KTT *Wh{-K%Wffiffitr%ffiffi
AN ISO 9001:2015 Co. @
Manufacturers & Expofters of Laboratory and Research Equipments
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
UNIVERSAL B.H CURVE TRACER
21511T-7C,New Patel Nagar,New Delhi- 11fin8
Te I efax : +91 011 257 027 84, Mob iIe : +9 1 -g 8 1 0 6 I 1 1 3 2
Email : [email protected] Web:http://unaru.mittalenterprises.com
UNIVERSAL B.H CURVE TRACER
1. INTRODUCTION
Ferromagnetic materials contain large number of small regions, called domains. In each
domain all the atomic magnets are locked in rigid parallelism. Thus each domain has a net
magnetization in a particular direction. When the specimen is exposed to an extemal
magnetic field H, the domains with magnetization component along the direction of the
field grow at the expense of those, which are not favorably oriented. Thus, the
magnetization increases with field as shown in Fig. l. When all the domains are aligned in
the field direction, the specimen gets magnetically saturated.
Figure 1 Hysteresis loop
When the extemal field is removed the domain boundaries do not move completely back to
their original positions and as such lead to remanent magnetization (Br). This in turn leads
to a phase lag between the field and the magnetization when the specimen is exposed to an
altemating magnetic field. This phase difference between B and H causes the hysteresis
loop. The tendency of the domains totturn around gives rise to mechanical stresses in the
specimen; these in turn produce heating. The energy wasted as heat due to cyclic
magnetization is given by the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop. This area depends on
how far the material is taken into saturation in each cycle and on the properties of the
magnetic material. Thus, a study of the hysteresis loop of different magnetic materials helps
us to understand their magnetic properties.
From a study of the B-H loops of steel and soft iron we get the following information :
Instruction manual of Universal B-H Curve Tracer
(a) The area of the loop for steel is greater than that for soft iron indicating higher
energy loss for steel.
(b) The curve is steep for soft iron. It indicates quick magnetization. Further, the
magnetizing field necessary to saturate soft iron is smaller than for steel.
Permeability and susceptibility are comparatively large for soft iron.
(c) Steel has greater retentivity.
(d) The coercivity is greater for steel than that for soft iron.
In the conventional techniques of tracing the B-H loop, one has to wind a primary and a
secondary coil on the specimen and experiment with it. This method is not convenient for a
quick study of the shapes of B-H loops of different materials. The present technique can be
used to study B-H loop by simply inserting the specimen in a magnetizing coil. It makes use
of a specially designed integrated circuit probe to measure the flux density B. The current
flowing through the magnetizing coil develops a potential difference across the resistance R
which deflects the beam in the X-direction. The deflection is proportional to the magnetic
field H which is given by :
"
=
++ ampere turns/meter ...(1)
where N is the no. of turns of the coil (300 T) , R the resistance between the centre pin of
the terminal "H" and terminal "C" (black colour) and and L is the coil length in
meters(0.033m). V1 is the voltage applied to the X-input of the CRO. The probe has a
sensitivity of 5 mV per Gauss. Hence
B:0.5V, weber/m2 ...(2)
where V, is the voltage applied to the Y input of the CRO.
2. DETAILS OF THE INSTRUMENT
V1 l-rVz
t,
c -r.. i v3
Instruction manual of Universal B-H Curve Tracer
The instrument consists of:
(a) Main Unit consisting of a variable a.c. supply ( marked Va.c.), a resistor R (5 O) in
series with a potentiometer P (100 A) and input terminal for the CRO.
(b) Unit housing the I.C. probe with associated circuitry and One magnetizing coil (No.
of turns:300 of SWG26; length of the coil:0.0323 m).
(c) Samples: 5" nail, ferrite rod and transformer stampings.
3. ADDITIONAL APPARATUS REQUIRED
Any low frequency Laboratory Oscilloscope with horizontal amplifrcation and gain control.
V 4' EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
. (a) Connect one terminal of the magnetising coil to point C of main unit and the other
terminal marked Vl( 6 volts ac). Connect H to the horizontal input of the C.R.O.
and V to vertical input of the C.R.O. Operate the C.R.O. in X-Y mode.
(b) Connect the IC probe to the "IC" marked on main unit.
(c) Switch ON the kit. To egt proper looo var.y the resistance to the mpdmum value
with the help of knob P on the panel.
(d) With no specimen through the coil, adjust the horizontal gain of the C.R.O. until a
convenient X deflection is obtained. Note down this reading as Ss.
(e) Insert a magnetic specimeo, e.g. a 5" nail, stampings or ferrite through the
magnetising coil such that it touches the probe at the center. Make sure that sample
is touching IC only and conducting tracks should not be shorted in any case.
Adjust the oscilloscope vertical gain (Y gain) until a trace showing the B-H loop
conveniently fills the screen. Note down this reading as Sy.
(0 Trace the area of the loop on butter paper from the screen of C.R.O. and retrace it on
graph paper.
(g) Note down the X intercept Vx and Y intercept Vv from the graph paper. Calculate
the coercivity H using relation I and retentivity B using relation 2.
(j) Measure the area of the loop with the help of graph paper.
The energy 1o., :Ofi x x Su x S" x area of the loop
Joules/second/Unit volume
Instruction manual of Universal B-H Curve Tracer
where Sv and Ss are vertical and horizontal sensitivities of the C.R.O. for that
particular setting of the gains.
(h) Repeat the experiment by varying the a.c. voltage by connecting coil between points
C and V2 (9 volts) and V3 (l2V). The part of the curve showing saturation changes
in length.
(k) Repeat the experiment with different specimens and note your comments on the
properties of different materials.
5. PRECAUTIONS
(a) The specimen should touch the probe.
(b) If the area of the loop is expressed in cm2,the sensitivities should be expressed in
volts/cm. If the area of the loop is expressed in sq. meters the sensitivities should be
expressed in volts/meter. In either case, the length of the coil should be in meters.
6. WARRANTEE:
This INSTRUMENT is warranteed for one year against any manufacturin! defect.
However I.C. probe is not covered under this warrantee
Instruction.manual of Universal B-H Curve Tracer
7. SAMPLE CALCULATION
In a particular experiment
N:300 turns,
L:0.033 meters
a) 5" nail:
R:55O
Sn:0.5 V/cm,
Sn:2 V/cm
Area of the loop: 445x10-2 cnl
Energy loss : 367.76 J/CycleAJnit Volume.
b) Ferrite Rod:
R: 55 C)
Su:0.5 V/cm,
Sn: 1 V/cm
Area of the loop: 82x102 cnl
Energy loss : 27.78 J/CycleAJnit Volume.
c) Hacksaw Blade:
R:55Q
Sn:0.1 V/cm,
Sn:2 V/cm
Area of the loop: 457x102 crr?
' Energy loss: 75.53 J/CycleAJnit Volume.
d) Transformer Stampine:
R:55O
Su:0.2 V/cm, '
Sn: I V/cm
Area of the looP: 155x10-2 cm2
Energy loss: 25.62 J/CycleAJnit Volume.
Instruction manual of Universal B-H Curve Tracer
q 7 ffi
W tr
ffi f?, s
ffi
ffi
ts
g
@
,d
4
ro L
ffi #ru
m
ffi
LE,
F-
{s
*ffi.tffi Jfts,s#
.w
