Appendix A3.

1 DESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH Td

Angle Section
Design a single Equal angle 100 x 100 x 8 mm, connected to a gusset plate at Remarks/
Codal
the ends with 20mm diameter bolts with the connection length of 250mm to
Provision
transfer tension. s

100
w1=67.75

Solution: w=100

Net area of connected leg (Anc) = 100  8 / 2  21.5  8 = 596 mm2

Gross area of outstanding leg (Ago) = 100  8 / 2   8 = 768 mm2
Area of gross section (Ag) = 100  100  8  8 = 1536 mm2
Yield stress of steel (fy) = 250 MPa
Ultimate stress of steel (fu) = 410 MPa
Minimum End distance of fastener = 32.25 mm
Minimum Edge distance of fastener = 32.25 mm Table 10.1
Strength as governed by Rupture of Critical section:
Shear Lag Distance (bs) = 160 mm
Connection length (Lc) = 250 mm
Hence β = 1.4  0.076   w t    f y f u    bs Lc  Clause 6.3.2

= 1.4-0.076x((100/8)x(250/410)x(152/250) = 1.03
Tensile strength , Tdn = 0.9  Anc   f u  m1     Ag 0   f y  m 0 

 410   250 
= 0.9  596     1.03 768    = 356 kN
 1.25   1.1 
Strength as governed by Yielding of Gross section:
Clause 6.2
Tensile strength , Tdg = Ag   f y  m 0  = 1536  250 1.1
= 349 kN
Hence yielding of gross area governs the member strength.
Therefore Design Tensile Strength of the member , Td = 349 kN
Appendix A3.2 DESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH

1
 Channel Section (Web connected to gusset)

Design the Tensile Strength of a channel ISJC-175 with gusset plate connected Remarks/
Codal
to the web by two rows of 16mm bolts for a connection length of 100mm. Provisions
Section Properties:
Gross area A =1424 mm2
5
Depth of section D = 175 mm 0
7
Breadth of flange b = 60 mm
5
Thickness of flange tf = 6.9mm
5
Thickness of web tw = 3.6 mm 0
6
Calculation of Net area: 0

The channel is converted into plate and the net critical area is found out.
Un-Connected portion
106.4
32 50

a b
75 Connected portion

d c
106.4
Un-Connected portion

Area of unconnected portion = 1424-(175-2 x 6.9) x 3.6

= 843.68 mm2
Area of connected portion = (175-2 x 6.9 – 2 x 17.5) x 3.6
= 454.32 mm2
Strength due to yielding of gross section:
Tdg = Ag   f y  m 0 
= 1424 x 250/(1.1 x 1000)
Clause 6.2
= 323.64 kN
Strength based on rupture of critical section:
= 1.4  0.076   w t    f y f u    bs L 
Clause 6.3.3
β
= 1.4  0.076   60 6.9    250 410     60  50  6.9   50  50   = 0.9845
Tdn = 0.9  Anc   f u  m1     Ag 0   f y  m 0 
410 250
= 0.9  803.16   0.9845  462.24  = 322 kN
1.25 1000 1.11000
The tensile strength of the section is 322 kN
Appendix A3.3 DESIGN TENSILE STRENGTH

2
 Channel Section (Flange connected to gusset)

Design the Tensile Strength of a channel ISMC-175 with gusset plate connected Remarks/
Codal
to the flange by two rows of 18mm bolts for a connection length of 200mm. Provisions
40
Section Properties:
Gross area A = 2458 mm2
Depth of section D = 175 mm
5.7 175
Breadth of flange b = 75 mm
Thickness of flange tf = 10.7mm
10.2
Thickness of web tw = 5.7 mm 75
Calculation of Net area:

Area of unconnected portion = 2   75   10.2 2   19.5  10.2 = 1028.16

Area of connected portion =  175  5.7   5.7 = 965.01 mm2

Strength due to yielding of gross section: Clause 6.2
Tdg = Ag   f y  m 0 
= 2438 x 250/(1.1 x 1000)
= 554 kN
Strength based on rupture of critical section:
β = 1.4  0.076   w t    f y f u    bs L  Clause 6.3.3

= 1.4  0.076   87.5 5.7    250 410     40  87.5  5.7  200  = 0.9668

Tdn = 0.9  Anc   f u  m1     Ag 0   f y  m 0 

410 250
= 0.9  1028.16   0.9668  965.01 = 515 kN
1.25 1000 1.11000
The tensile strength of the section is 515kN

3
 Appendix A3.4 TENSILE STRENGTH
I-Section (Flange portion connected to Gusset)

Design the tensile strength of section ISMB300 with gusset plate connected to the
Remarks/
flange. The section is connected to end gusset plate by using four rows of 18 mm Codal
Provisions
bolts at a section and a connection length of 100mm.

Section properties: 14
0
Gross area A = 5626 mm2
Depth of section D = 300 mm Gusset plate

Breadth of flange b = 140 mm

Thickness of flange tf = 12.40 mm w= 300
10
Thickness of web tw = 7.5 mm 0
Net area of connected leg (Anc)
= 5626-(300-2*12.4)*7.5-4*19.5*12.4
= 2594.80 mm2 Gusset plate

Area of outstanding leg (Ago) =  300  2  12.4   7.5 = 2064 mm2

Tensile strength by yielding of gross section:
Tdg = Ag  f y  m 0 = 5626  250 1.1  1000 = 1279 kN Clause 6.2

Tensile strength by rupture of critical section:

w1 = (g )/2 = 40 mm; w = 300/2 = 150 mm
bs = 150 + 40 – (12.4+7.5)/2 = 180.05mm ; Lc = 100 mm
β = 1.4  0.076   w t    f y f u    bs Lc 
Clause
= 1.4  0.076  (150 / 7.5)  (250 / 410)  (180.05 / 100) = -0.268 < 0.7 6.3.3
Hence β = 0.7
Tdn = 0.9  Anc   f u  m1     Ag 0   f y  m 0 
=  (0.9  2594.8  410 / 1.25)  (0.7  2064  250 / 1.1)  / 1000
= 1094.35 kN
The tensile strength of the section is 1094 kN.

4
 Appendix A3.5 TENSILE STRENGTH
I-Section (Web portion connected to Gusset)

Design the tensile strength of a channel ISMB300 with gusset plate connected to
Remarks/
the web. The section is connected to end gusset plate by using two rows of 18 mm Codal
Provisions
bolts at a section and a connection length of 100 mm.

Section properties:

Gross area A = 5626 mm2 12.4

65
Depth of section D = 300 mm
Breadth of flange b = 140 mm
7.5 300
Thickness of flange tf = 12.40 mm
Thickness of web tw = 7.5 mm
Net area of connected leg (Anc)
65
= 5626-
 2  140  12.40  4  19.5  7.5
= 1861.50 mm2
Area of unconnected leg (Ago) = 2  140  12.4 = 3472 mm2

Tensile strength by yielding of gross section: Clause 6.2

Tdg = Ag  f y  m 0 = 5626  250 1.1  1000 = 1279 kN

Tensile strength by rupture of critical section:
Clause
w1 = (300-135)/2 =82.5mm ; w = 140/2 = 70 mm
6.3.3
bs = 70 + 82.5 – (12.4+7.5)/2= 142.55 mm ; Lc = 100 mm
β = 1.4  0.076   w t    f y f u    bs Lc 
= 1.4  0.076   70 12.4   250 410  142.55 100 = 1.0278
Tdn = 0.9  Anc   f u  m1     Ag 0   f y  m 0 
=   0.9  1861.5  410 1.25  1.0278  3472  250 1.1  1000
= 1360 kN
The tensile strength of the section is 1279 kN.

5
6
 Appendix A4.1 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Equal Angle
(Concentric connection-Buckling about V-V axis)

Design the compressive strength of a rolled steel angle section ISA 100 X 100 X 8 Remarks /
mm @ 12.1 Kg/m with the length of the member is 2.5m. Assume fy= 250 mPa and Code
the ends are hinged. Provisions

Area of the section (a) = 1539 mm2

Y
V
Weight per meter (w) = 12.1 kg
U
Radii of gyration (rw) = 19.5 mm eyy
Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa b 90
Z r1 Z
Length = 2500 mm cyy °
r2
Effective length (KL) = (1 x 2500) czz ezz V
U Y
d
= 2500 mm
γmo= partial safety factor = 1.1
Clause
Euler Buckling Stress
7.1.2.1
f cc = (π2E)/ (KL/r) 2

= (π2 X 2 x105)/ (2500/19.5)2

= 120.09 N/mm2
Non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio:
 f y f cc

800 – Clause
7.1.2.1
= 250 120.09
= 1.44
Table 7.2
 is taken to be 0.49 (based on the bucking curve ‘c’)
Ф = 0.5 [1 +  (λ – 0.2) + λ2]
= 0.5 [1 + 0.49(1.44 – 0.2) + 1.442)
= 1.8406
Table 3.1
Classification of the section :
b 100
  15.7 =  12.5
t 8
d 100
  15.7 =  12.5
t 8
bd 200
  25 =  25
t 8

7
Since all the 3 criteria is satisfied the section is a semi compact section
Appendix A4.1 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Equal Angle
(Concentric connection-Buckling about V-V axis)

For a semi compact section ,

The gross area is taken as the effective area.
Stress reduction factor (χ):
Clause
χ = 1/ (Ф+ (Ф2 - λ2)0.5)
7.1.2.1
= 1/ (1.8406 + (1.84062 – 1.442)0.5)
= 0.33
Design compressive stress, fcd
fcd = χ fy / γmo
= (0.33 X 250)/ (1.1)
= 76.09 N/mm2
Clause
Design compressive strength, Pd 7.1.2
= fcd X area of the section
= 76.09 x 1539
= 117 kN
Design compressive strength = 117 kN

8
 Appendix A4.2 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Equal Angle
(Concentric connection-Buckling about U-U axis)

Design the compressive strength of a rolled steel angle section ISA 100 X 100 X 8 Remarks /
mm @ 12.1 Kg/m with the length of the member is 2.5m. Assume fy= 250 mPa and Code
the ends are hinged. Provisions

Area of the section (a) = 1539 mm2

Y
V
Weight per meter (w) = 12.1 kg
U
Radii of gyration (ruu) = 38.8 mm eyy
Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa b 90
Z r1 Z
Length = 2500 mm cyy °
r2
Effective length (KL) = (1 x 2500) czz ezz V
U Y
d
= 2500 mm
γmo= partial safety factor = 1.1
Clause
Euler Buckling Stress
7.1.2.1
f cc = (π2E)/ (KL/r) 2

= (π2 X 2 x105)/ (2500/38.8)2

= 475.46 N/mm2
Non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio:
 f y f cc

800 – Clause
7.1.2.1
= 250 475.46
= 0.73
Table 7.2
 is taken to be 0.49 (based on the bucking curve ‘c’)
Ф = 0.5 [1 +  (λ – 0.2) + λ2]
= 0.5 [1 + 0.49(0.73 – 0.2) + 0.732)
= 0.8963
Table 3.1
Classification of the section :
b 100
  15.7 =  12.5
t 8
d 100
  15.7 =  12.5
t 8
bd 200
  25 =  25
t 8

9
Since all the 3 criteria is satisfied the section is a semi compact section
Appendix A4.2 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Equal Angle
(Concentric connection-Buckling about U-U axis)

For a semi compact section ,

The gross area is taken as the effective area.
Stress reduction factor (χ):
Clause
χ = 1/ (Ф+ (Ф2 - λ2)0.5)
7.1.2.1
= 1/ (0.8963 + (0.89632 – 0.732)0.5)
= 0.71
Design compressive stress, fcd
fcd = χ fy / γmo
= (0.71 X 250)/ (1.1)
= 161.36 N/mm2
Clause
Design compressive strength, Pd 7.1.2
= fcd X area of the section
= 161.36 x 1539
= 248 kN
Design compressive strength = 248 kN

10
 Appendix A4.3 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Equal Angle
(Concentric connection-Buckling about Z-Z axis)

Design the compressive strength of a rolled steel angle section ISA 100 X 100 X 8 Remarks /
mm @ 12.1 Kg/m with the length of the member is 2.5m. Assume fy= 250 mPa and Code
the ends are hinged. Provisions

Area of the section (a) = 1539 mm2

Y
V
Weight per meter (w) = 12.1 kg
U
Radii of gyration (ruu) = 30.7 mm eyy
Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa b 90
Z r1 Z
Length = 2500 mm cyy °
r2
Effective length (KL) = (1 x 2500) czz ezz V
U Y
d
= 2500 mm
γmo= partial safety factor = 1.1
Clause
Euler Buckling Stress
7.1.2.1
f cc = (π2E)/ (KL/r) 2

= (π2 X 2 x105)/ (2500/30.7)2

= 297.66 N/mm2
Non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio:
 f y f cc

800 – Clause
7.1.2.1
= 250 475.46
= 0.92
Table 7.2
 is taken to be 0.49 (based on the bucking curve ‘c’)
Ф = 0.5 [1 +  (λ – 0.2) + λ2]
= 0.5 [1 + 0.49(0.92 – 0.2) + 0.922)
= 1.0996
Table 3.1
Classification of the section :
b 100
  15.7 =  12.5
t 8
d 100
  15.7 =  12.5
t 8
bd 200
  25 =  25
t 8

11
Since all the 3 criteria is satisfied the section is a semi compact section
Appendix A4.3 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Equal Angle
(Concentric connection-Buckling about Z-Z axis)

For a semi compact section ,

The gross area is taken as the effective area.
Stress reduction factor (χ):
Clause
χ = 1/ (Ф+ (Ф2 - λ2)0.5)
7.1.2.1
= 1/ (1.0996+ (1.09962 – 0.922)0.5)
= 0.59
Design compressive stress, fcd
fcd = χ fy / γmo
= (0.59 X 250)/ (1.1)
= 133.54 N/mm2
Clause
Design compressive strength, Pd 7.1.2
= fcd X area of the section
= 133.54 x 1539
= 206 kN
Design compressive strength = 206 kN

12
 Appendix A4.4 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Un-Equal Angle
(Eccentric connection)

Design a rolled steel unequal angle section ISA 100 X 75 X 10 mm @ 13 Kg/m as a Remarks /
compression member with center to center length of 1.5m with fy= 250 mPa, and Code
partial safety factor γmo = 1.1. Ends are assumed to be fixed. Provisions

V
Area of the section (a) = 1650 mm2 Y
Weight per meter (w) = 13.0 kg
eyy U
Radius of gyration (rw) = 15.8 mm d
Z r1 90° Z
Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa Cyy
U r2
Effective length (KL) =1500 mm czz ezz
Yield stress ratio (  ) b
Y
 = 250 / fy = 1
Classification of the section
b 100
 15.7 =  10  15.7
t 10 Table 3.1
d 75
 15.7 =  7.5  15.7
t 10
bd 175
 25 =  17.5  25
t 10
Hence the section is a non- slender section.
For a non-slender section,
Ae = Ag
Appropriate effective slenderness ratio (KL/r)
KL/r = 1500/15.8 = 94.94 < 180
Equivalent slenderness ratio (  e ) Clause
7.5.1.2

For a Fixed end condition, having number of bolts equal to 1.

 l   l 
     1500 
 rvv   rvv   15.8 
 vv   =   =  88.86  = 1.07
  2 E    2 x 2 x10 5   
  1  
 250   250 

Appendix A4.4 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

13
 Un-Equal Angle
(Eccentric connection)

 
 
   
 b1  b 2   100  75  = 0.098
   
=   Clause
   E x 2t 
2
  2  2  105  7.5.1.2

 250

   2  10 
 250 

 e  k 1  k 2 2 vv  k 3 2   0.75  (0.35x1.06 2 )  ( 20 x 0.098 2 )

= 1.16

Imperfection factor (  ) is taken to be 0.49 (based on the bucking curve ‘c’) Clause
 (λ – 0.2) + λ2] 7.5.1.2
Ф = 0.5 [1 +
= 0.5 [1 + 0.49(1.16 – 0.2) + 1.162)
= 1.41
Stress reduction factor (χ)
χ = 1/ (Ф+ (Ф2 - λ2)0.5)
= 1/ (1.41 + (1.412 – 1.162)0.5)
= 0.45
Design compressive stress (fcd)
fcd = χ fy / γmo
= (0.45 x 250)/ 1.1
= 103.16 N/mm2
Design compressive strength (Pd)
Clause
Pd = fcd Ae
7.1.2
= 103.16 x 1650
= 170.2 kN
Design compressive strength = 170.2 kN

14
 Appendix A4.5 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, Pd
I- Section (Y-Y axis buckling)
Design the compressive strength of the column section ISLB 500 @0.75 kN/m
Remarks/
with the effective length of the column as 5 m. Assume the buckling axis as y-y Codal
Provisions
axis and basic yield strength (fy) as 250 mPa.

Section Properties:
tf
Gross area of the section (Ag)= 95.50x10 2mm2 y
Depth of section (D) = 500 mm
Full Width of flange (bf) = 180 mm z z
d tw D
Thickness of flange (tf) = 14.1 mm r1
Thickness of web (tw) = 9.2 mm
Radius of gyration(ry) = 33.4 mm b
y
Radius at root (r1) = 17 mm bf
Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa
Section classification:
250
= fy
=1
Table 3.1
Flange:
b = bf / 2 = 180 / 2 = 90 mm
b / tf = 90 /14.1 = 6.38 < 9.4  (Plastic)
 Flange is fully effective
Web:
d = D – 2 x tf –2 x r1
=500 – 2 × 14.1 –2 ×17 = 437.8 mm
d / tw = 437.8 / 9.2 = 47.6 > 42  (Slender)
Web is not fully effective
Section is classified as Slender
Net area of the section = Ag – (((d / tw)− 42) x tw x tw)
= (95.50×10 2) – ((47.6−(42×1))×9.2×9.2)
=90.77x10 2 mm 2

15
 Appendix A4.5 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, Pd
I- Section (Y-Y axis buckling)
Slenderness ratio (kL/ry)
Effective laterally unsupported length of the member(kL) = 5000 mm
kL / ry = (5000 / 33.4) = 14 9.7

Young’s modulus (E) = 2 x 105 mPa

Non-dimensional Effective Slenderness ratio (λ)

 f y f cc = 250 88.2 = 1.68
Imperfection Factor (α) Clause
h 500 7.1.2.1
= = 2.77 >1.2, tf = 14.1 mm < 40 mm
b 180
Imperfection Factor α = 0.34 Table 7.2
Buckling about Y-Y axis ; Buckling class ‘b’ Table 7.1

Clause
7.1.2.1

Design compressive strength (Pd)

Clause 7.1.2

16
 Appendix A4.6 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, Pd
I-Section (Z-Z axis buckling)

Design the compressive strength of a column section ISLB 500 @ 75 kg/m with
Remarks/
the effective length of the column as 5m. Assume buckling axis as Z-Z axis and Codal
Provisions
basic yield strength of steel (fy) as 250 mPa.

ISLB 500 Section Properties:

Gross area of the section (Ag) = 95.50x10 2mm2 Y
tf
Depth of section (D) = 500 mm
Full Width of flange (bf) = 180 mm
tw
Thickness of flange (tf) = 14.1 mm d
Z D Z
Thickness of web (tw) = 9.2 mm r1
Radius of gyration(rz) = 201.0 mm
Radius at root (r1) = 17 mm b

Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa bf

Section classification: Y
250
= =1 Table 3.1
fy

Flange:
b = bf / 2 =180 / 2 =90 mm
b / tf = 90 /14.1 = 6.38 < 9.4  (Plastic)
 Flange is fully effective
Web:
d = D – 2 tf –2 r1
=500 – 2 × 14.1 –2 ×17 = 437.8 mm
d / tw = 437.8 / 9.2 = 47.6 > 42  (Slender)
Web is not fully effective
Section is classified as Slender
Effective area of the section = Ag – (((d / tw)− 42) x tw x tw)
= (95.50×10 2) – ((47.6−(42×1))×9.2×9.2)
= 90.77 x 10 2 mm 2

17
 Appendix A4.6 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, Pd
I-Section (Z-Z axis buckling)

Euler buckling stress (fcc)

Young’s modulus (E) = 2 x 105 mPa
Clause
 2E  2  2  10 5
fcc = = = 3190.7680 mPa 7.1.2.1
 kL r  2
24. 8756 2

Non-dimensional Effective Slenderness ratio (λ)

 fy f cc = 250 3190.7680 = 0.2799
Imperfection Factor (α)
h 500
= = 2.77 > 1.2 ; tf = 14.1 mm < 40 mm
b 180
Buckling about Z-Z axis ; Buckling class ‘a’
Imperfection Factor α = 0.21 Table 7.2
Table 7.1
Design compressive stress of column (fcd)
Partial safety factor (γmo) = 1.10
  0.51   (  0.2)   2
 Clause

 0.5 1  0.21(0.2799  0.2)  0.2799 2  0.5476  7.1.2.1

Stress reduction factor (χ)

 
 1 
  0.5 
 1.0
2
      2
 


 1 

 0 .5 
 0.9821 1.0
 
 0.5476  0.5476 - 0.2799
2 2
 


f 
f cd     y 
  m0 
 0.9821 x 250 /1.1  223.2045 mPa
Design compressive strength (Pd)
Pd  Ae f cd = 9077  223.2045 = 2026 kN Clause
7.1.2
Design compressive strength = 2026.kN

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 Appendix A4.7 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, Pd kN
Tubular section (Concentric Loading)

Design the compressive strength of a steel tube having an outer diameter of Remarks /
88.9mm and thickness 4.05mm belonging to the medium class with the centre to Code
centre distance of the member as 3m. Provisions
Assume yield strength = 250 mPa and partial safety factor γmo = 1.1.

Sectional properties:
Area of the section (a) = 1080mm2
Weight per meter (w) = 8.48 kg d
Radius of gyration (r) = 30.0 mm
Yield stress (fy) = 250 mPa
D
Effective length (KL) = 3m
Yield stress ratio (  ):
Table 3.1
 = 250 / fy
= 250 / 250 =1

Classification of the section

D 88.9
 88 2 =  21.95  88 2
t 4.05 Clause
Hence the section is a non-slender section. 7.1.2.1
For a non-slender section,
Ae = Ag
Appropriate effective slenderness ratio (KL/r)
KL/r = 3000/30 = 100 < 180
Euler Buckling Stress ( f cc )
f cc = (π2E)/ (KL/r) 2

= (π2 X 2 x105)/ (100)2 Clause

7.1.2.1
=197.39 N/mm2
Non dimensional effective slenderness ratio (  )
 fy f cc
= 250 197.39
= 1.125

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 Appendix A4.7 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, Pd kN
Tubular section (Concentric Loading)

Imperfection factor (  ) is taken to be 0.21 (based on the bucking curve ‘a’)

Table 7.1
Ф = 0.5 [1 +  (λ – 0.2) + λ2]
= 0.5 [1 + 0.21(1.125 – 0.2) + 1.1252)
= 1.36
Stress reduction factor (χ)
χ = 1/ (Ф+ (Ф2 - λ2)0.5)
= 1/ (1.36 + (1.362 – 1.125 2)0.5)
Clause
= 0.58 7.1.2.1
Design compressive stress (fcd)
fcd = χ fy / γmo
= (0.58 x 250)/ 1.1
= 131.82 N/mm2
Design compressive strength (Pd)
Pd = fcd Ae
Clause 7.1.2
= 131.82 x 1080
= 142 kN
Design compressive strength = 142 kN

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