity. If the building is cooled and the outdoor temperature is hot,
the window should retain (high U-values) keep out heat from the sun and enable
heat to be shed from the building (low SHGC or G value).Currently single-glazed,
with clear glass and poorly insulated frames are mostly used in many regions of the
world which is not efficient in terms of energy efficiency .Singly glazed windows
of metal frames have U-values around 4.5 (watt/square meter Kelvin) to 5.6
watt/square meter Kelvin. In some climates, advanced static glazing combined with
well insulated window panel systems and architectural shading and blinds is used to
optimize seasonal impacts and variations [2].

2.8.8 Low-Emissivity Coating

Low-emissivity coatings on window glasses control heat transfer through windows
with insulated glazing. Windows manufactured with low-e coatings typically cost
about 10% to 15% more than typical windows or low emissivity coats can be
applied on window glass can be also applied as a basic strategy of windows [8].

2.8.9 Metal Frames (Single Glazed)

Metal or aluminum frames are undoubtedly strong and resilient as well as
maintenance free, but they conduct heat rapidly as compared to other materials
which makes it a poor insulating material. An average building loss is up to 10%
due to poorly insulated window material. To minimize heat conduction and the U-
factor, metal frames should have a thermal break so as an efficient strategy
insulating plastic strip can be attached at surface of frames [8].

10
2.8.10 Wood Frames Single Glazed
It consists of composite wood materials such as particle board and laminated wood
based lumber. They posses’ better insulating properties and can give better
performance as compared to metals. Singly glazed wood claddings gives an R-
value of around 1 (watt/square meter Kelvin) [8].

2.8.11 Double Glazed Wood Windows

Double pane glazing consists of two glass windowpanes separated by a vacuum or
an air gap which is about 16 mm wide filled spaces to reduce heat transfer across a
part of the building envelope.  They are usually equipped with spacer which
controls noise and make it soundproof. Whereas the air gap between the spacer
makes it work like a vacuum that provides heat resistance as compared to singly
glazed windows. A double-glazed window yields an R-value of about 2 watt/square
meter Kelvin [9].

2.8.12 Triple Pane Wood Glazing

Triple glazing is basically three window panes of glass that are separated by gas or
air space. This modern innovation outperforms single and double glazed windows
due to its very low thermal conductivity and well defined insulating characteristics.
It will reduce your energy costs, increase the comfort inside your home and
improve
Security along with much better noise control as compared to its predecessor .It
gives an R value of about 2.6 watt/square meter Kelvin [5].

2.8.13 Window Film

Window film is a thin laminate film that can be installed on the surface to the
interior or exterior glass of windows in automobiles, buildings, boats and various
components that are equipped with windows where exchanging of the whole
window component is not feasible. This type of films offers very low thermal
conductivity 0.023 w/m-k and is also effective in terms of thermal proofing.
Window films are generally designed to keep out the sun, thereby reducing the
cooling load and consequently lowering energy consumption and CO 2 emissions
[10].

2.8.14 Solar Shading

The use of solar shading devices is an important parameter in many energy-efficient
building design strategies which is often neglected or is not placed suitably across
the building. Some of the solar control and shading systems includes external
overhangs (fins), horizontal reflecting surfaces, Venetian blinds or adjustable
louvers; and landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows [11].

11
2.8.15 Roof Insulation
The intensification of heat in warmer climatic regions with high solar exposure has
always been a great source of unrest and thermal discomfort for people living in
residential and commercial buildings and facilities. Roofs in general are building
envelope components for which solutions can lead to significant energy savings and
improving indoor thermal comforts. Cool roof strategies are of prime concerned of
the scientific community and the market due to their effective role in reducing
building energy requirements and also mitigating urban heat island effects as well
as indoor air environment. A cool roof technology generally consists of a roof
system with a coating characterized by high solar reflectance and high thermal
insulation [3].

2.8.16 Green Roof

Natural cooling techniques have been used have been used over the decades to
reduce discomforts due to heating. The benefits of green roof which is natural
looking cooling system have not only shown huge potential in reducing the building
energy consumption but also had been a major contributor in minimizing of the
urban heat island effect along with a better architectural look as compared to a
concrete roof which is quite dull looking and also induces a lot of heat inside
building envelope. According to A. Niachou et. al. foliage protects the buildings
from solar radiation, controls the temperature and humidity of the indoor building
environment [12].

2.8.17 Gravel Ballasted Layer

The gravel used in this type of roofing is generally 0 .25 -0 .5 inches in diameter.
The stones used in ballasted roofing are generally 1.5 – 2.5 inches in diameter and
applied in a thicker layer. Which provide somewhat better thermal resistance than
concrete roof [7].

2.8.18 Isothane
The application of highly solar reflective cool coatings helps to maintain lower
exterior surface temperatures of roofs and consequently contributes to an increased
indoor thermal comfort during summer which reduces the need for cooling.
Isothane is the most advanced radiant barrier paint available for this purpose which
offers superior resistance to heat and waterproofing. It can be applied on exterior
walls and roof like simple paint it yields R value of about 18(W/m2 K) [13].

2.8.19 Roof Tiles (Insutile)

Insulating roofing tiles which are compact and light in weight by the name of
insutile are now being manufactured in Pakistan. These roofing tiles offer superior
resistance to heat flow, sound leak and air to infiltrate. These tiles are easy to
applicable on roof on commercial and residential buildings. These tiles can be laid
over the roof for easy walk ability like marble finish [14].

12
2.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY
This chapter concludes the importance of the building retrofit sector which helps in
the identification of cost optimal retrofit strategies to achieve maximal reduction of
energy consumption. The similar case study helped in providing an overview and
systematic assessment of retrofit strategies through the evolution of generic
strategies and comparative case study analysis.
This chapter also comprises of the significance of green retrofits for improvement
of the indoor environmental quality making the sustainable buildings. This chapter
also describes the life cycle cost analysis which results in earlier actions to generate
revenue or to lower costs than otherwise might be considered. It also ensures better
decision from a more accurate and realistic assessment of revenues and costs,
within a particular life cycle stage. It includes the cost of acquiring the project,
operating it, and disposing of it at the end of its useful life.
The choice of the adequate energy efficient retrofitting strategies is a key when
dealing with energy performance of buildings. The proper selection of these
strategies will subsequently lead to improved energy performance. The energy
usage is focused on thermal comfort. Simple feasible retrofit variables can provide
thermal comfort and hence reduce this energy.
In the last section, this chapter concludes that criteria and variables for application
of retrofitting strategies are based on the thermal comfort. It includes building
envelope features that are based on their efficiencies and feasibility for retrofitting.
Furthermore, various strategies were identified for walls, roof, foundation, windows
and doors.

13
 CHAPTER NO. 3
PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter comprises of all the information about methodology of the project and
the processes involved.

3.2 METHODOLOGY

The following methodology was adopted for the completion of the project.

3.2.1 Literature Review

Literature review was done to find the similar work which was related to this
project topic by different authors in the past on different academic platforms.
Literature review helps to know the finding of previous researchers and enhanced
the project. The purpose of literature review was to have extensive knowledge and
theoretical understanding of objectives. The research study was done through
international and national scientific journals, conference papers, articles and
internet websites. Various benefits were identified from literature reviews.

3.2.2 Model Development

After literature review, the next step was development of models. Development of
models are further divided in modeling prototype and case study.

[Link] Prototype

A 120 sq. yd. residential house was developed using Revit 2018. The primary
purpose of the development of prototype was to understand the basic and
procedure of model development on Revit more than 10 different retrofitted
models were developed with different combinations of insulations on walls and
coating on windows.

14
The flow chart shows the methodological approach to the project.

Figure 2.1: Methodology Flowchart

[Link].1 Energy Analysis

The next step was the Energy Analysis of the Prototype. Energy Analysis of the
Prototype and other retrofitted models were done using Energy Plus and Autodesk
Ecotect analysis 2011 and the results were computed and compared with
retrofitting strategies.

[Link] Case-Study

The Project selected for the BIM based Model for an Existing Building,
Sustainability Analysis and Retrofitting was Engr. Abul Kalam Library. It is
situated in NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi.

Project comprises of G+2 floors.

1. The area of building is 36000 sq. ft. (approx.)

2. Building comprises of Steel Composite Panels, Fair-face Concrete and

Pigmented Plaster with well-furnished walls.
15
3. Engr. Abul Kalam Library is centrally air-conditioned in the ground floor,
conventional electric fans and lights are provided in all floors. Digital Library is
also a part of Engr. Abul Kalam library.

Building has following facilities:

1. Lecture Hall: 3 Nos.

2. Digital Library: 1 Nos.

3. Office Rooms: 13 Nos.

4. Waiting Lounge: 1 Nos.

5. Librarian Room: 1 Nos.

6. Washrooms: 2 Nos.

7. Storage area: 1 Nos.

The scope of this project building was limited to the modeling of Architectural
model. In the model, drawings of interior and exterior works were available and
received through NED Academy stuff. Some of the old architectural plans which
did not match with the original structure were not include in the project.

[Link].1 Building envelope analysis

The next step was to perform the envelope analysis on the case study conventional
and retrofitted models by using Energy Plus and then results were computed and
compared with retrofitting strategies.

3.2.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Life cycle costing was done according to the "Guidelines for Life Cycle Cost
Analysis (LCCA)" by Stanford University [4]. LCCA is a method of evaluating the
cost-effectiveness of project design decisions. Costs that were being considered in
the analysis are initial costs of the strategies implementation, operating and
maintenance costs and disposal costs. LCCA includes initial costs plus present
values of escalated operating and maintenance costs but salvage values of disposal
costs were deducted from analysis. The following steps were performed,

1. Development of Engr. Abul Kalam Library and multiple retrofitted models by

Revit.

2. Energy Analysis of Engr. Abul Kalam Library using Energy Plus Software.

3. Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Engr. Abul Kalam Library.

[Link] Comparative Analysis of Case Study

The next step was the comparative analysis of the results obtained from the Energy
and Building Envelop Analysis and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Abul Kalam

16
Library. In this step, the results of the models and other retrofitted models were
computed and compared and the optimized model was determined.

3.2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

The last step was to provide the results and findings obtained by all previous
analysis. Through Comparative analysis of conventional model of the Abul Kalam
Library building and its retrofitted models, the most optimized model was hence,
obtained and was recommended which can be used to reduce energy consumption
of the project.

3.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY

Similar work, in which retrofit measures were taken to make existing building energy
efficient and sustainable, was extracted from the literature review. Aspects of
sustainability were identified from the literature review.

Approach of the sustainability analysis was done by conducting questionnaire survey to

identify the indoor environmental quality of Engr. Abul Kalam library. A prototype
model was developed to understand procedure of model development then Library
Model was developed. Different energy efficient models were developed by applying
different retrofitting strategies. Models were analyzed (energy analysis) and energy
consumption were computed.

After LCCA of the energy consumptions, cost-optimized models were identified

having least payback period by comparative analysis of the retrofitted models with the
base model. Suitable conclusions and recommendations were provided in the end.

17
 CHAPTER 4
SUSTAINBILITY ANAYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the sustainability analysis of the case study Engr. Abul Kalam
Library of NED University.

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY

The building indoor environment is important for its occupants. The scope was
identifying those areas which lack in providing the better indoor quality environment to
the occupants of Engr. Abul Kalam Library.

4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF HEALTH PROBLEMS CAUSED BY INDOOR

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Bad indoor environment may cause several sever and minor health problems. It was
considered necessary to identify if any health problems were caused to the occupants
being studying or working in the library.

4.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RETROFITTING MEASURES TAKEN IN PAST

YEARS

The scope of this was to identify if any if any retrofitting measures were taken to retrofit
building envelope or electrical equipment’s.

4.5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

Following are measures and factors that were taken to achieve the sustainability
analysis.

4.5.1 Questionnaire Survey

To identify the above mentioned problems questionnaire was developed. The survey
was done from the targeted audience that were directly linked to the usage of library.
Considering the fact that the environment of Karachi is better in winters because of
which the occupants may feel better indoor environment. Hence the survey was
conducted in two phases. The first phase was conducted in winter and the other phase
was conducted summer.

4.5.2 Targeted Audience

Our targets were the students who visited the library and the staff who worked there in
office hours.

18
4.6 SURVEY

4.6.1 NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Collectively of the two surveys taken there were 72 respondents that took part in the
questionnaire survey.

4.7 SURVEY ANALYSIS

Out of the 72 respondents 80% of them were students and 20% the staff members.
Figure 4.1 shows the students who took part in the questionnaire belonged to which
batch year. This would identify for how many years’ respondent has used the Engr.
Abul Kalam Library.

Figure 4.1: Percentage of Visitors by Batch

Respondents were asked about the number of visits they made to the library per week to
know about the occupancy of the Engr. Abul Kalam Library. Figure 4.2 shows how
many times the respondents visited the library in a week.

Figure 4.2: Count and Number of Times

19
4.7.1 Lighting

Lighting is very essential for the visibility in the indoor environment. If not up to the
mar The Figure 4.3 shows the level of lighting in the library. 43% of the respondents
felt that it was average and needed to be made bright.

Figure 4.3: Level of Lighting

The same question was asked from the staff members; about the level of lighting in their
workspace. Fig 4.4 shows the result.

Figure 4.4: Level of Lighting in Workspace

4.7.2 Ventilation

Poor ventilation can lead to many problems related to suffocation. The Figure 4.8 shows
how the respondents rated the ventilation in the library. About 70% of the respondents
felt it was just average hence could be made better

20
 Figure 4.5: Ventilation Level

It was important to know how what the occupants felt about the comfort level of the
library. The Figure 4.6 shows the percentage of the respondents that rated the
library comfort level according to their opinion.

Figure 4.6: Percentage of Respondent’s Opinion for Comfort Level

4.7.3 Heating and Cooling

The respondents were asked what the feel about the indoor temperature of library. The
majority of the respondents answered that it was moderate. The figure 4.7 shows the
result.

Figure 4.7: Temperature Feel in Library

21
4.7.4 Health

Bad indoor environment can lead to sever or minor health problems if the occupant is
using the facility more often. Figure 4.8 shows that bad health symptoms that
respondents felt were attributed to the indoor environment of library. Around 22% of
the respondents suffered from allergies and 33% from dizziness.

Figure 4.8: Percentage of Symptoms

Approximately 78% of the staff members said that the symptoms they possess clear up
within an hour after leaving their work space in library which strengthened the point
that these symptoms were attributed to their work space.

To assure that the lighting in the library wasn’t causing problems to its occupants the
staff members were asked if they had bad eyesight. 56% of the staff members were
affected from bad eye sight.

22
 CHAPTER NO. 5
BIM MODEL DEVELOPMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter comprises of all information about the Building Information Modelling
(BIM) implementation and the processes used in the various phases of project. At the
advent of the chapter the steps and activities involved in the implementation and
execution of BIM were discussed. A special software was required which can develop
and analyze the BIM model. For this purpose detailed information about the software
which can produce effective results were discussed. All the prerequisite information
about the software on which project building can be effectively applied for the case
study and virtual development of the model was provided along with snapshots for
better visualization and process needs so it can be easily understood.

5.2 BIM MODEL DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

A wide variety of software tools are available for development of BIM models. Each
tool comes up with different specification and features along with user interfaces. Since
the project is undertaken as a purpose for study, Autodesk platform is utilized because
of the availability of free licensing and a versatile platform for the implementation of
BIM.

The version of Autodesk Revit that was utilized in modeling was Autodesk Revit 2018.
A wide range of this software platforms were also available but this version was the
most versatile and user friendly because it offered the collaboration of different modules
of Revit under single platform. Furthermore a wide variety of different components
whether it belongs to construction or architecture which helps the user to insert and edit
any type of component of choice to incorporate with in the model.

However if a user stills faces difficulties in developing a BIM model a lot of tutorials
and experts guidance are at hand on the internet . After the development of BIM model
the energy analysis for the achievement for energy efficiency was also carried out. So
for this purpose Ecotec and energy plus software were used. Autodesk Ecotect was used
to convert the Revit file to the IDF file format then it was simulated into the Energy
plus software. The reason for the execution of Energy plus Software was pretty obvious
as it is the most advanced whole building energy simulator. Microsoft Excel was used
to perform the comprehensive 15 years life cycle analysis of the model.

5.2.1 Software Usage

Since this case study was based on a multistory building project and has an International
quality standards as a level of benchmark. So for the project modelling a highly
advanced and effective tool was a prerequisite. So for this purpose Autodesk Revit
which is equipped with all the advanced capabilities and aspects in terms of building

23
envelope design and construction was implemented. Basic information, user manual,
different webcasts and tutorials were used to get the information about this tool.

5.3 CASE STUDY

The details and step by step procedure for the development of ABUL KALAM
LIBRARY, NED UNIVERSITY are as follows:

5.3.1 Scope of BIM Model

The scope of this project building was limited to the design of construction and
architectural Model. The architectural model was developed in accordance with the
drawings of the interior and exterior works of the Library model.

5.4 3D BIM MODELLING

Autodesk Revit 2018 was used for 3D building information modelling of Project.
Autodesk Revit software was widely used for Building Information Modelling (BIM)
especially for 3D modelling especially for the 3D building model because the
availability of a wide range of library of building elements, materials and items.

For 3D modelling, 2D drawings were obtained in the form of printed paper source
which were acquired from the Services Department of NED Univeristy.

The model was then developed in accordance with the 2D drawings on the Revit
software platform. The architectural model was developed with all the building
envelope features as shown in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1: Architectural View of Library using Autodesk Revit

24
5.4.1 3D BIM MODEL

3D BIM Modelling was started by creating a new project in Autodesk Revit 2016. Since
in the project scope it was mentioned that Model would comprise mainly of architecture
and construction works therefore construction template was implemented in project
creation. Then unit systems and other settings were setup in the project file to start the
work for the complete development of the 3D BIM Model as shown in Figure 5.2

1) To create project, click on file.

2) Select new from project tabs. .

3) Select structural Template from the template file.

4) Click ok to start the project.

Figure 5.2: New Project Window

5.4.2 Grids

Grids are another important task to start a project that can be chosen from the layout
section. The grids were sketched according to the information provided by the
drawings. Some of the grids were trimmed and offsets were defined as shown in Figure
5.3

25
 Figure 5.3: Grids of Library

1. To create a grid, it was dragged from the top (start point) to the bottom (end
point).
2. Place similar grids with same length.
3. Adjust the offset by just clicking on the grid and giving provided distances.
4. Grids were then trimmed with respect to provided plans.
5. Same thing was done for horizontal grids as well.
6. Names were provided to each and every grid.

5.4.3 Levels

Engr. Abul Kalam library was a G+2 building and the clear height for one story was 12
ft. as shown in figure 5.4

1. Delete all old levels provided by default.

2. The base of the building was given at 0 ft. and other levels were provided
accordingly.
3. For the OHWT level, the level was not made visible.
4. The names were given according to the drawings.

26
 Figure 5.4: Levels of Project

5.4.5 Columns

Library consisted of 37 columns and most of them were similar. Foundations were not
created and they were starting from the base of library. There were 7 types of
rectangular columns in the library which were named as C1-C7. Every column was
Concrete material rectangular column. After creating one, second was duplicated.
Figure 5.5 shows the columns in the architectural plan while figure 5.6 shows the 3D
animation of column drawn in Autodesk Revit.

Figure 5.5: Plan View of Columns

27
 Figure 5.6: 3D View of Columns

5.4.6 Floor, Ceiling and Roof

The floor was set for the library building with respect to given dimensions. Simple
architectural floor was chosen to make it as shown in Figure 5.7. Overall one floor was
chosen for the whole library as a single building. The material chosen for the floor was
concrete and it was 7 inches thick as per the drawings and plans. Figure 5.8 shows the
3D image of floor.

Figure 5.7: Floor Type for Project

The ceiling was provided for both the floors and the thickness remained constant that
was 7 inches as shown in figure 5.9 the material was same as floor with variable depth
that was 9 inches. The ceiling was marked with respect to levels provided. Figure 5.10

28
shows the ceiling in 3D view. Additional grass was added by duplicating the roof and
changing the material to grass.

Figure 5.9 Type of Ceiling in Project

Figure 5.10 3D view of Ceilings

Figure 5.11 shows the whole building with roof, ceiling and floors. Some roof like
OHWT roof and top room roof were also provided.

29
 Figure 5.11 3D view of floor, ceiling and roof

5.4.7 Walls

Another basic element of building was then added to the project known as walls. The
Generic 6 inches wall type as shown in figure 5.12. It is general in Pakistan and was
also given in plans. Apart from that, first floor contained some glass walls as well which
were modified from a simple one by using the duplication option. Every wall was
placed accurately with respect to sizes. Washroom walls were lesser in height with 4
inches thickness. The parapet wall was also added to the model as per design. Figure
5.13 shows the plan view of walls and how they are placed while Figure 5.14 shows the
3D representation of project walls.

Figure 5.12 A General Wall

30
 Figure 5.13 Walls in Plan View

Figure 5.14 3D view of walls

5.4.8 Stairs

Staircase was the most difficult task of this project as we have to design an arced stair as
shown in Figure 5.15 that will connect 2 floors and it was same for all the levels.
According to the given plans, the radius was provided to the arc and was made to fit the
place by adjusting it. The concrete was chosen as material and the railing was provided
as per design.

Another Staircase was provided at the emergency exit. It was simple rectangular stairs
that were sketched with respect to the dimensions given.

31
 Figure 5.15: Main Staircase type

Figure 5.16 shows the 2D plan view of stairs

Figure 5.16: 2D plan view of staircase

5.4.8 Components

According to the energy analysis, the library was set with the furniture and electrical
equipment that were present in the library in recent time. A survey was done for every
component and family was either downloaded or edited to match the library. Figure
5.19 shows the ground floor furniture and components.

32
Every component inserted from the tab from load family option as shown in Figure 5.17
and 5.18. Some of the families were default Revit library while some were downloaded
from BIM Library and Revit City.

Figure 5.17: Load family option in Revit

Figure 5.18: Inserting the Downloaded family

33
 Figure 5.19: Plan View of First floor for components

5.4.9 Plumbing

As per energy requirements, the sanitary functions were also provided in the model. All
plumbing connections and sanitary were loaded from the Autodesk Revit Default
library. Figure 5.20 shows the washroom plumbing plan. Every floor had the same plan.

Figure 5.20: Plumbing Plan of 1st floor

34
 CHAPTER NO. 6
ENERGY ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Adoption of low energy building is increasing; construction industry was facing barriers
and challenges to increase the productivity, efficiency, quality and for sustainable
development. To improve the consistency of construction industry, building energy
efficiency can play a vital role. The early stage energy analysis confronted the potential
increase in the performance of building. Many useful energy simulation tools were
available for the calculations of annual energy of the building; these simulation
programs simulate complex geometrical models and the difficulty of understanding and
visualizing the results relied significant time and skills.

Large number of energy analysis programs are available today. These programs are
based on integrated (loads and systems simulation) approach, which enabled more
accurate predictions of energy performance of the building at different phases of the
design. When building are being modeled, various simulations results are generated by
implementing similar climate condition; furthermore these simulated models were
analyzed comparatively with one another.

The energy analysis of Engr. Abul Kalam Library was performed using Energy Plus.
The results were then computed and compared.

6.2 CATEGORIZATION OF RETROFITTING STRATEGIES

In general, building envelope includes the resistance to warm and cold air, water, heat
and noise transfer. As for the climate of Karachi is concerned which is mainly heat
dominated throughout the year we need a building envelope which is thermal resistant.
So far thermal envelope they include outer wall, roofs, foundation, windows and doors.
The purpose of thermal envelope is to prevent heat transfer from exterior environment
to interior. For instance, windows in educational spaces should be located at the sides
and if subject to solar gain should be tinted glass with a low ‘e’ rating to reduce heat
transfer [15].

The most significant improvements in energy consumption as a result of retrofit actions

were observed by the improvement of envelope thermal insulations, lightning and
glazing [16].

35
Table 6.1: Retrofitting Strategies Identified

S.N BUILDING
O NAME OF STRATEGY ENVELOPE USE
       
  WALLS
1 EPS Walls Insulation
2 Extruded Expanded Polystyrene (XPS) Walls Insulation
3 Polished Aluminum Foil Walls Solar Reflection
4 Elastometric Paint (Isoethane) Walls Solar Reflection
5 Natural Paint Walls Solar Reflection
6 20W T8 LED Lamps Walls Energy Saving
7 12W E27 LED Bulbs Walls Energy Saving
8 THERMOPORE BLUE Walls Energy Saving
Weather Shield Paint (Dulux Heat Absorbance +
9 Thermocoat) Walls Reflection
10 Cross laminated timber Walls Insulation
11 PLYWood Walls Insulation
12 Lasani Acrylic Wood Board Walls Interior Insulation
13 PVC Panels Walls interior Insulation
14 PVC Foam Board Walls Interior Thermal Insulation
  ROOF
1 Gravel Ballasted Roof Roof Heat Absorbance
Energy Saving+
2 Solar Panel with Low Power Batteries Roof Sustainability
3 Rainwater Harvesting System Roof Sustainability
Heat Absorbance +
4 Roof Vegetation Roof Reflection
5 Small Wind Turbine Roof Sustainability
6 Polished Aluminum Foil Roof Solar Reflection
7 Elastometric Paint(isothane) Roof Solar Reflection
8 Natural Paint Roof  
solar reflection +
9 synthetic grass+rubber pad Roof green
solar reflection +
10 roof tiles (insutile) Roof insulation
  WINDOWS
1 Single Pane Glazing (Aluminum) Windows Insulation
2 Single Pane Glazing (Fiberglass) Windows Insulation
3 Single Pane Glazing (Wood) Windows Insulation
4 Single Pane Glazing (Vinyl) Windows Insulation
5 double pane glazing (aluminum) Windows Insulation
6 Reflective Glazing(double sided) Windows Reflectance
7 Double Pane Glazing (Insulated) wood Windows Insulation
8 Triple Pane Glazing (Insulated) Windows Insulation
9 Tinted Glazing Windows Sunlight Absorbance
10 Reflective Glazing(single sided) Windows Solar Reflection

36
 S.N BUILDING
O NAME OF STRATEGY ENVELOPE USE

11 Low E Coatings Windows Solar Reflection

12 Aerogels Windows Insulation
Clear Laminated Glass (Polyvinyl
13 Butyral) Windows Solar Reflection
Tinted Laminated Glass (Polyvinyl
14 Butyral) Windows Solar Reflection
Electrochromic/Thermochromic Solar Reflection +
15 Windows Windows Heat Absorbance
16 1 inch Bubble Wrap Windows Heat Absorbance
17 blinds Windows heat absorbance
       
  DOORS
1 Weather Stripping (Rubber) Door Insulation
2 Weather Stripping (Tension Seal) Door Insulation
3 Weather Stripping (Foam) Door Insulation
4 Weather Stripping (Felt) Door Insulation
high performance (fiber glass and steel
5 composite) Door Insulation
       
  FLOOR
1 FSC Lumber Floor Energy Saving
2 white tiles Floor heat insulation
3 carpet with rubber pads Floor heat insulation
       
  ROOMS
1 Energy Efficient Desktops/Laptops Rooms Energy Saving
2 Energy Monitoring Device Rooms Energy Saving
3 Energy Star Appliances Rooms Energy Saving
       
  CEILING
1 Advanced Ceiling Fans Ceiling Indoor Air Quality
2 20W T8 LED Lamps Ceiling Energy Saving
3 12W E27 LED Bulbs Ceiling Energy Saving
4 Narrow Width Interior Lighting system Ceiling Energy Saving
5 False ceiling ceiling indoor Insulation
6 False ceiling(gypsum) ceiling indoor Insulation

6.3 RETROFITTNG STRATEGIES ADOPTED

The strategies highlighted are implemented on the energy plus. The strategies which
were not implemented on the energy plus were either not available in the market or if
available the complete description which were required for implementation in energy
plus were not given by the vendors.

37
6.4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF RETROFITTED MODELS
6.4.1 XPS 1.5” BOARD

First, retrofitting strategy was applied XPS 1.5” Board on the exterior walls of library
(area 5508 sq. ft.). XPS 1.5” Board was used for insulation and improved indoor air
quality. XPS 1.5” Board contained R-value 3.6/inch, U-value 0.2778/inch, specific heat
1400 J/K density 30 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.025 W/m-K. Following figure shows the
new object was introduced as name “XPS 1.5” Board” and contain all these values.

Figure 6.1: Column Obj8 in Material represents XPS 1.5” Board in EnergyPlus
Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and XPS 1.5” Board as
retrofitted model.

Comparison Between Energy Consumption of the Library Model

and XPS 1.5” Board
155
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150.9
150

145
140

135 133.6

130

125

120
Library Model Library Model+(XPS Board 1.5'')
Model

Figure 6.2: Annual consumption of the XPS 1.5” Board retrofitted model.
38
6.4.2 EPS 1” FOAM

EPS 1” Foam as retrofitting strategy was applied on the exterior walls and roof of
library (area 10762 sq. ft.). EPS 1” Foam was used for insulation and improved indoor
air quality. EPS 1” Foam contained R-value 5/inch, U-value 0.25/inch, specific heat
1500 J/K density 40 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.027 W/m-K. Following figure shows the
new object was introduced as name “EPS 1” Foam” and contains all these values.

Figure 6.3: Column Obj8 in Material section represents EPS 1” Foam in

EnergyPlus Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and EPS 1” Foam as
retrofitted model.

Comparison Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and EPS 1” Foam
Energy Consumption (MWH)

155
150.9
150
145
140 136.54
135
130
125
Library Model Library Model+(EPS Foam 1'')

Model

Figure 6.4: Annual Energy Consumption Of EPS 1” Foam Retrofitted Model.

39
6.4.3 ISOTHANE INSULATION

Isothane Insulation as retrofitting strategy was applied on the exterior walls and roof of
library. Isothane insulation was used for solar reflection and heat absorbance and
improved indoor comfort and insulation. Isothane insulation contained R-value 1.8/inch,
U-value 0.055/inch, specific heat 1000 J/K, thickness 0.0008 inch, density 1040 kg/m3
and conductivity 0.028 W/m-K. Following figure shows the new object was introduced
as name “Isothane insulation” and contains all these values.

Figure 6.5: Column Obj8 in Material section represents Isothane Insulation in

EnergyPlus Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and Isothane Insulation as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and Isothane
155
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150.9
150
145
140
135
130 126.78
125
120
115
110
Library Model Library Model+(Isothane Insulation)

Model

Figure 6.6: Annual Energy Consumption of Isothane Insulation Retrofitted Model.

40
6.4.4 XPS 1” BOARD
XPS 1” Board as retrofitting strategy was applied on the exterior walls of library (area
5508 sq. ft.). XPS 1” Board was used for insulation and improved indoor air quality.
XPS 1” Board contained R-value 3.6/inch, U-value 0.2778/inch, specific heat 1400 J/K
density 30 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.025 W/m-K. Following figure shows the new
object was introduced as name “XPS 1” Board” and contains all these values.

Figure 6.7: Column Obj8 in Material section represents XPS 1” Board in

EnergyPlus Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and XPS 1” Board as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and XPS 1” Board
155
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150.9
150

145

140
137.29
135

130
Library Model Library Model+(XPS Board 1'')

Model

Figure 6.8: Annual Energy Consumption of XPS 1” Board Retrofitted Model.

41
6.4.5 XPS 2” BOARD
XPS 2” Board as retrofitting strategy was applied on the exterior walls of library (area
5508 sq. ft.). XPS 2” Board was used for insulation and improved indoor air quality.
XPS 2” Board contained R-value 3.6/inch, U-value 0.2778/inch, specific heat 1400 J/K
density 30 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.025 W/m-K. Following figure shows the new
object was introduced as name “XPS 2” Board” and contains all these values.

Figure 6.9: Column Obj8 in Material section represents XPS 2” Board in

EnergyPlus Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and XPS 2” Board as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and XPS 2” Board
155
150.9
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150
145
140
135
131.43
130
125
120
Library Model Library Model+(XPS Board 2'')

Model

Figure 6.10: Annual Energy Consumption Of XPS 2” Board Retrofitted Model.

42
6.4.6 PVC FOAM
PVC Foam as retrofitting strategy was applied on the interior walls of library. PVC
Foam was used for thermal insulation and improved indoor comfort and architectural
aesthetics. PVC Foam contained R-value 1.12/inch, U-value 0.089/inch, thickness 0.6
inch, specific heat 1100 J/K density 700 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.05 W/m-K. Following
figure shows the new object was introduced as name “PVC Foam” and contains all
these values.

Figure 6.11: Column Obj8 in Material section represents PVC Foam in

EnergyPlus Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and PVC Foam as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and PVC Foam
155
150.9
150
Energy Consumption (MWH)

145
140
135
130 128.66

125
120
115
Library Model Library Model+(PVC Foam)

Model

43
Figure 6.12: Annual Energy Consumption of PVC Foam Retrofitted Model.

6.4.7 THERMOPORE BLUE

Thermopore Blue as retrofitting strategy was applied on the exterior walls of library
(area 16524 sq. ft.). Thermopore Blue was used for energy saving and improved thermal
insulation. Thermopore Blue contained R-value 5.5/inch, U-value 0.2/inch, thickness
0.05 inch, density 35 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.03 W/m-K. Following figure shows the
new object was introduced as name “Thermopore Blue” and contains all these values.

Figure 6.13: Column Obj8 in Material section represents Thermopore Blue in

EnergyPlus Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and Thermopore Blue as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and Thermopore Blue
160 150.9
Energy Consumption (MWH)

140
121.25
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Library Model Library Model+(Thermopore Blue)

Model

44
Figure 6.14: Annual Energy Consumption of Thermopore Blue Retrofitted Model.

6.4.8 GRAVEL ROOF

Gravel Roof as retrofitting strategy was applied on the roof of library (area 10762 sq.
ft.). Gravel Roof was used for heat absorbance and improved indoor air quality and
comfort. Gravel Roof contained R-value 0.7/inch, U-value 1.42/inch, thickness 1 inch,
specific heat 881 J/K density 1600 kg/m3 and conductivity 1.442 W/m-K. Following
figure shows the new object was introduced as name “Gravel Roof” and contains all
these values.

Figure 6.15: Column Obj8 in Material section represents Insutile in EnergyPlus

Simulation tool

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and Gravel Roof as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and Gravel Roof
152
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150.9
151
150
149
148
147
146 145.56
145
144
143
142
Library Model Library Model+(Gravel Roofing)

Model

45
Figure 6.16: Annual Energy Consumption of Gravel Roof Retrofitted Model.

6.4.9 INSUTILE
Insutile as retrofitting strategy was applied on the exterior walls of library (area 5508 sq.
ft.). Insutile was used for insulation and improved indoor air quality. Insutile contained
R-value 0.15/inch, U-value 3.2/inch, specific heat 2093 J/K density 800 kg/m3 and
conductivity 0.031 W/m-K. Following figure shows the new object was introduced as
name “Insutile” and contains all these values.

Figure 6.17: Column Obj8 in Material section represents insutile in EnergyPlus

Simulation tool.

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and Insutile as retrofitted
model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and Insutile
152 150.9
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150
148
146
144
142.03
142
140
138
136
Library Model Library Model+(Insutile)
Model

46
Figure 6.18: Annual Energy Consumption of Insutile Retrofitted Model.

6.4.10 LED TUBE LIGHTS

LED tube lights as retrofitting strategy was replaced the lighting system of library (total
269 Nos.). LED tube lights was used for energy saving and improved efficiency. LED
tube lights contained 2x20 watts tube light replacing 2x36 watts tube light. Following
figure shows the new object was introduced as name “LED tube lights” and contains all
these values.

Figure 6.19: Columns Obj1-Obj6 in Lights section represents LED Tube lights in
EnergyPlus Simulation tool.

The result follows the comparison between the Library model and LED Tube lights as
retrofitted model.

Comparision Between Energy Consumption of the Library

Model and LED Tube Lights
155
Energy Consumption (MWH)

150.9
150

145

140

135 133.99

130

125
Library Model Library Model+(LED Tube lights)

Model

47
Figure 6.20: Annual Energy Consumption of LED Tubelights Retrofitted Model.

6.5 GRAPHS REPRESENTING COMPARISON BETWEEN

ISOLATED ENERGY MODELS

ANNUAL BUILDING UTILITY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (MWH)
160 150.91 136.54 142.03 132.94 128.66 137.29
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (MWH)

121.25 126.78 124.17 133.6

120
80
40
0

MODELS

Figure 6.21: Comparison of Energy Consumption between library model and

Isolation Strategies models

ANNUAL BUILDING UTILITY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (MWH)
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (MWH)

155 150.91
150 145.97 145.96 144.68
145 142.48
140 133.99 134.09
135 131.43 132.99 130.92
130
125
120

MODELS

48
Figure 6.22: Comparison of Energy Consumption between library model and
Isolation Strategies models

6.6 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF COMBINATION OF STRATEGIES

After simulating isolated models of different strategies, some combined strategies were
tested to ensure more energy consumption with improved indoor comfort.

6.6.1 EFFICIENT COMBINATIONS

Efficient combinations of retrofitting strategies were taken into consideration with

respect to least implementation costs, operating and maintenance costs and efficient
energy consumptions. In which LED tube lights has the least implementation cost.

6.6.2 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF LED TUBE LIGHTS COMBINATIONS

[Link] LED Tube Lights and XPS 1.5” Board

LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with XPS 1.5” Board as building
envelop strategy. XPS 1.5” Board was used for insulation and improved indoor air
quality. LED tube lights was used for energy saving. XPS 1.5” Board contained R-value
3.6/inch, U-value 0.2778/inch, specific heat 1400 J/K density 30 kg/m3 and conductivity
0.025 W/m-K. LED tube lights 2x20 watts were installed. New object was introduced as
“XPS 1.5” Board” and recommended lighting changes were feeded in the copy of
Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with XPS 1.5” Board as retrofitted model.

COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
Energy Consum ption (M W H)

120 150.9
133.99 133.6
116.7
80
40
0

Models

Figure 6.23: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

49
[Link] LED Tube Lights And EPS 1” Foam
LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with EPS 1” Foam as building
envelop strategy. EPS 1” Foam was used for insulation and improved indoor air quality.
LED tube lights was used for energy saving. EPS 1” Foam contained R-value 5/inch, U-
value 0.25/inch, specific heat 1500 J/K density 40 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.027 W/m-
K. LED tube lights 2x20 watts were installed. New object was introduced as “EPS 1”
Foam” and recommended lighting changes were feed in the copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with EPS 1” Foam as retrofitted model.

COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
Energy Consumption (MW H)

150.9
120 133.99 136.54
119.63
80
40
0

Models

Figure 6.24: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

[Link] LED Tube Lights and Isothane Insulation

LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with Isothane Insulation as
building envelop strategy. Isothane Insulation was used for insulation and improved
indoor air quality. LED tube lights was used for energy saving. Isothane Insulation
contained R-value 1.8/inch, U-value 0.055/inch, specific heat 1000 J/K, thickness 0.008,
density 1040 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.028 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts
install. New object was introduced as name “Isothane Insulation” and recommended
lighting changes were feed in the copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with Isothane Insulation as retrofitted model.

50
 COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
150.9

Energy Consumption (MWH)

120 133.99 126.78
80 109.87
40
0

Models

Figure 6.25: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

[Link] LED Tube Lights and XPS 1” Board

LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with XPS 1” Board as building
envelop strategy. XPS 1” Board contained R-value 3.6/inch, U-value 0.2778/inch,
specific heat 1400 J/K density 30 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.025 W/m-K. LED tube lights
were 2x20 watts install. New object was introduced as name “XPS 1” Board” and
recommended lighting changes were feed in the copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with XPS 1” Board as retrofitted model.

COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
Energy Consumption (M W H)

150.9
120 133.99 137.29
120.38
80
40
0

Models

Figure 6.26: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.
51
[Link] LED Tube Lights And Xps 2” Board
LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with XPS 2” Board as building
envelop strategy. XPS 2” Board was used for insulation and improved indoor air
quality. LED tube lights was used for energy saving. XPS 2” Board contained R-value
3.6/inch, U-value 0.2778/inch, specific heat 1400 J/K density 30 kg/m3 and conductivity
0.025 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts install. New object was introduced as
name “XPS 2” Board” and recommended lighting changes were feed in the copy of
Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with XPS 2” Board as retrofitted model.

COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
120 150.9
133.99 131.43
Energy Consumption (MWH)

80 111.3
40
0

Models

Figure 6.27: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

[Link] LED Tube Lights and PVC Foam

LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with PVC Foam as building
envelop strategy. PVC Foam was used for insulation and improved indoor air quality.
LED tube lights was used for energy saving. PVC Foam contained R-value 1.12/inch,
U-value 0.089/inch, thickness 0.6 inch specific heat 1100 J/K density 700 kg/m 3 and
conductivity 0.05 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts install. New object was
introduced as name “PVC Foam” and recommended lighting changes were feed in the
copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with PVC Foam as retrofitted model.

52
 COMBINATION COMPARISON
160

Energy Consumption (MWH)

120 150.9
133.99 128.66
80 111.75
40
0

Models

Figure 6.28: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

[Link] LED Tube Lights and Thermopore Blue

LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with Thermopore Blue as building
envelop strategy. Thermopore Blue was used for insulation and improved indoor air
quality and environment. LED tube lights was used for energy saving. Thermopore Blue
contained R-value 5.5/inch, U-value 0.2/inch, thickness 0.05, specific heat 900 J/K
density 35 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.03 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts
install. New object was introduced as name “Thermopore Blue” and recommended
lighting changes were feed in the copy of Library model. The result follows the
comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube light with Thermopore
Blue as retrofitted model.

COMBINATION COMPARISON
E n e rg y Co n su m p tio n (M W H )

160
120 150.9
133.99 121.25
80 104.34
40
0

Models

Figure 6.29: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

53
[Link] LED Tube Lights and Gravel Roof

LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with Gravel Roof as building
envelop strategy. Gravel Roof was used for insulation and improved indoor air quality
and environment. LED tube lights was used for energy saving. Gravel Roof contained
R-value 0.7/inch, U-value 1.42/inch, specific heat 881 J/K density 1600 kg/m3 and
conductivity 1.442 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts install. New object was
introduced as name “Gravel Roof” and recommended lighting changes were feed in the
copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with Gravel Roof as retrofitted model.

COMBINATION COMPARISON
155
150.9
Energy Consumption (MWH)

145
145.56
135
133.99
125 128.65
115

Models

Figure 6.30: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

[Link] LED Tube Lights And Insutile

Another combined strategy was tested to ensure more energy consumption with
improved indoor comfort. LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with
Insutile as building envelop strategy. Insutile was used for insulation and improved
indoor air quality and environment. LED tube lights was used for energy saving.
Insutile contained R-value 0.15/inch, U-value 3.2/inch, specific heat 2093 J/K, density
800 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.031 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts install.
New object was introduced as name “Insutile” and recommended lighting changes were
feed in the copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with Insutile as retrofitted model.

54
 COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
120 150.9 142.03

Energy Consumption (MWH)

133.99 125.12
80
40
0

Models

Figure 6.31: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

[Link] LED TUBE LIGHTS AND EPS 1.5” FOAM

Another combined strategy was tested to ensure more energy consumption with
improved indoor comfort. LED tube lights as energy efficient strategy was used with
EPS 1.5” Foam as building envelop strategy. EPS 1.5” Foam was used for insulation
and improved indoor air quality and environment. LED tube lights was used for energy
saving. EPS 1.5” Foam contained R-value 5/inch, U-value 0.25/inch, specific heat 1500
J/K density 40 kg/m3 and conductivity 0.027 W/m-K. LED tube lights were 2x20 watts
install. New object was introduced as name “EPS 1.5” Foam” and recommended
lighting changes were feed in the copy of Library model.

The result follows the comparison between the LED Tube light model and LED Tube
light with EPS 1.5” Foam as retrofitted model.

55
 COMBINATION COMPARISON
160
150.9

Energy Consumption (MWH)

120 133.99 132.99
80 113.9
40
0

Models

Figure 6.32: Shows the Reduction in the Energy Consumption of Combined

Strategic Model as Compared to Isolated Strategy.

56
 CHAPTER NO. 7
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

7.1 INTRODUCTION
This is the last stage of the process and is as essential as the first. LCCA analysis
for the electric consumption of the library model was done when no strategy to
reduce its consumption was implemented. Later, for electric consumption of library
when different strategies were implemented was done.
7.2 K-Electric Tariff Schedule
The library fell under the category c-3(b) of K-electric’s tariff revised in 2019. The
tariff schedule has different kWh rates for peak and off peak hours. The library is
generally operated on weekdays between 8:30AM to 5:00PM. This schedule fell
under the peak hours as revised by K-electric. Hence rates of RS 21.60 kWh were
taken. The figure below shows the K-electric tariff for category C. Figure 4.5.1
represents the cost with respect to building

Figure 7.1: Tariff for Different Buildings and Timings

7.3 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

Guidelines for life cycle cost analysis of Stanford University were followed and a
similar spreadsheet was developed for the case study. The escalation and discount
rates for LCCA was taken from Statista’s inflation rate estimates for Pakistan.

57
7.3.1 SPREADSHEET for CASE STUDY
The spreadsheet for LCCA was developed using Microsoft Excel 2013. The LCCA
was mainly done for the electric consumption cost, apart from that investment and
operational related cost of the retrofitting strategies were also considered.

Figure 7.2: Spreadsheet for Case Study

58
[Link] Years
The LCCA for the electric consumption cost of the case study was done for 15
years.

[Link] Investment Related Cost

Investment related cost relate to the investment cost of the strategy that is the
material cost and the labor cost.

[Link] Operational Related Cost

Operational related cost relate to the cost that is needed to operate the strategy
implemented.

[Link] Description of Cost

Cost description indicate the life span of the strategy. Since the Figure 7.2 refer to
the case study when no strategies are implemented hence no cost description is
given. If a strategy is implemented in year 0 and has a life span of 5 years then it is
to be reapplied in year 5.

[Link] Constant
It is the implemented cost needed for the strategy.

[Link] Discounted Present Value

Discounted PV is when the future cost is converted to the present value for the
current year.

[Link] Annual Electric Cost

As indicated by the name it the cost of electricity of the total units consumed by
Engr. Abul Kalam Library.

[Link] Cumulative Discounted PV

Cumulative discounted PV is the sum of all the discounted present value of
investment, operational related costs and electric cost.

59
 7.3.2 LCCA GRAPH for CASE STUDY
The graph between the number of years and cumulative present value for 15 years
is plotted. This graph is used to calculate the payback period of any strategy when
compared the retrofitted model graph.

35,000,000
B a s e mo d e l
Base
30,000,000

25,000,000
Cummalative Discounted PV

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.3: LCCA Graph of Base Model

The Table 7.1 shows the parameters between which the Figure 7.3 is plotted.
Table 7.1: Values of Discounted Cumulative
Graph 7.3 XYear
# PV
0 0
1 3038756
2 5917089
3 8660288
4 11274697
5 13766362
6 16141047
7 18404244
8 20561186
9 22616862
10 24576027
11 26443211
12 28222734
13 29918710
14 31535062
15 33075528

60
7.3.3 SPREADSHEET for XPS 1.5 INCH
Similar to the case study spreadsheet, another spreadsheet for LCCA of the
retrofitted model was developed. The description of cost indicated the investment
of the retrofitted strategy.

61
 Figure 7.4: Spreadsheet of Retrofitted Model
Similar to the base model LCCA graph, LCCA graph of the retrofitted model was
generated between the number of years and the cumulative discounted PV.

7.3.4 Payback Period

62
The payback period of any strategy was calculated by superimposing the LCCA
graph of the strategy over the LCCA graph of the base model.
35000000
Base XPS 1.5''

Cummalative Discounted PV 30000000

25000000

20000000

16114976
15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.5: Payback Period Graph of XPS 1.5 Inch

In Figure 7.5 the blue line represents the base model when no strategy is
implemented hence the initial cost is zero. The orange line represents the XPS 1.5
inch retrofit model which has the initial cost of 1.8 million rupees. The point at
which XPS 1.5 inch line intersects the base model line gives the payback period.
Which in Figure 7.5 is 6 years. 16 million as indicated in the graph represents the
cumulative cost at which the payback of the strategy will be produced.

7.4 PAYBACK PERIOD GRAPHS of ISOLATED STRATEGIES

7.4.1 EPS Insulation Model

This model yielded to an energy consumption of 136K kWh and had initial
investment of approximately 1.2 million rupees. The payback graph showed a
payback period of about 4 years.

63
 Base Eps

35000000

30000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

25000000

20000000

15000000
13681380

10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 Years 8 10 12 14 16

Figure 7.6: Payback Graph of Library with EPS

7.4.2 Isothane
Regardless of high initial implementation cost, due to its remarkable reduction in
energy consumption of library, the model had a payback period of 4 years. The
model reduced the library’s energy consumption from 150K kWh to around 126K
kWh and had an investment of 1.9 million rupees.
35000000
Base isothane

30000000

25000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

20000000

15000000

11409620
10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.7: Payback Graph of Library with Isothane

64
7.4.3 XPS 1’’ Insulation
This XPS insulation was an inch thick and reduced the consumption to 137K kWh.
This initial investment cost was around 1.2 million. The graph below shows the
payback period of the retrofitting at about 5 year.

35000000
Base XPS 1 inch

30000000

25000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

20000000

15000000
13814362

10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.8: Payback Graph of Library with XPS 1” Insulation

7.4.4 XPS 2’’ Insulation

The thicker the XPS board was, the more it reduced the energy consumption but
more was the initial investment. It reduced the consumption to 131K kWh and had
an investment of 2.7 million rupees. The graph below shows the return period of the
investment at about 8 years as shown in Figure 7.9.
35000000
Base XPS 2''

30000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

25000000

20000000 20677550

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.9: Payback Graph of Library with XPS 2” Insulation

65
7.4.5 Thermopore Blue Insulation
It greatly reduced the energy consumption to 121K kWh but also had high one-time
investment. The graph below shows that return period of this retrofitting strategy at
about 6 years.
35000000
Base Thermopore Blue

30000000

25000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

20000000

16082348
15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.10: Payback Graph of Library with Thermopore Blue Insulation

7.4.6 Gravel Roof

The gravel roof had very little impact on the energy consumption as it reduced the
consumption to 145K kWh. Due to very less investment the return period of the
strategy was very early at about 4 years.
35000000
Base Gravel Roof

30000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

25000000

20000000

15000000

11385241
10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.11: Payback Graph of Library with Gravel Roof

66
7.4.7 Insutile
This retrofitting strategy had very little effect on the consumption of library, only
reducing it to 142K kWh. Due to high implementation cost the strategy had a return
period of over 15 years as shown in Figure 7.12.
40000000
Base Insulite
35000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

30000000

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Years

Figure 7.10: Payback graph of Library with Insutile

7.4.8 LED Tube Lights

LED bulbs reduced the consumption from 150K kWh to 133K kWh. Since LED
bulbs had a life of 6 years, the strategy needed to be implemented twice in the span
of 15 years. Costing 2 hundred and 50 thousand rupees each time. Due to less
investment the return period was achieved early at about 1 year, as shown in Figure
7.11.
35000000
Base LED Tube Lights

30000000
Cummalative Discounted PV

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000
2953230
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Years

Figure 7.11: Payback Graph of Library with LED Tube Light

67
7.5 LCCA of STRATEGIES’ COMBINATIONS
After the LCCA of isolated strategies were done, LCCA on combination of
strategies were performed to do a comparative analysis if the combination were
more effective in terms of energy reduction and payback time compared to the
isolated strategy. Since LED Tube Lights were the most effective in terms of
energy reduction and implementation cost, LCCA was performed on the
combinations made only with LED Tube Lights. The initial investment was the sum
of the initial investment of LED tube lights and the other strategy used in the
combination. Since LED tube lights had a life span of 6 years, only the cost of LED
tube lights were reapplied in year 5 and 11 respectively.

7.5.1 LED Tube Lights with Insutile

The combination of LED tube lights with insutile reduced the energy consumption
from 150K Kwh to 125K Kwh. The initial investment of the combination was 3.6
million rupees and the payback period was estimated to be around 9 years. The
graph below shows the payback period and the cumulative cost in millions at which
the payback will be achieved.

7.12: Payback Graph of the Combination LED with Insutile

7.5.2 LED Tube Lights with Isothane

This combination greatly reduced the energy consumption the Engr. Abul Kalam
Library from 150K Kwh to 109K Kwh. Figure 7.13 shows the payback period of
the combination which estimated to be 3 years.

68
 7.13: Payback Graph of Combination LED with Isothane

7.5.3 LED Tube Lights with PVC Foam Board

Although this combination reduced the energy consumption but due high initial
investment cost the payback period was over 10 years. The figure 7.14 shows the
details.

Figure 7.14: Payback Graph of Combination LED with PVC Foam Board

69
7.5.4 LED Tube Lights with Gravel Roof
Early return period with this combination was achieved because of less energy
consumption and low initial investment cost. LCCA estimated a payback period of
2 years.

7.15: Payback Graph of Combination LED with Gravel Roof

7.5.5 LED Tube Lights with XPS 1 Inch Board

The combination had an initial investment of 1.5 million rupees. It reduced the
energy consumption from 150K Kwh to 120K Kwh and payback period of 3 years
was estimated as indicated by the Figure 7.15.

7.16: Payback Graph of Combination LED with XPS 1 Inch Board

70
7.5.6 LED Tube Lights with XPS 1.5 Inch Board
Compared to XPS 1 inch, since 1.5 inch board had more material cost than 1 inch,
the investment cost of the combination was increased and the combination resulted
in a payback period of 4 years.

7.17: Payback Graph of Combination LED with XPS 1.5 Inch Board

7.5.7 LED Tube Lights with XPS 2 Inch Board

Similar to the XPS kind, due to 2 inch thickness the material cost of the board
increased because of which the investment cost was increased compared to the
previous 2 boards of lesser thickness. The combination gave a payback period of 4
years.

7.18: Payback Graph of Combination LED with XPS 2 Inch Board

71
7.5.8 LED Tube Lights with EPS Foam Board
The combination reduced the energy consumption from 150K Kwh to 120K Kwh
and had initial investment cost of 2 million rupees. By LCCA it was estimated that
the payback period of this combination was 4 years.

7.19: Payback Graph of Combination LED with EPS Foam Board

7.5.9 LED Tube Lights with Thermopore Blue

The last combination of LED was with thermopore blue, the combination reduced
the energy consumption to 104K Kwh and had an initial investment of 3.3 million
rupees. Figure 7.20 shows the estimated payback period of the combination which
is 4 years at cumulative cost of 11 million rupees.

Figure 7.20: Payback Graph of Combination LED with Thermopore Blue

72
7.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY
Life cycle cost analysis of the retrofitted models is as important as the energy
analysis of the models. LCCA provided a basis for selection of the comparatively
better strategies to be applied. Payback period of any strategy depended upon the
electric consumption and the investment related cost, since in this case study no
strategy that was implemented had operational related cost. All those strategies that
showed a payback period of 6 or less than 6 years are strongly recommended to be
applied.

73
 CHAPTER NO. 8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 CONCLUSIONS
The literature showed how the concept of retrofitting to achieve energy efficiency is
adopted worldwide. The case studies prove the successful achievements of
objectives to save energy has been done. Another concept “Green Retrofits”
supports the idea of green buildings. In the hour of need to have more green
buildings, can be achieved by applying the techniques of green retrofit measures.

The sustainability identified few aspects that can improve indoor environment,
lighting and ventilation of Engr. Abul Kalam Library. Sustainability analysis also
pointed towards bad health impacts. The occupants suffered from bad eye sight and
allergies caused from dust. The use of anti-pesticide spray on old newspapers to
avoid allergies was also suggested by the staff.

The 3D model of Engr. Abul Kalam Library which was used for energy analysis
showed very similar energy consumption to the actual existing building. That
shows the accuracy of the model generated and energy analysis done. Later on,
after applying the retrofitting strategies, a clear reduction in the energy
consumption was seen. The comparison between the energy consumption, after the
strategies were applied showed which strategies were good to be applied as
compared to others.
The LCCA analysis after applying the strategies on model was essential as it
provided the payback time of the strategies implemented. Based the energy
reduction and the implementation cost, the payback time of retrofitting strategies
varied and was successfully estimated.

8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
For better indoor environmental quality of library lighting and ventilation are
strongly recommended to be made better. Use of anti-dust measure and anti-
pesticide spray on old newspapers to avoid allergies are recommended.
Retrofit measures should be taken to make the ventilation system of library better
and also the lighting should provide enough visibility that by spending time in
library may not result in bad eye sight.
While all the strategies were fit and proven to be energy efficient but the LCCA
showed that some of them were not beneficial to be implemented as they showed a
longer payback period and had high investment cost. Some strategies that showed
drastic reduction in energy consumption and provided a very good payback period
such as LED Tube Lights and its combinations with isothan, thermopore blue, XPS
insulation boards, EPS insulation boards and PVC board are strongly
recommended. Not only it will increase the lighting and have positive impacted on
health of the occupants but also it will reduce the annual energy consumption of
Engr. Abul Kalam Libray. Apart from that, all those strategies which showed

74
payback period of less than or equal to 6 years are strongly recommended to be
applied. Furthermore, the findings of this case study can be used in future by the
people interested in the aspect of energy efficient buildings, and the students can
enhance and continue this project for Engr. Abul Kalam Library by using renewable
resources for sustainability.

75
 REFERENCES

1. K. Akande, O., & E. Olagunj, R. (2016). Retrofitting and Greening Existing

Buildings: Strategies for Energy Conservation, Resource Management and
Sustainability of the Built Environment in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable
Architecture and Civil Engineering.
2. Ingy, E. D., & Gomaa, M. (2017). Retrofitting strategy for building envelopes to
achieve energy efficiency. Alexandria Engineering journal, 579-589.
3. Ungureanu, V., Botici, A., Fulop, L., Stoycheva Chobanova, H., Kiss, B., Maneschi,
D., . . . Remmen, A. (2013). Integrated Strategies for Retrofitting Buildings to
Reduce Primary Energy Use. Green House Gas Emissions and Costs, 183-186.
4. Guidelines For Life Cycle Cost Analysis. (2005). Stanford University Land and
Buildings.
5. Ghoshal, S., & Neogi, S. (2014). Advance Glazing System – Energy Efficiency
Approach for Buildings a Review. Energy Procedia, 352-358.
6. GB320-A1 Energy-Efficient Wood Buildings. (n.d.). Retrieved from American Wood
Council:
[Link]
[Link]
7. Building Insulation. (2016). Retrieved from Green Building Allaince Web site:
[Link]
8. Window Types and Technologies. (2006). Retrieved from Energy Saver Web site:
[Link]/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies
9. Energy Efficient Glazing. (2013). Retrieved from Centre for Sustainable Energy:
[Link]/advice/advice-and-support/energy-efficient-glazing-double-
glazing
10. R. Plummer, J. (2015, March 15). Window Film: A Cost Effective Window Retrofit.
Retrieved from Green Builder Media:
[Link]/buildingscience/window-film-a-cost-effective-
window-retrofit
11. D. Charlie, C., Yazdanian, M., Kohler, C., Hart, R., Mitchell, R., & Vidanovic, S.
(2013). Energy Savings from Window Attachments. Renewable Energy. U.S.
Department of Energy.
12. A. Niachou, K. Papaknstantinou, M. Santamuris, A. Tsangrassoulis, & G.
Mihalakaku. (2001). Analysis of the Green Roof Thermal Properties and
Investigation of its Energy Performance. Energy And Buildings 33, 719-729.
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14. Insutile ( Insulation Material, Tiles & Thermal Insulation). (2016). Retrieved from
Samz Chemical Industries Web site: [Link]
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77
 APPENDICES

S.N Name of Material Energy Life Savings Payback

o Model Placement Consumptio Cycle (PKR) Period
n (KWH) Cost (Years)
(PKR)
1. Library - 150906 33 0 0
Model Millions
2. EPS 1’’ Interior Walls 136544 30 3 5
Foam Millions Millions
3. Insutile Roof, Floor 142027 31 2 18
Millions Millions
4. Lasani Interior Walls 132944 29 4 9
Acrylic Millions Millions
Wood
Board
5. PVC Foam Interior Walls 128662 28 5 18
Millions Millions

78
6. Thermopore Exterior Walls 121252 27 6 6
Blue Millions Millions
7. Isothane Exterior Walls 126777 28 5 4
Insulation Millions Millions
8. Led Bulb Electrical 124174 28 5 1
Millions Millions
9. XPS 1’’ Interior/Exterio 137286 30 3 5
Board r Walls Millions Millions
10. XPS 1.5’’ Interior/Exterio 133596 29 4 6
Board r Walls Millions Millions
11. XPS 2’’ Interior/Exterio 131434 29 4 8
Board r Walls Millions Millions
12. EPS 1.5’’ Interior Walls 132985 29 4 6
Foam Millions Millions
13. EPS 2’’ Interior Walls 130918 29 4 8
Foam Millions Millions
14. Insulating Interior Walls 142478 30 3 9
Panels Millions Millions
15. Weather Exterior Walls 145973 31 2 7
Shield Paint Millions Millions
16. LED Tube Electrical 133986 29 4 1
lights Millions Millions
17. Gravel Roof 145955 32 1 4
Roof Millions Million

79