Passive Filters
University of technology
Electrical Engineer
Second stage
Passive Filters
Under the supervision of Dr. Inaam Ibrahim
Preparation Ali Khalid Raheem
[0]
Passive Filters
Passive Filters:
Frequency-selective or filter circuits pass to the output only those input signals that
are in a desired range of frequencies (called pass band). The amplitude of signals
outside this range of frequencies (called stop band) is reduced (ideally reduced to
zero). Typically in these circuits, the input and output currents are kept to a small
value and as such, the current transfer function is not an important parameter.
Passive filters are composed of only passive components (resistors, capacitors,
inductors) and do not provide amplification
• There are four basic kinds of filters:
– Low-pass filter - Passes frequencies below a critical frequency, called the cutoff
frequency, and attenuates those above.
– High-pass filter - Passes frequencies above the critical frequency but rejects those
below.
[1]
Passive Filters
– Bandpass filter - Passes only frequencies in a narrow range between upper and
lower cutoff frequencies.
– Band-reject filter - Rejects or stops frequencies in a narrow range but passes others.
-Low-Pass Filters:
[2]
Passive Filters
RC low pass filter works based on the principle of capacitive reactance, while RL low
pass filter works on the principle of inductive reactance
Capacitive Reactance :
• Capacitive Reactance (Xc) varies with the applied frequency.
– As the frequency applied to the capacitor increases, its effect is to decrease its
reactance (measured in ohms).
– Likewise as the frequency across the capacitor decreases its reactance value
increases. (Xc = )
Inductive Reactance:
• Inductive Reactance (XL) varies with the applied frequency.
[3]
Passive Filters
– To high frequency signals, inductors offer high resistance thus blocks high
frequencies
– As frequencies decrease, the inductor offers low resistance so low frequencies pass
XL = 2πfL
RC Low-Pass Filter – Frequency Response :
• The cutoff frequency is the frequency at which capacitive reactance and resistance
are equal (R = Xc), therefore fc = 1/2πRC
• At cutoff, the output voltage amplitude is 70.7% of the input value or –3 dB
(20 log (Vout/Vin))
RC Low-Pass Filter – Phase:
[4]
Passive Filters
• The phase angle (ɸ) of the output signal LAGS behind that of the input and at fc, is
-45o out of phase. This is due to time taken to charge the capacitor as input voltage
changes.
• The higher the input frequency, the more the capacitor lags and circuit becomes
more out of phase.
Phase Shift ɸ= -arctan (2π )
Application:
-RC Integrator Circuit :
• The integrator converts square wave input signal into a triangular output as the
capacitor charges and discharges.
• The higher the input frequency, the lower will be the amplitude compared to that of
the input
[5]
Passive Filters
References:
1. Dzhankhotov V., Hybrid LC filter for power electronic drives: Theory and
Implementation, 2009
2. Bray, J, Innovation and the Communications Revolution, Institute of Electrical
Engineers
3. Williams, Arthur B; Taylor, Fred J (1995).
4. Matthaei, Young, Jones Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks,
and Coupling Structures McGraw-Hill 1964.
5. The American Radio Relay League, Inc.: "The ARRL Handbook, 1968" page
50.
[6]
