licht.

wissen 02
Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

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 FOTO
Editorial
Most of us have memories of our first day at school. But who remembers what
kind of lights were on the classroom ceiling? We may be forgiven for not recalling
that because it is not something likely to attract a child's attention. And anyway,
the light in the room will mostly have been supplied by daylight. The only time the
artificial lighting needed to be switched on was in winter. Which made for a cosy,
homely atmosphere.

I can clearly remember individual students – always the same ones – complaining
that they could not read what was written on the board. One of the globe lights or a
window was reflected in it, reducing or eliminating all perceptible contrasts along the
sight line from their desks. The lighting was also obviously a problem during slide
or film presentations, when it needed to be switched off. Now, as a university lec-
turer, I realise something else: the importance of not losing eye contact with students
because of dazzling platform lighting. In short: one of the salient features of good
lighting is that it goes unnoticed.

But that is not all. Good lighting can do more than just avoid being a nuisance. It
is vital for good communication between teacher and student and among students
themselves – also during media presentations and group work. It permits effortless
and efficient use of teaching media and materials. It also makes for greater safety in
workshops, laboratories and sports halls. But its impacts are not confined to improv-
ing visual perception; good lighting enhances students' ability to concentrate and
thus facilitates their academic progress. Today, a cosy atmosphere can no longer
be generated by inefficient incandescent lamps but improving wellbeing and help-
ing create a balance between stimulation and relaxation are still key tasks for good
educational lighting.

We have moved on from the time when students always sat in the same place.
Teaching methods are more varied now; rigid seating arrangements are found
only in lecture halls and the conventional chalkboard has been joined by a whole
range of other teaching media, each with its own special lighting requirements. So
good lighting today needs to be designed for more than just on/off control. Modern
lighting management technologies permit a tailored response to diverse teaching
requirements – from low-level lighting for a dark cosy corner in a nursery school to
light for students taking notes during data projector presentations, to stage lighting
for theatrical performances.

I hope that public authorities, teachers and lighting designers will view and use licht.
wissen 02 as a tool and inspiration for realising lighting in educational establishments.
One of the most important goals for the future of our society is to raise teaching and
learning standards. Good daylight utilisation and artificial lighting can play a major
role in promoting that.

[Cover] Finding the right book, working, read-

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christoph Schierz ing, a sense of wellbeing – good library lighting
makes them all possible.
Ilmenau University of Technology
[01] For concentrated work in the classroom,
students and teachers both need bright
uniform light.

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Good lighting for a

better learning
environment
Page 06-07

Playroom lighting
Page 08-09

Classroom lighting
Page10-11

Chalkboard and
whiteboard lighting
Page 12-13

Computer and
media room lighting
Page14-15

Art and music room

lighting
Page 20-21

Laboratory and
workshop lighting
Page 22-23

Adult education
lighting
Page 26-27

Lighting Specials:
Impact of light on human beings Energy efficiency and refurbisment Lighting management Safety lighting
Page 16-17 Page 18-19 Page 24-25 Page 38-39

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 r r r

Lecture hall lighting

Page 28-29

Library lighting
Page 30-31

Assembly hall and

exhibition lighting
Page 32-33

Cafeteria, refectory
and kitchen lighting
Page 34-35

Circulation areas and

communication zones
Page 36-37

Indoor and outdoor

sports facility lighting
Page 40-41

Schoolyard and park-

ing facility lighting
Page 42-43

Series of booklets
Imprint
Page 54-55

Standards and terminology Luminaires and their applications Innovative LED and OLED technology Light sources
Page 44-47 Page 48-49 Page 50-51 Page 52-53

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

02

03 04

6
Good lighting for a better
learning environment
Light is the key to visual perception and human emotion. In a learning
environment, good lighting plays a major role in permitting optimal
absorption of information by students.

Our entire life is shaped by learning pro- periods. A balanced lighting atmosphere
cesses. Every individual goes through ex- contributes crucially to a sense of wellbeing
periences in life and, as a result, acquires – and makes for a positive learning environ-
consciously or subconsciously – the cultural, ment. Quite simply, we learn better in the
social, intellectual and physical abilities, right light!
knowledge and skills that mould and define
his or her character. Everyone has heard the Poor lighting is often found annoying; it can
expression "life-long learning". Today, there distract us from what we are doing and at
is also an "EU Educational Programme for worst can even be harmful. So apart from
Life-Long Learning in Germany" with sub- taking design requirements and energy
programmes for projects in schools, higher issues into account, any plan for a lighting
education, vocational education and training, installation should always focus primarily
and adult education. on the people who will use the lighting,
because, depending on their age, they may
Light is a major factor in this context be- have widely differing lighting needs.
cause, as the key to visual perception – the
source of most of the sensory messages to Modern educational establishments are well
our brain – it plays an absolutely crucial role designed to cater for the diverse needs of
in learning. Students permanently find them- learners. So is the lighting installed in them.
selves in learning situations. The better the This booklet takes a closer look at the re-
lighting is suited to those situations, the more quirements lighting needs to meet to support
information can be absorbed, processed different tasks in different rooms.
and stored, i.e. learnt.
As in real life, the focus is chiefly on schools,
The right lighting creates optimal conditions colleges and universities. The "Lighting Spe-
for effective learning, motivating learners cials" in the booklet provide more in depth
and enabling them to concentrate for longer information on specific issues.

[02] The right light creates a perfect

environment for effective learning. Alert
students are more motivated and more
attentive.

[03] Poor light quickly gives rise to fatigue,

whereas good lighting contributes signifi-
cantly to as successful study experience.

[04] Balanced lighting impacts positively

on our sense of wellbeing and creates ideal
conditions for the transfer of knowledge.

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Playroom lighting
The right light is extremely important in nurseries and pre-schools to help encourage a spirit of adventure,
discovery and investigation at all levels. An atmosphere of wellbeing helps promote positive child development.

They are greatly coveted and still very their surroundings clearly and gauge dis- youngsters should be able to concen-
scarce. Despite being a legal entitle- tances accurately. To permit this, impor- trate. For lighting purposes, therefore,
ment since 1996, nursery and pre-school tance needs to be attached to a lighting pre-school classrooms should be
places remain in short supply in Germany. level optimally tuned to the visual task treated like school classrooms with flex-
Nursery schools and pre-schools are an as well as balanced luminance distribu- ible seating arrangements.
important part of the education land- tion, well shielded luminaires and good
scape, establishments designed to pro- colour rendering. The latter is particularly
mote a child's all-round development. So important where children are engaged in
special care needs to be taken in nursery creative activities or when colours need
and pre-school facilities to ensure good to be reliably identified and sorted, e.g.
quality lighting. for a jigsaw puzzle.

Young children are inquisitive and ask Multifunctional group rooms

questions. They need to move, play and Care must be taken to ensure that light-
sometimes even let off steam; they learn ing is flexible and not only provides
by seeing and imitating. They need to adequate general light but also supple-
recognise, discover, explore and literally mentary lighting for specific activities.
"grasp" their environment. Which defines Multifunctional group rooms require differ-
the first priority for the lighting designer. entiated lighting to cater to the different
The lighting design needs to underpin requirements of the various zoom zones.
the concept of early childhood education Daylight utilisation and lighting manage-
and, by providing a finely tuned mix of ment systems are also certainly use- [06] The group room is the heart of the
direct and indirect light, create the feel- ful here. They enable a whole range of nursery school – a place for games, craft
good atmosphere needed for the devel- lighting moods to be pre-programmed as activities as well as more boisterous forms
of play. It also has the "comfort corner" for
opment of a positive learning climate. lighting scenes for activation at any time.
any child who needs a rest.
Service rooms such as kitchens, sanitary
The heart of any nursery school is the facilities, cloakrooms and first aid rooms [07] Optimal visual conditions are a fun-
group room, which is used for a whole require functional lighting in compliance damental requirement for a good playing
range of activities – from crafts, games with DIN EN 12464-1. and learning atmosphere.
and boisterous play to story time and
[08] Lighting solutions that ensure bal-
snuggling sessions. And each activity In the pre-school environment, where anced contrasts and glare-free light enable
requires the right light. When children children are prepared for primary edu- children to work with books and computers
play, they need to be able to make out cation, it is even more important that without getting tired.

Playroom safety
Children want to play, romp and move about
freely [05]: Furnishings and lighting need to be
designed for that. Furniture should not have sharp
edges and luminaires should be enclosed to avoid
risk of injury. What is more, luminaire mountings
need to be childproof. In multi-purpose rooms, it
may be advisable to install impact-resistant lumi-
naires. Because of the heightened risk of injury,
the use of mobile luminaires is not recommended.
05

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07 08

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

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Classroom lighting
Modern education is based on encouragement and challenge. And much of the learning process is visual.
Good lighting is a vital requirement for concentration and fatigue-free work and plays a crucial role in helping
increase student attentiveness.

Life-long learning is more important than of learning and teaching situation also is preferred where it is available. Artificial
ever. And the foundations on which we calls for flexible lighting – because that is light, which should be dimmable, supple-
build to meet the ever-rising challenges of what ultimately ensures that the scenarios ments daylight as required. Disturbing
vocational life are laid during our younger required can be realised visually. glare that interferes with concentration
years. Anyone who enjoys learning learns can be avoided by fitting luminaires with
more easily and more effectively – from Flexible room use appropriate optical systems or by install-
childhood through to old age. At nursery, With the right choice of lighting and a ing curtains or blinds. This enables day-
primary and secondary schools, voca- correct arrangement of luminaires, rooms light incidence to be regulated, depend-
tional colleges and universities, young can be put to flexible use. For perfectly ing on the position of the sun.
people receive an education that shapes free room use, the lighting system needs
their entire life. to create good lighting conditions for all In the area of the board, separately
room users whatever the arrangement of switched, dimmable luminaires are need-
Rigid seating arrangements and unvarying desks and/or chairs. To guarantee that, ed to permit reflection-free vision. The
"chalk and talk" instruction in the classroom a room-related lighting solution is rec- same requirement applies to any second-
are now a thing of the past. Most schools ommended, which means that all walls, ary boards or the class wall newspaper,
have abandoned fixed arrangements of including the rear wall, are well illumi- which should be uniformly illuminated by
desks. New forms of communication have nated. To avoid marked differences in dedicated wallwashers. Moreover, cabi-
taken their place. The purpose of flexible luminance along changing lines of sight – nets and shelves in the classroom need
solutions is to tailor the room to learning which cause visual fatigue and undermine to be bathed in sufficiently bright light to
objectives. The face of the classroom concentration – it is important to ensure enable papers and objects to be stored
changes according to needs, permit- uniform brightness throughout the room. away and found without any difficulty.
ting both direct instruction and group
work. When students present projects, for The primary purpose of the lighting is to
instance, the classroom becomes a stage illuminate the room evenly to suit the rel-
and auditorium. Supporting different types evant teaching situation. Natural daylight

Classroom illuminance levels:

DIN EN 12464-1 [12]: For classrooms, DIN EN 12464-1 recommends an illuminance of 300 lux. However, the
level required for compliance with the standard should be regarded as an absolute minimum. A higher illuminance
of 500 lux is better for achieving good classwork results; it is also the brightness recommended for practical train-
ing rooms and rooms in evening schools.
Boards require uniform illuminance, so
they require separate lighting in addi-
sliding board area: [09] The low-key design of recessed
tion to the general lighting. Vertical min. 500 lux luminaires makes them useful where light-
illuminance here needs to be 500 lux ing quality needs to be combined with
for standard compliance. Another streamlined architecture.
way in which lighting can be ad-
justed to suit changing learning [10] Pendant luminaires with direct and
seating area: indirect lighting components brighten the
and teaching situations and en- min. 300 lux ceiling and thus make for a spacious and
hance learning performance is agreeable lighting atmosphere in the room.
through the use of a lighting
management system, which [11] Seating areas, board and flipchart
adapts the lighting flexibly to have their own dedicated lighting here.
12 © licht.de Separate switching and dimming circuits
meet the needs of the relevant
make for greater convenience and permit
visual task. significant energy savings.

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Chalkboard and whiteboard lighting

Adequately bright, uniform lighting is very important for vertical board and presentation surfaces. Eyes that
constantly need to adapt to differences in brightness can suffer fatigue. New presentation media call for differ-
entiated lighting solutions.

Classical chalkboards are being increas- Raising vertical illuminance Whiteboard lighting
ingly superseded as a standard item of Sufficiently bright, uniform lighting can Whiteboards require less light but are
classroom furniture. Where a green or be achieved by supplementing the more susceptible to reflections. Where
black board once hung on the wall, there general room lighting with asymmetric luminaires are positioned close to
is now often a whiteboard. The visual tasks wallwashers mounted 0.85 – 1.30 me- whiteboards, special attention needs to
are always the same, both with traditional tres in front of the board. The greater be paid to the shielding and arrange-
boards and with modern projection sur- perceived brightness achieved with ment of light sources to avoid reflected
faces, but the lighting requirements are dif- vertical light makes for better visibil- glare. For beamer presentations, the
ferent. Classical boards require sufficiently ity from a distance. DIN EN 12464-1 lighting should be wired to permit sepa-
bright, uniform lighting. Whiteboards, with recommends an average vertical il- rate dimming or deactivation.
their very bright surfaces, need less light luminance of 500 lux for presentation
and are more susceptible to reflections. surfaces. Uniformity – i.e. the ratio of
lowest to average illuminance – should
Good school lighting depends crucially be 0.7. Where boards can be raised
on good lighting for vertical presentation or have lateral extensions, care needs
surfaces. Anything written on them needs to be taken to ensure adequate planar
to be clearly legible from every angle. Stu- illumination. This is also important for
dents sitting at the back of the room must flipcharts or maps positioned alongside
not be at a disadvantage. the board.

13

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 [13] In addition to the general room
lighting, separate lighting delivering 500
lux or more sets the stage for the board.
The Ra colour rendering index should be
at least 80.

[14] In rooms where projection screens

are used, it is important to ensure that light-
ing can be partially deactivated or dimmed.

[16] Whiteboards should be sufficiently

illuminated. To avoid glare, however, the
light should not be too bright. At the same
time, the surroundings should not be too
dark; constant adaptation puts a strain on
students' and teachers' eyes and soon
causes fatigue.

14

15

Chalkboard lighting
For good chalkboard lighting [15] the following criteria must
always be met:

▪ At least 500 lux illuminance on the vertical surface

▪ Avoidance of reflected glare, e.g. through the use of
narrow-angle spots
▪ The Ra colour rendering index needs to be 80
or higher
▪ The uniformity of the board lighting should be 0.7
(ratio of minimum to average illuminance)
▪ Flipcharts or maps positioned alongside the
board should also be uniformly illuminated by the
wallwashers

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

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23 18

19

14
Computer and media room lighting
Computer and communication technologies play an integral role in classroom activity. Good computer
and media room lighting needs to be tailored to the relevant task, form of instruction and mood.

Media competence and a willingness to Marked contrasts in our field of vision

accept life-long learning are every bit cause visual fatigue. To counter that,
as important today as linguistic, artistic the brightness of the screen, task area
or scientific skills. Media competence is and surroundings needs to be carefully
required in every occupation. There is vir- balanced. What can help here is a more
tually no career today that does not involve pronounced indirect lighting component,
working at a computer and constantly which makes for an agreeably bright
upgrading IT skills and knowledge. ceiling and distribution of light over the
working plane. Glare, which impairs
Teaching methods and materials have visibility, needs to be avoided for compli-
changed dramatically in modern educa- ance with DIN EN 12464-1.
tional establishments. The need for flex-
ibility and communication in the classroom Cautious handling of direct daylight
has never been greater. And as teaching Intense incident daylight can seriously in-
methods have changed, so have the me- terfere with work at a computer. Reflections
dia used for instruction and communica- on the screen can be avoided by effective
tion. Working at a PC, whether for research sun screening at windows.
or homework, has long been part of daily
school life – a development reflected by A simple, intuitive lighting control system
the arrival of dedicated computer and me- which is easy to operate and tailor to
dia rooms in modern school buildings. changing visual tasks enables schools to
respond to increasingly complex tech-
Need to avoid marked differences nologies and methods. Lighting that is
in brightness ergonomically sound and adaptable to suit
Classroom lighting needs to meet higher different activities, teaching methods and
20 requirements for "digitised" learning. moods prevents the fatigue and com-
Trouble-free work at a PC requires plaints that are associated with working at
Studying at a computer monitor good visibility and glare-free lighting. a computer monitor.

Good lighting [20] should be adaptable to cater for

different visual tasks and the visual requirements
of different users. This calls for a balanced contrast
between the screen and the work area around it.
Computer work stations and the lighting required
for them need to be specifically designed to ensure
that disturbing glare and reflections on the screen
or other materials are avoided. Luminous and illumi-
nated surfaces must not cause glare at a computer
workstation and, wherever possible, should not give [17] Lighting design needs to take
rise to reflections. To reduce interference from inci- account of daylight. For working at a com-
dent daylight at a computer workstation, windows puter screen, it is important to have both
should be fitted with movable shades for effective the means of shading windows and the
artificial lighting needed to illuminate the
daylight control.
interior of the building.

[18, 19] Linear lighting systems with

good anti-glare shielding prevent annoying
reflections on screens.

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

21

Impact of light on human beings

Light impacts on human beings in a variety of ways, so it also influences our behaviour. It promotes a sense
of wellbeing and strengthens powers of concentration and motivation. Light also has a positive influence on
learning. Daylight and tailored lighting moods can help students learn efficiently.

Many children at school are still sleepy Taking a leaf from nature
and unfocused during the first lesson Nature offers ideal conditions for keeping
of the morning. In most cases, the early our body clock right. But a similar ef-
start conflicts with the children's biologi- fect can be achieved by artificial lighting
cal needs. Energising high-lux daylight- adjusted to recreate the natural rhythm of
white light can help improve students' daylight. The intensity, colour temperature
memory skills, concentration and general and direction of daylight change constantly
sense of wellbeing. during the course of the day. Artificial light-
ing that imitates those changes makes us
It has long been known that our sense of feel better and more motivated in much the
wellbeing is fundamentally influenced by same way as natural daylight. There are
light. We find natural daylight agreeable also energetic advantages to dynamic ad-
and it makes us feel good. So does suf- aptation. Targeted lighting control can help
ficiently bright indoor lighting. But recent improve memory skills and concentration,
studies show that light has an even general wellbeing and communication.
greater impact on human life than that.
Light can support our circadian rhythm Cool cold-white light similar to daylight
(day/night rhythm) and control biological makes us alert and active. Warm-white
processes in our body. Human biological light has a relaxing, soothing effect. To
rhythm is controlled by a "body clock", on achieve biological performance-boosting
which light has a crucial influence. Light impacts in schools, the lamps used
supports the sleep-wake cycle by tell- should emit light with a high blue con-
[21, 22] Dynamic lighting installations ing our body when day turns into night. tent. High-blue light sources specially
permit a great deal more than just on/ Without sufficient light, our internal clock developed for this purpose are already in
off lighting. They enable intensity of light may be disrupted and sleep-waking widespread use.
and light colour to be adjusted to create phases may become less pronounced as
a tailored lighting atmosphere for specific
a result. If our chronobiological rhythm
classroom situations. Cold light colours
stimulate and promote concentration, is disturbed in this way, our sense of
warm light colours have a soothing effect wellbeing and possibly even our health
on students. are significantly affected.

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Human performance
Parameters for biologically effective light:
▪ Biological impact can be achieved
through high illuminance
▪ Planarity is important; wherever possible,
the light should be diffused through large
luminous panels
▪ The direction of light should be chosen
so that light enters the eye from above
and from the front
▪ It is also advisable to choose a colour
temperature similar to daylight, with a
spectrum that also contains biologically
effective blue light
▪ Colour temperature and illuminance 23
should change dynamically in line with Time noon 6 p.m. midnight 6 a.m.
the natural progression of daylight
[23] Human performance varies, depending on the time of day or night. Our
Emotional impact of light body and mind work most effectively in the morning and late afternoon; perform-
For an effective learning environment, ance reaches a low during the deep sleep phase around 3 a.m.
surroundings need to be found agree-
able, allowing students to identify with
Activity and relaxation
their school. Colours, materials and
finely tuned lighting/interior design help
promote a sense of wellbeing. This calls
increase

for not only a stimulating atmosphere but activity

also room for privacy, where students
can rest and relax. Warm colour tem-
peratures and accents help meet this
decrease ↔

requirement.

More information on this subject is relaxation

found in licht.wissen 19 "Impact of Light 24
on Human Beings". colour temperature (K)
warm white 3,000 K daylight white 5,600 K

Source: Dr. Susanne Fleischer, Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Physiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich

[24] ] Biologically speaking, warm white light has a relaxing effect on the hu-
man organism, whereas daylight white boosts activity.

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Energy efficiency and refurbishment

Lighting installations for schools need to ensure an agreeable working atmosphere. They also have to be
energy-efficient. The need for energy efficiency is stipulated in the energy-saving ordinance EnEV. Within the
specified limits, however, lighting quality requirements must always be observed.

Everyone today is aware of the issue of For more detail on lighting management,
energy-efficient lighting, especially in the see the Lighting Special on the subject on
wake of the phase-out of inefficient light page 24.
sources such as the incandescent lamp.
The need for both efficient use of increas- Energy Saving Ordinance
ingly scarce resources and intelligent The German Energy Saving Ordinance
use of daylight is now widely accepted. (EnEV), which is concerned with the
Growing importance is also attached to the implementation of EU directives on the
issue in educational establishments. The overall energy efficiency of buildings,
most important components of effective applies throughout Germany. It covers the
and efficient lighting installations are mod- heating, ventilation and air conditioning
ern light sources and luminaires incorpo- of buildings. Artificial lighting also falls
rating modern control gear and reflectors within the scope of the EnEV. Its cata-
as well as lighting management systems logue of measures applies to any lighting
for optimal daylight utilisation. designed to facilitate the performance of
visual tasks – i.e. not lighting that serves
With a daylight-dependent regulation system, only a decorative purpose. Energy certifi-
the brightness in the room is monitored by a cates have been compulsory for buildings
sensor. When daylight incidence is high, the in Germany – including non-residential
artificial lighting is lowered to save energy. buildings – since 1 January 2009. They
Presence control systems are also efficient are an indicator of a building's current
tools. They detect the presence of persons efficiency status.
in the room and automatically deactivate
the lighting as soon as the room is vacated.
Apart from ensuring high lighting quality, Primary energy demand Total energy efficiency
harnessing daylight – a natural resource – This building

permits maximum energy conservation, sav-

ing as much as 50 percent of the electricity EnEV-Anforderungswert
EnEV requirement
Neubau
EnEV-Anforderungswert
EnEV requirement
modernisierter Altbau

consumed by a previous lighting installation. 25 new building modernised existing building

26 27

18
The EnEV stipulates that when a building higher acquisition costs are recouped permits solutions that can be deployed
is planned or refurbished, the primary within a few years – thanks to both lower without detracting from the visual impact
energy demand of its lighting installa- electricity consumption and reduced of a room even in heritage-protected
tions needs to be established. Prelimi- maintenance costs. buildings. In some cases, the latest light-
nary planning must meet the guidelines ing technology can even be integrated in
of both the EnEV and the DIN standard Wherever new lighting is planned as part existing luminaires.
cited in it. Official approval is required of a modernisation project, professional
before construction work commences. advice should be sought and taken as a Measures and criteria for improving en-
basis for all subsequent decisions. ergy efficiency:
Numerous parameters are factored into room
the energy requirement calculation. Modern lamps, luminaires and ballasts ▪ Maximum utilisation of daylight
Types of luminaire used, hours of day/ make the difference ▪ Light-coloured walls, ceilings and
night-time use, size of windows, light- New lamp, ballast and luminaire technolo- floors
ing management systems, surrounding gies pave the way to energy economies.
buildings and other factors are taken They are the key to more efficient opera- Luminaires
into account. The net energy require- tion and better lighting quality. While mod- ▪ Efficient lamps
ment thus computed needs to be below ern light sources such as T5 fluorescent ▪ Modern electronic ballasts
a reference value based on tables. This lamps and LEDs have a higher luminous ▪ Optimised reflectors and optics
requirement needs to be met before a efficacy, modern electronic ballasts ▪ Dimmability
building permit or energy certificate is reduce power loss and offer flicker-free
issued. light with the added bonus of enhanced Lighting management
starting performance. Apart from that, the ▪ Daylight and presence monitoring
Energy efficiency requirements will be- latest reflector materials and optics make ▪ User-friendly operating concepts and
come even tougher in future, with lower for luminaires with high light output ratios programmed lighting scenes
benchmarks raising the bar for accept- and optimal glare suppression. ▪ Intelligent control strategies including
able efficiency standards. sunscreening
Modern lighting management systems
Refurbishment offer additional savings potential. In the Lighting concept
An obsolete lighting installation re- course of refurbishment projects, they can ▪ Activity-related planning instead of
duces lighting quality and costs money. even be installed in individual rooms or room planning
Over the years, soiling and ageing of groups of rooms. ▪ Use of switching groups for differenti-
materials can halve the light output ated illumination and lighting effects
ratio of an old lighting installation and Refurbishment does not mean sacrificing ▪ Dynamic adjustment of lighting
its components (lamps, luminaires and aesthetics. State-of-the-art luminaires are
electrical gear). Investment in efficient available in designs for every architec-
modern lighting reduces the annual tural context. Increasingly small, powerful
operating costs considerably. Even and energy-efficient, modern technology

Energy consumption

Old installation, 1970s, with 38 mm dia. standard fluorescent lamp and CB,
old luminaire with opal enclosure

Old installation, 1980s, with 26 mm dia. three-band fluorescent lamp and LLB,
old luminaire with white louver unit 20 %
New installation
Modern lighting concept * 55 %
[25] Detail of energy certificate label.
Example: demand variant, non-residential
building.
With presence control * 60 %

[26, 27] View of a classroom before and With daylight regulation/shutdown * 70 %

after refurbishment. Modern luminaires
ensure agreeable – and above all energy- With presence control + daylight
regulation/shutdown * 75 %
efficient – lighting.

[28] Example of the energy-saving impact Energy consumption

of refurbishment with high-efficiency lumi- * 16 mm diameter fluorescent lamp operated by EB with very low power loss, energy-efficient direct or
naires and lighting management systems. 28
direct/indirect luminaires with modern optical control technology. © licht.de
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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

29 30

31 32

20
Art and music room lighting
Art and music are an essential part of a good general education. Their positive impact on personal
development are documented and confirmed by scientific studies. Lighting for art and music classes
needs to cater for demanding visual tasks – but it also needs to strike the right emotional note.

Special subject classrooms require dif- particularly important in rooms where art
ferentiated lighting solutions. In most classes take place and students work
cases, a minimum illuminance of 500 lux with paints. The Ra colour rendering
is recommended. However, demanding index there should be at least 80, prefer-
visual tasks such as drawing – where ably 90.
precision and attention to detail are
crucial – call for a higher level of lighting. For boards and flipcharts, supplementary
For compliance with DIN EN 12464-1, lighting with wallwashers is recommended
art rooms in art school require 750 lux so that the writing and images displayed
illuminance. can be seen from every student desk with
no interference from reflections.
Avoidance of direct and reflected glare
Glare-free vision is required in every Shadow-free illumination in the music room
special subject classroom, regardless of In music rooms, good lighting for musical
the activity performed. To meet standard instruments and notes has top priority.
requirements, the UGR (Unified Glare Luminaires with an indirect component
Rating) value, which defines direct glare, help avoid disturbing shadows and
must be no higher than 19. Another ensure glare-free vision. What the lighting
source of interference for students ex- design also needs to take into account
amining or creating images is glare due is that musicians often change positions
to reflections on shiny surfaces. To avoid – depending on the size of the ensemble
reflected glare, it is advisable to pay at- or the instruments required for rehears-
tention to good luminance limitation from ing a particular piece of music – so the
the outset. same quality of light needs to be provided
throughout the room.
Colours need to be recognised correctly
Correct colour recognition plays a major If louver luminaires are to be used in a
role in special subject classrooms. To music room, attention needs to be paid
guarantee it, lamps with good to excel- to workmanship: luminaires and louvers
lent colour rendering properties are must not vibrate. This is important to
required. Very good colour rendering is avoid acoustic interference.

[29, 30] In music rooms, musicians

and instruments often change position.
Luminaires with an indirect component help
avoid disturbing shadows.

[31, 32] In art rooms, students work

with a wide variety of materials. Here, it is
important to ensure clear and absolutely
glare-free vision – both across the room
and along sight-lines onto working
materials.

[33] The artificial lighting here is sup-

plemented by daylight, which helps save
energy. To avoid unnecessary acoustic
inference in music rooms, it is important to
ensure that luminaires are impervious
to vibration. 33

21
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Laboratory and workshop lighting

Knowledge – now more important than ever – is largely based on observation and practical experimentation.
Where experiments are conducted, safety is of paramount importance. Lighting needs to be tailored
to promote it.

Experiments are an integral part of sci- whether presented by the teacher or

ence lessons. Many of them – such as performed by the students themselves,
those with exploding hydrogen bubbles enliven a lesson.
or light refracting prisms – make a last-
ing impression. For effective learning in special subject
classrooms, an adequate level of light-
The modern technological world relies ing is essential to ensure that even small
[34] Good lighting has an impact on
crucially on people with a grounding in objects are clearly perceived. The 500 lux
learning capacity and boosts productivity.
In workshops, it is important to ensure that physics, chemistry and biology. A sound stipulated for standard compliance should
workpieces do not cast shadows and that knowledge of molecular and atomic be regarded as a minimum requirement.
details are clearly visible. structures is vital for many university The more demanding the visual task, the
courses and professions. So the suc- higher the illuminance needs to be.
[36] Uniform bright light underlines the
cessful transfer of scientific knowledge
impression of open space and provides
constant background lighting. This is and the willingness of students to im- To ensure safe handling of chemicals and
important to permit detailed observation of merse themselves in a subject are mat- technical equipment during lessons, hard
experiments under uniform conditions. ters of major importance. Experiments, shadows on the desk top and reflections

35

Workshop lighting
Handling wood, stone and metal [35] inevitably raises
dust and microscopic particles into the air. In joinery
shops and other premises where dusty atmospheres are
anticipated, luminaires should always be fire-safe and
explosion proof.

In workshops and science rooms, the handling of large

and small objects is facilitated by bright background
lighting. High colour rendering requirements also
need to be met. Correct colour recognition is needed
to enable results to be assessed and minor changes
identified. Preference thus needs to be given to lamps
with a high colour rendering index.

34

22
on glass and metal should be avoided. icals that differ only minimally in colour, luminaires at the front of the classroom,
One solution here is to use luminaires with slight discolorations in petri dishes and because illuminance definitely needs to be
a high indirect lighting component. The the colour coding of cables and con- lowered when monitors or projectors are
higher vertical illuminance they deliver nectors need to be clearly identifiable. used during lessons.
enables a harmonious distribution of light So all lamps need to have good colour
to be achieved, thus making for soft shad- rendering properties. Fluorescent lamps In science rooms, technical infrastructure
ows and a reduced risk of reflected glare. delivering neutral white light with a colour systems can be integrated into the light-
rendering index of 90 are the solution of ing. In combination with direct/indirect
To ensure that all experiments are con- choice. To ensure that the standard of pendant luminaires, tables can be freely
ducted in safety, it is important to build colour rendering is maintained, it is also arranged for different sized groups.
safety into the lighting. When room lighting advisable to choose high-grade protec-
is dimmed, steps and exits need to remain tive glass enclosures that will remain Lighting control systems facilitate quick
illuminated, e.g. lit by stair lights or safety colour-neutral for years. changes in lighting during lessons. The
lighting over the door. Experiments with fire light required for experiments, lectures
or inflammable materials should be con- Undesirable stroboscopic effects can be and TV or projector presentations can be
ducted only in specially designated areas. avoided by using luminaires with electronic provided at the push of a button.
In experiment rooms and in the vicinity of ballasts. Where luminaires with conven-
the teacher's desk, the use of explosion- tional ballasts are used, flicker-free opera-
protected luminaires (IP 66 degree of tion at 50 Hz cannot be guaranteed, so
protection) is recommended. where rapidly rotating objects are present,
they can appear to stand still if the speed
In all science subjects – physics, chem- of rotation is identical to the luminaire
istry and biology – correct colour recog- frequency. Another factor that needs to be
nition is of paramount importance. Chem- considered is dimmability, especially for

36

23
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Lighting management
Daylight utilisation and lighting management offer many advantages for students of all age groups. The plus
points range from support for circadian rhythms to enhancement of lessons by lighting scenes, to significant
energy savings by automatic adjustment of light output volumes.

Natural sunlight is the source of all life. windows. But daylight can be more
Without light, nothing grows or flourishes. effectively and economically harnessed if
Visual perception, thought, imagination its incidence and distribution in a room is
and creativity are all connected with light. controlled. Specially developed daylight
Colours, too, develop their natural bril- systems are a valuable tool for this. They
liance only in daylight. And light plays a ensure that daylight is distributed uni-
major role in shaping biological rhythms, formly throughout the room and provide
both in our body and in nature. Wellbeing, supplementary light for room zones that
performance and motivation are closely are not near a window.
associated with a dynamic atmosphere,
which is created by constantly changing Lighting management – the right amount
daylight. Artificial lighting cannot match the of light at the right time
innumerable positive and complex proper- Energy costs can be significantly lowered
ties of natural light. through the use of lighting management
systems with daylight sensors. Lighting
Daylight utilisation management ensures adequate bright-
Wherever possible, work premises should ness in the room by supplementing
be furnished with sufficient daylight. This daylight with artificial light as required.
recommendation is embedded in Work- Another advantage is that it permits
place Regulation ASR A3.4. A lighting dynamic lighting, which motivates and
scheme that includes natural daylight is makes for a greater sense of wellbeing.
preferable to a solution that relies ex- Bright cold-white light is known to guard
clusively on artificial lighting. This pre- against fatigue and promote concentra-
supposes sufficient daylight-admitting tion. Lighting management simulates the

1st row of luminaires 2nd row of luminaires

Sensor Sensor

daylight and artificial light

Light measurement Light measurement

daylight

37
© licht.de

[37] Example of the energy-saving effect [39] Lighting control systems present oppor-
of daylight-dependent lighting with dim- tunities for saving energy. In the photograph,
mable electronic ballasts. The amount of the luminaires near the window are deactivat-
light required is determined by sensors and ed, those in the middle of the room are dimmed
luminaires are regulated accordingly. and only those in the darker zone along the
interior wall are switched to full power. Sensors
[38] The energy requirement of artificial monitor the incident daylight available and
lighting inversely proportional to daylight: regulate the luminaires in the room to cater to
low at midday and higher in the evening the lighting requirements of the users.

24
 Lighting % Daylight progression

Artificial lighting required/

Energy required

6:47 Room use times 19:47

7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00
38 Room use times © licht.de

dynamic, energising changes that occur Presence detectors help save energy situations. Whether the room is to be used
in natural daylight over the course of the Because of free periods and breaks, for a tutorial, lecture or media presentation,
day. If not enough daylight is available, some classrooms are not in constant use appropriate lighting can be provided at the
intensity and light colour can be adjusted throughout the day. For the sake of sim- push of a button.
to compensate for the deficiency. plicity, or through negligence, the lights in
unused rooms are often left on. That is a Lighting concepts for schools increas-
Lighting management systems based on waste of energy. And there is a convenient ingly incorporate presence detection and
the DALI protocol or realised as part of a and much more energy-efficient alterna- daylight utilisation systems. Where this is
KNX building control system offer a range tive: presence detectors automatically the case, care should be taken to ensure
of advantages, especially for schools and activate lights when a room is entered and that manual intervention is possible for the
other educational establishments. For one deactivate them when it is vacated. By the control and selection of lighting scenes.
thing, they permit a wide variety of light- same principle, energy can also be saved
ing moods and stimulating room lighting in corridors. Because they are not or only
tailored to specific situations. For another, rarely used during lessons, when students
they make for easy maintenance and op- are in classrooms, the lighting here can
erational economy. A further advantage is be dimmed to a minimum.
that emergency lighting can be integrated
in the management system and lamps Lighting scenes
and luminaires can be optimally control- Lighting management systems are very
led. The failure of individual components useful in rooms that are constantly used for
is centrally registered and reported. All different purposes. In such rooms, tailored
in all, lighting management systems offer lighting scenes can be easily and conven-
maximum lighting comfort coupled with iently activated from a central control unit
maximum energy efficiency. to cater for different activities and teaching

39

25
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

40

41

26
Adult education lighting
Beamer presentations, notes on boards or flipcharts, often new arrangements of chairs, desks and objects
in the room – first and foremost, adult education lighting needs to be versatile and tuneable to the lighting
mood required.

Adult education normally takes place at Seminar room lighting

times when there is not enough daylight Seminar rooms in conference centres,
around to illuminate the room. Here, light- hotels and public buildings, which are
ing needs to address the particularly im- used for adult education as well as a
portant task of providing sufficiently bright wide range of other events, need to be
light of an appropriate quality. Where considered separately. Instruction in such
instruction takes place during the day, day- multifunctional rooms takes many different
light should be used as the main source of forms and has many different facets. The
illumination for the room and the desks or spectrum ranges from lectures and panel
training workplaces in it. It may be impor- discussions to workshops, team meetings,
tant to provide some form of shading to discussion groups and group presenta-
avoid glare. tions. The media options used to put
across information are similarly diverse. A
According to DIN EN 12464-1, the il- lecture will often be flanked by a beamer
luminance in classrooms should be at presentation – or a flipchart will be used
least 500 lux. Where projections, boards for graphic support. Even brainstorming
or other presentation media are used, requires visual aids to record and develop
care must be taken to ensure that they lines of thought.
are clearly visible from every seat in the
classroom. Separately switched board What is needed here is variable light-
lighting with an asymmetrical beam for ing catering to the requirements of every
illuminating vertical presentation surfaces scenario. This is facilitated by a combina-
is recommended here. It ensures optimal tion of different lighting systems and a
visual conditions – even for persons at the coordinated mix of general and accent
back of the room. lighting. The ideal solution is a lighting
control system – possibly in conjunction
Evening classes with room-darkening facilities – for swiftly
Adult education often extends well into the switching between programmed lighting
evening, so it is advisable to take account scenes. At the same time, there should be
of the biological impacts of light in the a possibility of adjusting the lighting manu-
design of the lighting. The right light at the ally for a given situation. To ensure that
right time supports the biological rhythms every option is easily accessible, lighting
in our body and has a positive effect on control systems with user-friendly control
the learning process. Adults attending panels are recommended.
evening classes have often had a long day
at work and need to be re-motivated. Cool
bright light at the start of a session helps to
do this. It wakes us up, stimulates our mind
and thus improves concentration and per-
formance. To avoid upsetting our internal
[40] In this seminar room, high-intensity
recessed luminaires ensure that light is clock, which switches to rest and recu-
evenly distributed over the table. peration mode in the evening, the lighting
should be designed to permit a switch
[41] Uniform brightness is achieved to warm light colours around 30 to 45
throughout the room here by lighting with a
minutes before the end of the session. This
high indirect component. This permits flex-
ible room use for a wide range of activities, ensures that course participants can later
from practical demonstrations on patients sink swiftly into the sound sleep needed to
to lectures and beamer presentations. make them fit for the next day. .

27
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Lecture hall lighting

Modern lecture halls are packed with sophisticated technology. And
lighting plays a key role in its use. Without light, the room cannot be
used to its full potential.

Lecture halls – most of which are found Presentation area and room lighting
in secondary and tertiary education – are It is particularly important in lecture halls
rooms with a fixed seating arrangement to ensure bright, even illumination of the
facing the stage and almost invariably presentation area – including persons on
no windows. They certainly need to be the stage, board and experiment table.
designed to permit complete darkness. So The entire area covered by the moving
artificial lighting is particularly important board needs to be illuminated without
and needs to perform a variety of tasks.. causing reflections or glare. Wallwashers
or asymmetric luminaires are particularly
Safety at entrances and exits suitable for this task. During the lecture
To guarantee the safe and smooth man- or event, the room lighting needs to be
agement of an event, it must be ensured bright enough to guarantee note-taking
that people can enter and exit the room in comfort.
without problems. Appropriate lighting
needs to be provided at entrances and Lighting management and lighting scenes
exits, staircases and steps. This can be Because of the wide range of possibilities
done stylishly and effectively with recessed they open up, lighting management sys-
floor and wall luminaires or LED strip. To tems are a particularly useful tool in lecture
avoid compromising safety, these lights halls and auditoriums. Positioned near the 42
must never be deactivated even during lectern, the central control panel gives
an event. Before and after the event, the the speaker push button access to lighting
background brightness in the room should scenes tailored to the needs of diverse
be raised to enable people to find their forms of presentation. The level of lighting
seats quickly and easily and make sure and distribution of light in each part of the
they have left nothing behind when the room can be finely tuned to suit the current
leave. In the darkened room, supplemen- event. For a film presentation, for example,
tary dimmable wall luminaires can be used the auditorium and stage lighting can be
to ensure a sense of security. For actual dimmed right down; for a beamer presen- 43
safety, however, emergency lighting and tation, sufficient light can be left to enable
escape route signage are essential. important notes to be taken. Presentation lighting
In the demonstration area [43] average illuminance
needs to be at least one-and-a-half times higher
than in the rest of the room. Where the level is 500
lux across the room, for example, 750 lux should be
provided for the horizontal surfaces in the demon-
stration area. In all lighting situations, it is crucial
to ensure good vertical illuminance for presentation
areas. Complex manual controls permitting a wide
range of lighting options can be simplified by means
[42] Good general lighting combined
of a lighting management system. It is helpful here
with the right presentation lighting makes
the room look inviting, cheerful and, at the to position an operating panel near the speaker to
same time, functional. permit manual settings as well as swift and direct
access to pre-programmed lighting scenes.
[44] Well-lit rooms, stairs and aisles guide
visitors safely to their seats. Exits marked
by escape sign luminaires as well as emer-
gency lighting facilitate swift evacuation in
an emergency.

28
44

29
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

45

46 47

30
Library lighting
A library requires an inviting, cheerful atmosphere. It also needs the right lighting conditions in aisles and shelf
areas, at counters and desks. Light here ensures good visibility, optimal orientation and, last but not least, a
sense of wellbeing.

Libraries have always been an important lighting and separately switched table
facility for independent study. Nowadays, luminaires for raising the lighting level on
however, they are much more high tech work surfaces.
than in the past. As places for study –
where books are sought, found and read, Computer research
where Internet research is performed and Every library today is equipped with
assignments completed at computers – computer workstations, which need to be
they are accorded a very high status. And ergonomically designed, illuminated to 500
since students spend very long periods lux and free of disturbing glare and reflec-
at a stretch in a library, it is particularly tions. To avoid unnecessary adaptation
important to ensure a friendly atmosphere for the eyes and thus early visual fatigue,
in which users feel comfortable. the surroundings should be attuned to the
lighting level.
Reading area
Good visual and working conditions in a A modern lighting control system permits
library depend crucially on the light that is coordinated control of daylight, artificial
available. Natural light, especially daylight, lighting and blinds. As well as enhancing
is found agreeable. Artificial lighting, which lighting comfort, this enables energy con-
works with direct-indirect light distribution sumption to be significantly reduced.
and ensures uniform illumination through-
out the room, facilitates focused reading Orientation and signage
and work at computer terminals. One vital Bright general lighting for main routes
requirement in a library is avoidance of helps people quickly get their bearings in
direct and reflected glare. Among other the room. Accentuated signage – espe-
things, it is needed to enable glossy im- cially on shelves and doors – guides users
ages to be studied without interference. swiftly to the shelf and book they require.
In separate reading/working areas and For the safety of library users, escape
48 consultation zones, general lighting is routes and exits need to be provided with
very effectively supplemented by mobile safety lighting, which must be clearly rec-
Shelf lighting standalone luminaires for direct-indirect ognisable from every point in the room.

The focal point [48] of any library is the shelving

system lined with books and media. Here, lighting
needs to address the important task of guiding users
through narrow aisles and facilitating orientation.
Vertical illuminance is a particularly important require-
ment here – a requirement effectively met by sepa-
rate lighting with asymmetric luminaires illuminating [45] Separate workplace luminaires en-
shelf fronts to 200 lux. It is vitally important that sure glare-free lighting for studying books
shelves should be uniformly illuminated so that the and working.
titles of books on the bottom shelf are still clearly leg-
[46] Direct-indirect luminaires create
ible. Another major requirement is that light sources
an agreeable, bright room atmosphere
should have good to very good colour rendering and prevent interference from direct or
properties (Ra 80 or higher). Old books, in particular, reflected glare.
are sensitive to long exposure to UV radiation. This
problem can be avoided by the use of modern LED [47] Double asymmetric light distribution
makes for uniform illumination of vertical
lighting.
shelf surfaces, permitting swift orientation
in an extensive shelving system.

31
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Assembly hall and exhibition lighting

School assembly halls are a multifunctional space used for a variety of events – from theatrical performances to
school assemblies, to award ceremonies. Depending on the occasion, the lighting atmosphere may need to be
dramatic, solemn or businesslike.

Because of their multifunctional nature as a sophisticated lighting concept, ideally or roof lights to increase daylight incidence.
a place for communication, celebration in combination with a variable lighting However, good room-darkening facilities are
and entertainment, assembly halls require control system. also needed. Theatrical performances and
lighting that is flexible and easily modi- film presentations are simply not possible
fied to suit the occasion. In this sense, As a place where students, teachers and without them. To enable energy costs to be
it performs a room-structuring, architec- visitors meet on special occasions, assem- lowered despite prestige lighting, carefully
tural function. By dividing the – normally bly halls have a considerable impact on planned lighting management is recom-
large – hall into lighting zones served by public perception. They are also frequently mended, possibly including a daylight-
separately switched lighting units, it can used for external events. So they are often dependent control system.
thus cast the room in the right light for a seen as a flagship for the establishment and
wide variety of events. thus designed and illuminated to make a If an assembly hall is used for exhibitions,
particularly positive impression. In the stage thought should also be given to uniform
Equally important in the versatile space of area, glare- and reflection-free lighting is vertical illuminance in the exhibition areas to
an assembly hall is the need to create an absolutely essential. It needs to ensure that draw visitor's attention to the exhibits.
atmosphere in which people feel com- speakers and actors can easily read notes
fortable and enjoy coming together. This and have a clear view of the audience. Many Safety lighting needs to be an integral part
calls for professional lighting design and assembly halls are furnished with skylights of the lighting design. What is more, aisles,

49

32
steps and exits need to be marked so that it
is possible for people to move around safely
even when the room is darkened. Both of
these requirements must be met to enable
visitors to get their bearings in the room, find
their seats and, in an emergency, vacate the
premises quickly.

[49] A large daylight component helps

save energy. At night, fluorescent lamps
ensure uniform illuminance throughout
the room.

[50] The stage is a special lighting

application. Lighting effects, coloured
light and highly focused beams are
required here.

[52] Flexibly adjustable luminaires make

for optimal wall and showcase lighting.

50

51

Exhibitions
New work from the art room [51], photos of school trips
or project weeks are normally presented in the foyer,
assembly hall or corridors. To cater for these displays, the
lighting design needs to provide sufficiently bright and
uniform vertical illuminance for the relevant wall areas.
The luminaires used should also be flexible enough to

g e s ucht !!!
permit optimal illumination for diverse objects in changing
n g e n "
"Ausstellu
exhibitions. Small exhibits should be illuminated with
narrow-beam, flexible, easy-to-adjust luminaires; for
large-format pictures, wide-angle floods are the better
Bild
option. Spots on power track or gimbal-mounted surface
or recessed spotlights are particularly good for these
lighting tasks. When selecting lamps, care should be
taken to ensure a good to very good colour rendering
index (at least Ra 80).

52

33
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Cafeteria, refectory and kitchen lighting

Refectories and cafeterias perform an important function in modern educational establishments. Often designed
as multi-purpose rooms, they are a place for rest and regeneration during breaks in the curriculum as well as a
rendezvous point and a venue for events and parties.

Refectories and cafeterias require a conjunction with energy-optimised light-

cheerful room atmosphere so that people ing technology, they guarantee efficient,
who use them can feel comfortable, relax standard compliant lighting.
and quickly recharge their batteries. This
rapid regeneration is possible only in Communication and regeneration
rooms that are flooded with light and have Cafeterias and refectories are places
a communicative climate. In many cases, where people go to rest and recuperate.
refectories are located on the outside of They do not normally stay long. Good
buildings where daylight is available and lighting helps ensure that even in very
can be supplemented with artificial light short breaks the rapid regeneration peo-
as required. ple seek is possible. Because refectories
and cafeterias are also a place for com-
The flexibility and control of artificial munication, it is very important that faces,
and natural light needed in cafeterias expressions and gestures should be eas-
and refectories is ensured by the use of ily recognisable. This can be achieved by
modern lighting management systems. In lighting that balances direct and indirect

54

The right table lighting

Good table lighting [54] casts bright light onto the table
top and bathes persons around it in subdued scattered
light. Pendant luminaires used for this purpose should be
suspended just above eye level. It is important that the
luminaire should not dazzle and should not obscure the
view of others at the table. The optimum distance be-
tween the table top and the lower edge of the luminaire
is around 60 cm. Luminaires with satinised or gloss opal
glass enclosures, tinted glass or dense fabric shades
are recommended. Where suspended luminaires would
interfere with the sense of space, ceiling luminaires with
a highly focused beam can be installed at tables as a
zonal alternative.

53

34
components to eliminate hard shadows. Good light stimulates the appetite
The yardsticks for assessment are model- To ensure that food looks appetising and
ling and semi-cylindrical illuminance. that the colours of dishes are not distorted,
the light sources selected should have
General lighting a high colour rendering index. Also, of
Surface-mounted or recessed luminaires course, lighting for food and till service
are recommended for general refec- areas needs to be glare-free.
tory/cafeteria lighting; so are spots and
luminaires deployed on power track. An All in all, refectories and cafeterias call
alternative solution is to use glare-free pen- for sophisticated lighting design and
dant luminaires over tables in combination technology. To exploit the multifunctional
with wall luminaires and direct or indirect options of the premises to the full, it is
light illuminating the ceiling and walls. To advisable to seek detailed advice from
permit changes in lighting atmosphere, it an experienced lighting designer. This
is a good idea to install two or even three will ensure that breaks during the day are
separately controlled lighting systems. The relaxing and communication in its myriad
[53] A regular arrangement of tables and
standard DIN EN 12464-1 recommends forms is maintained. chairs facilitates orientation in large rooms.
200 lux general lighting for dining rooms. Where lighting falls in line with the arrange-
ment, the effect is intensified.

[56] A diverse and agreeable atmo-

sphere is achieved by the use of indirect
luminaires with a direct lighting component
in conjunction with wall luminaires casting
accentuating light onto a coloured wall.

55

Functional kitchen lighting

Canteen kitchens [55] need to produce large amounts of
food in a short time, which calls for perfect lighting. The
often hectic operations involved in preparing ingredients
and meals require a sophisticated lighting concept. Good
light enables the quality and state of foodstuffs being
cooked to be assessed more reliably. It also helps pro-
mote work safety, cleanliness and hygiene. In kitchens,
it is advisable to use luminaires that are impervious to
steam, high temperatures and chemical attack. And in
areas where food is prepared or distributed, special shat-
ter protection for light sources is recommended. DIN EN
12464-1 stipulates 500 lux illuminance as a minimum
for kitchens.

56

35
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Circulation areas and communication zones

In foyers, stairwells and corridors, lighting performs a vital function as an orientation aid. It makes for safety,
opens access routes to other parts of the building, sets design accents and creates space for the many different
forms of communication that take place during breaks or on the way to the next lesson or lecture.

The circulation areas in an educational es- and good lighting here can help ensure a
tablishment are the spaces connecting the sense of wellbeing. The walls are used for
entrance and foyer with the different levels notice-boards and for displaying students'
and rooms. Good light facilitates quick an work and project results. Supplementary,
easy orientation but also helps make for separately switched, individually adjust-
a sense of security and wellbeing. Insuf- able asymmetric wallwashers are an ap- [58, 59] Circulation areas become com-
ficient corridor lighting can produce an propriate solution for the vertical surfaces. munication zones during breaks. Furniture
and good lighting support the feel-good
unpleasant "tunnel effect" and dark corners A power track system with adjustable
factor.
make users feel uneasy. Corridors with spots is an alternative.
bright walls and ceilings look bigger and [60] Light-coloured walls, ceiling and
permit faster orientation. Efficient wide- Depending on the structural design of the floor as well as the right light make rooms
beam luminaires that provide good, planar educational establishment, foyers may look bigger.
vertical illumination for the walls are a also be used for theatrical performances.
[61] On a staircase, safety takes top
recommended solution here. The important Variable stage spotlights are the correct priority. It is achieved with bright high-
thing to remember is: dark floor coverings, solution here for casting productions in the contrast lighting that makes treads clearly
walls and ceilings require more light and right light – in addition to the separately recognisable.
thus also more energy. regulated general lighting. An easy-to-
operate lighting control system with pre-
Staircases need to be particularly well defined lighting scenes makes for conven-
illuminated for the sake of user safety. ience and suitability for everyday use.
Glare-free lighting and sure recognition of
the edge of treads need to be absolutely Lighting control systems and presence
guaranteed. The ideal solution here is detectors help save energy
provided by recessed wall and floor lumi- Because lighting in many circulation areas
naires installed as dedicated stair light- of a school is needed only temporarily,
ing. Hard and long shadows need to be significant energy savings can be made
avoided at all cost. Where wall luminaires through the use of presence detectors – 57
are used in stairwells, care needs to be also in combination with lighting control
taken to ensure that light sources do not systems. Where daylight is available, ar-
Staff rooms
dazzle persons ascending or descending tificial lighting can be lowered by sensors
Information and communication [57]: As a central
the stairs. to the minimum required.
workroom and meeting-point, the staff room is an
important place for holding meetings, clarifying
Circulation areas and communication zones Safety lighting is required for all circulation
organisational issues and a great deal more. Staff
Foyers, corridors and stairwells are also areas. More information on the subject is
engage in a wide variety of activities here – prepar-
communication zones and places where found in the "Safety lighting" section on
ing and following up lessons, correcting homework,
students spend breaks. Attractive furniture pages 38-39.
working at PCs and exchanging information with
colleagues. The role of lighting here is to create an
agreeable sense of space and make focused work
possible. A balanced lighting mood – with indirect
lighting components on walls and ceiling as well as
direct, adjustable light for individual work surfaces
– helps make for a good working atmosphere.
Well-shielded pendant luminaires or standalone
luminaires with both direct and indirect lighting
components are a suitable option here.

36
58 59

60 61

37
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Safety lighting
If the lights go out in a windowless or darkened room as the result of a sudden power failure, panic can quickly
spread. Safety lighting provides a basic level of mains-independent lighting to help people keep their bearings
and quickly find exits.

In most of the federal states in Germany, a large number of people, it falls within
building regulations require all schools to be the scope of the Ordinance Governing
equipped with safety lighting. In the event Places of Assembly (VStättVO). This
of a power failure, safety lighting automati- requires safety lighting for any assembly
cally ensures that a basic level of light is room that accommodates 200 persons
provided – by a mains-independent power or more. If the room is darkened, safety
source such as batteries – to prevent disori- lighting is required to make exits, aisles
entation and avoid accidents. Escape sign and steps visible.
luminaires identify routes leading out of the
building, which saves lives in the event of In special-subject classrooms, safety light-
an emergency. ing is always required if the room can be
darkened. However, safety lighting may
Where is safety lighting mandatory? also be needed for compliance with rules
Safety lighting is required by law in on occupational health and safety. Safety
corridors and stairwells with little or no lighting is similarly mandatory for cafete-
incident daylight as well as in window- rias and refectories that seat more than
less rooms where people spend time. If 200 persons. And indoor sports facilities
an educational establishment in Germany require safety lighting for users to comply
has an assembly hall accommodating with DIN EN 12193.

62

38
Safety lighting requirements in schools mit the realisation of particularly energy-
In corridors and stairwells with little or no efficient lighting concepts, lowering power
incident daylight as well as in windowless consumption by as much as 70%. What is
public rooms, assembly halls, special- more, LEDs have a longer operating life
subject rooms, cafeterias, refectories and (50,000+ hours is considered standard
kitchens, the illuminance of the safety today), which means that maintenance
lighting in the event of a power failure costs are also reduced. Another advan-
needs to be at least 1 lux. In the case of tage of LED technology is that it permits
stages, the guideline value is 3 lux. significantly smaller luminaires, thus
paving the way for separately mounted
For sports facilities, the recommended emergency lights.
illuminance for safety lighting ranges up
to 10% of nominal illuminance, depending The places where safety lighting is re-
on the sport involved. Safety lighting here quired are listed in DIN EN 1838. De-
is not provided just to help people find ex- tails of uniformity, start-up delay, colour
its quickly; it also serves athletes' safety, rendering, glare limitation and illuminance
avoiding injury during matches, competi- requirements are also set out there.
tions and training sessions in the event of
an unexpected lighting failure. More information about safety light-
ing is found in licht.wissen 10.
Safety lighting with LED technology
Safety lighting systems today are almost
all based on LED technology. LEDs are a
particularly effective alternative to current
[62, 64] Corridors and staircases need to
lamps because of their high luminous be fitted with emergency signs and safety
efficacy. In conjunction with special optics lights to permit orientation in the event of a
and lighting control elements, LEDs per- mains power failure.

63

Safety lighting systems

Safety lighting systems [63] in public buildings switch on
automatically in the event of a general lighting failure due
to a mains power outage. They thus make it possible for
people to find their way safely out of the building even if
they are unfamiliar with the surroundings. Safety lights and
escape sign luminaires are the core requirements. They
point the way to escape routes and safety equipment, thus
permitting swift access e.g. to fire extinguishers. In this
way, they help reduce risks for people in buildings and
save lives. The minimum requirement set out for safety
lighting in DIN EN 1838 is 1 lux horizontal illuminance on
the central axis of an escape route up to two metres wide.

55 64

39
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

65
23 66

68

Varied room use

Various sports [68] require lighting levels tailored to spe-
cific needs. Meeting these diverse requirements places
high demands on a lighting installation. Also important is
the need to ensure high uniformity of illuminance. The key
to varied room use is an intelligent lighting management
system that adjusts the lighting level to the sport – and at
the same time saves energy. Programmed lighting scenes
are accessible at the push of a button, e.g. for a simple
sports lesson or for a competition match. In multi-purpose
halls, it needs to be possible to switch and dim lighting
separately in the different hall sections. Where daylight is
available, brightness sensors enable the artificial lighting
to be adjusted as required. And to cater for other forms of
use – such as school events – luminaires should be wired
so they can be switched and dimmed in groups from an
intuitive control panel.

67

40
Indoor and outdoor sports facility lighting
In indoor and outdoor sports facilities, effort and enthusiasm are key. Fast action, ball games, gymnastics and
wind-down exercises make variable illuminance a must. Different sports have different lighting requirements.

Meeting the diverse needs of sports hall Changing room lighting

users basically involves two things: firstly, Changing rooms require bright, uniform
ensuring the right quality of light, which is lighting. Hard shadows are unfavourable
essentially a cocktail of illuminance, ho- here. High vertical illuminance also makes
mogeneity, freedom from glare and colour items in lockers easier to find. To ensure
rendering properties. Secondly, the light that the colours of garments are not dis-
needs to be flexibly adjustable to enable torted, it is advisable to choose lamps with
the right lighting mood to be created for a good colour rendering index. For greater
sporting events and competitions where security – and also to save energy and
high speed and precise perception are prolong the life of lamps – changing rooms
needed as well as for slower sports and and sanitary facilities can usefully be fit-
relaxation exercises. ted with a presence control system that
switches lights on and off as required.
Illuminance
According to DIN EN 12193, 200 lux mini- Outdoor sports facilities
mum horizontal illuminance is sufficient As a general rule, lighting for outdoor
for most ball sports. Higher illuminance is sports facilities is provided by high-per-
needed for fast ball sports with small pro- formance floodlights mounted on columns.
jectiles, such as squash or table tennis, The lighting task is optimally addressed by
where vertical illuminance needs to be positioning the columns at the corners or
300 lux and more. For competitions and sides of the playing field. Uniform illumi-
competition training, the recommended nation of the playing field and glare-free
illuminance values are significantly higher lighting is best achieved by mounting the
at 500 to 750 lux. luminaires as high as possible. To prevent
hard cast shadows, the floods or spotlights
Lighting design and choice of luminaires need to be arranged so that every point on
The first step in the development of a light- the playing field is illuminated from at least
ing design for an indoor sports facility is two directions. At the same time, care must
to identify the sports for which the lighting be taken to avoid dazzling spectators.
needs to cater. The sport presenting the
most demanding visual task is the one that The best way to ensure correct lighting for
needs to be used as a yardstick. As for the an indoor or outdoor sports facility is to rely
choice of luminaires, the following criteria on good foresighted planning by a profes-
need to be considered: type of mounting, sional lighting designer. .
optimal glare suppression and impact resist-
[65] Floodlights allow training sessions ance. Depending on the type of ceiling, For more information and guid-
to continue after dark. Uniform brightness recessed or surface-mounted luminaires are ance on planning, see licht.wissen 08
over the entire playing field is an important an option. Pendant luminaires are a good "Sport and Leisure".
requirement. solution for halls with higher ceilings. High-
grade louvers in luminaires help improve
[66] The faster the sport and smaller the
ball, the higher the illuminance required in visual performance during sport and ensure
the hall optimal glare suppression at all angles. Eve-
ry luminaire deployed needs to be impact-
[67] Artificial lighting is optimally supple- resistant so there is no risk of breakage if it is
mented by daylight through windows and
hit by a stray ball. Planar luminaires are first
skylights. The artificial lighting is adjusted
to the required illuminance by a lighting
choice. To ensure correct colour recognition,
control system, which significantly helps good colour rendering and a neutral-white
save energy and resources. light colour are also recommended.

41
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Schoolyard and parking facility lighting

The outdoor facilities of a school serve as recreation and communication areas, a place where younger
students, in particular, can release pent-up energy. But they have other requirements as well. Safety, clear
routes and enhancement of the school's physical appearance are key challenges for the lighting designer.

The outdoor areas of schools and other shadow makes steps stand out in 3D. Long ing can be provided by surface-mounted
educational establishments are often cast shadows should be avoided because or recessed ceiling luminaires. Ideally, the
used for recreational activities, games they cause people to misjudge steps and lighting will also emphasise the architec-
and sport. For the lighting designer, the thus heighten the risk of accident. ture of the building and accentuate its
most important criterion here is safety. special features.
Hazardous areas such as vehicle en- Luminaires outdoors need to meet high
trances and exits as well as steps and requirements in terms of temperature Recommended light sources include
obstacles need to be visually emphasised tolerance and impermeability to water, energy-saving LEDs, fluorescent lamps
by lighting. This calls for sufficient bright- insects and dust. The minimum degree of and metal halide lamps. With suitable col-
ness on horizontal and vertical surfaces protection required is IP 44. When select- our temperatures, the scope for moulding
as well as glare-free uniform light. To ing luminaires, care must also be taken the school landscape can be extended by
facilitate orientation and permit facial rec- to ensure high-quality materials. The highlighting certain areas, such as groups
ognition, cast shadows should be avoided luminaires should be as vandal-proof as of trees or facades.
wherever possible. possible. Column and bollard luminaires
are particularly suitable for outdoor areas; Precise optical control can be achieved
Special attention needs to be paid to step so are wall luminaires and recessed wall through the use of luminaires with direc-
lighting. A balanced ratio of light and soft and ground lights. In covered areas, light- tional reflector systems. They deliver light

69

42
where it is needed and minimise dazzle
and light pollution. To protect nocturnal
wildlife, care should be taken to select a
colour spectrum that has little attraction
for insects.

[69, 72] School yards are communication

zones. They are also places for exercise,
where students compensate for the physi-
cal inactivity in the classroom. Bollard and
column luminaires ensure an appropriate
lighting level.

[70] Canopies literally invite recessed

or surface-mounted luminaires. Steps
need to be visually accentuated by dedi-
cated lighting.

70

71

Parking facility lighting

Safety first [71]: Car parks are circulation areas – a place
where motorists, cyclists and pedestrians come together.
The greater the volume of traffic, the higher the risk of col-
lision. Good lighting reduces the danger of accidents. Well-
lit roadways, paths and open areas facilitate orientation,
make vehicles, persons, boundaries and obstacles easier to
recognise and guard against crime. Hazardous areas such
as vehicle entrances and exits need to be emphasised by
lighting. The required (maintained) illuminance set out in
DIN EN 12464-2 depends on traffic frequency: at least 20
lux is needed for heavy traffic, 10 lux for medium and 5 lux
for light traffic. It is also important that the luminaires used
should be well shielded and that the lighting should also
cover peripheral areas.

72

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Standards and terminology

To ensure that lighting in schools and other educational establishments is standard-compliant, safe and user
friendly, a number of important basic rules need to be observed. This section helps explain the relevant
standards and technical terms of lighting technology and provides a knowledge base for good lighting design.

To guarantee lighting quality in schools 300 to 500 lux on horizontal work surfaces
and other educational establishments, a is generally enough for writing and read-
number of important criteria and standards ing. Chalkboard lighting needs to be at
need to be met. First of all, there is DIN EN least 500 lux.
12464-1:2011 "Light and lighting – Lighting
of work places – Part 1: Indoor work places", It has been reliably established that higher
which applies throughout Europe. This is illuminance boosts motivation and makes
the standard most frequently referenced for a greater sense of wellbeing. In winter
in practice. Workplace regulation ASR especially, when little daylight is available,
A3.4, published in April 2011, also needs signs of fatigue quickly develop. The phe-
to be observed. And the lighting designer nomenon can be countered, however, by
should additionally consult "Beleuchtung providing more light indoors.
2006" published by the AMEV (Mechanical
and Electrical Engineering Working Party Where the points at which classroom activi-
of National, Regional and Local Authori- ties take place vary, the entire area needs to
ties), which contains lots of advice on light- be brightened to the required illuminance.
ing design for public buildings. Educa- On page 47 of this booklet is a list of all the
tional establishments and sports facilities recommended illuminance values stipu-
fall within the scope of these recommen- lated by DIN EN 12464 1 for different types
dations. Normative regulations governing of rooms in educational establishments. The
sports facility lighting are contained in DIN values shown are for normal visual condi-
EN 12193. tions. Where visual tasks are more demand-
ing or students visually impaired, higher
Illuminance illuminance is needed.
[73, 75] Bright, uniform illumination of The illuminance on a surface under natural
horizontal surfaces is important in all rooms
light reaches 10,000 lux on a cloudy day Maintained illuminance
used for instructional purposes.
and as much as 100,000 lux in bright Illuminance gradually diminishes over the
[74] Illuminance required in task areas and sunshine. Indoors, a great deal less light years as a result of ageing (luminaires,
the areas immediately surrounding them. needs to suffice. Under artificial lighting, ballasts and light sources) and soiling

73

44
(luminaire housings and surrounding room). metres wide surrounding the actual task agreeable, inviting impression. Because
Maintained illuminance is the level below area – depends essentially on the illumi- of the high uniformity of the light – which
which the average illuminance Ēm is not nance required for the task area. also minimises reflections – indirect light-
allowed to fall, regardless of the age and ing permits free arrangements of tables
condition of the lighting installation. New Illuminance in the immediate surrounding and chairs. With a system of suspended
installations are designed for a higher illumi- area can be lower than in the task area. direct luminaires alone, the disadvantage
nance (value on installation) to take account However, it must not fall below the follow- is that the ceiling of the room remains rel-
of the decline in illuminance over time. ing values: atively dark, creating a cave-like impres-
sion. Purely in terms of energy efficiency,
To calculate the maintained illuminance, a however, direct lighting alone performs
Illuminance in the task Illuminance in the
maintenance factor is applied as follows: area Ētask in lux immediate surrounding better than indirect lighting alone. So, with
maintained illuminance = maintenance fac- area in lux this in mind, a combination of direct and
tor x value on installation ≥ 750 500 indirect systems is recommended.
500 300
300 200
Uniformity Illuminance on vertical surfaces
200 150
In a classroom, students' eyes switch Light-coloured walls and ceilings give the
150 Ētask
constantly back and forth between the classroom a cheerful air and are explic-
100 Ētask
desk (near range) and the board and 74 < 50 Ētask
itly required by DIN EN 12464-1. Vertical
teacher (far range). If the differences in board and presentation surfaces require at
brightness are marked, their eyes are Uniformity U0 in the immediate surrounding least 500 lux to ensure optimal recognition
constantly forced to adapt to the changing area needs to be ≥ 0,40. right to the back of the class. Balanced
visual conditions. This causes fatigue and luminance distribution in the visual field
impacts negatively on visual performance Background needs to be included in the calculations.
and wellbeing. However, differences in Adequate illumination is also needed for
illuminance should not be too small either. surfaces farther away – i.e. beyond the
If they are, room users quickly find the sur- immediate surrounding area – especially
roundings monotonous and dull. Accord- in rooms that are poorly supplied with
ing to DIN EN 12464-1, uniformity on walls daylight. Background is the area extend-
and ceilings should be at least 0.1. ing at least three metres out from the
immediate surrounding area. Illuminance
Immediate surroundings should not exceed a third of the value for
Different levels of illuminance in the im- the immediate surrounding area.
mediate surrounding area can give rise
to eye strain and an impaired sense of Direct-indirect lighting
wellbeing. The correct illuminance for the Luminaires for indirect light distribution
immediate surrounding area – defined in ensure uniform illumination throughout the
DIN EN 12464-1 as a band at least 0.5 room and create a space that makes an

75

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

76 77 78 79

Direct glare work with glossy materials. Where work What is more, the luminous environment
Dazzling light is a continuous source of is performed at a monitor, unfavourably is found monotonous and dull. Model-
interference that affects perception and positioned luminaires or poor glare sup- ling is the balance between diffuse and
impairs visual performance. The impact of pression can give rise to disturbing reflec- directional light. Expressed as the ratio
direct glare is particularly marked where tions, which cause visual impairment and of cylindrical to horizontal illuminance at
very bright and very dark surfaces come visual fatigue. a given point, it should be within a value
together or where a light source is in a di- range of 0.30 to 0.60.
rect line of sight. Signs of fatigue and lack Veiling reflections and reflected glare can
of concentration are the result. be avoided or reduced by the following Colour rendering and light colours
measures: Only where colours are rendered accu-
DIN EN 12464-1 stipulates that discom- ▪ Correct arrangement of workplaces rately can all study materials be prop-
fort glare should be assessed by the in relation to luminaires, windows and erly assessed and people perceived as
UGR (unified glare rating) method. All the skylights healthy and attractive. The standard of
luminaires of a lighting installation that ▪ Screening for windows and skylights colour rendering achieved with artificial
create a sensation of glare – as well as ▪ Use of correctly shielded luminaires lighting is defined by the colour render-
the brightness of walls and ceiling – are ▪ Luminaires with a large luminous area ing index Ra. An Ra value of 100 means
taken into account by the formula for that is not too bright that colours are rendered and perceived
calculating UGR values. The UGR limits ▪ Appropriate surface finishes (matt sur- exactly as they would be in natural light.
for most types of room in an educational faces) Colour rendering values depend particu-
establishment are shown in the table on ▪ Bright ceiling and bright walls larly on the spectral composition of the
the page opposite. artificial light, i.e. on the type and quality
Shadows and modelling of the light source. The table on the right
Anti-glare shielding Without light, we cannot identify objects; shows the minimum colour rendering
Shielding helps prevent glare from bright without shadows, they appear only as two index values required as standard for
light sources. This applies both to lamps dimensional figures. Creating a 3D effect different rooms, tasks and activities.
and to windows, which should be fitted calls for the right mix of directional light
with shades to reduce incoming light. and shadow – the same mix that makes it Lamps emit light of a particular light col-
The following table shows the minimum possible to gauge distances. But shadows our. In the case of some light sources,
shielding angles required for the lamp can also be disturbing. To ensure that manufacturers group lamps into three
luminance indicated: they do not interfere with writing, light for categories: warm white, neutral white
a right-handed person should fall from and cold white. Very often, light colour
Lamp luminance cd/m² Minimum shielding angle α
the left. Care should also be taken to is expressed as a correlated colour
20.000bis < 50.000 15° avoid multiple shadows, which can cause temperature in Kelvin, the unit used by
50.000bis < 500.000 20° confusing visual phenomena. They occur lighting technologists to measure the
≤500.000 30° where directional light falls on an object colour appearance of a light source.
from various angles.
For more information, see the section
In communication zones, undesirable headed "Impact of light on human be-
shadows are created if light is directed ings" on pages 16-17.
80 too intensely onto persons from above.
Direct indirect lighting helps reduce
Reflected glare disturbing shadows.
Light reflecting from books or papers can
be very disturbing and can undermine However, light should also not be too
visual conditions. It can be avoided by diffuse. Where this is the case, the
well shielded luminaires, which permit modelling effect that makes good three
unimpaired vision even where students dimensional perception possible is lost.

46
81 82 83 84

[76, 77] Reflected glare and veiling reflec- [80] Minimum shielding angle for cause major problems for someone trying
tions can be a major source of interference luminaires to study. So it needs to be avoided.
for someone working at a screen. The disturbing effects of reflected glare
[81, 82] To avoid disturbing shadows, can be prevented by using luminaires
[78, 79] A low colour rendering index light for right-handed persons should fall with direct-indirect lighting components
makes even the most beautiful bouquet on the work surface from above and from and ensuring that they are correctly
of flowers look dull and unattractive. With the left. positioned.
lamps that render colours well, everything -
including persons, books and work materi- [83, 84] Where glossy books and [85] Extract from DIN EN 12464-1
als – is perceived more naturally. papers are present, reflected glare can 2011(D) Source: Beuth Verlag, Berlin.

Type of interior, task or activity Ēm UGRL U0 Ra Remarks

lux
Educational premises – Nursery schools, play schools
Play rooms 300 22 0.4 80
Nurseries 300 22 0.4 80
Handicraft rooms 300 19 0.6 80
Educational premises – Educational buildings
Classrooms, tutorial rooms 300 19 0.6 80 Lighting should be controllable
Classrooms for evening classes and adult education 500 19 0.6 80 Lighting should be controllable
Lighting should be controllable to meet different A/V
Lecture halls 500 19 0.6 80
requirements
1. Specular reflections need to be avoided.
Blackboards, greenboards, whiteboards 500 19 0.7 80 2. Appropriate vertical illuminance required for speakers/
teachers
Demonstration table 500 19 0.7 80 In lecture halls 750 lux.
Art rooms 500 19 0.6 80
Art rooms in art schools 750 19 0.7 90 5,000 K < colour temperature < 6500 K
Technical drawing rooms 750 16 0.7 80
Practical rooms and laboratories 500 19 0.6 80
Handicraft rooms 500 19 0.6 80
Teaching workshops 500 19 0.6 80
Music practice rooms 300 19 0.6 80
Computer practice rooms (menu-driven) 300 19 0.6 80 DSE work
Language laboratories 300 19 0.6 80
Preparation rooms and workshops 500 22 0.6 80
Entrance halls 200 22 0.4 80
Circulation areas, corridors 100 25 0.4 80
Stairs 150 25 0.4 80
Student common rooms and assembly halls 200 22 0.4 80
Teachers rooms 300 19 0.6 80
Library: bookshelves 200 19 0.6 80
Library: reading areas 500 19 0.6 80
Stock rooms for teaching materials 100 25 0.4 80
Sports halls, gymnasiums, swimming pools 300 22 0.6 80 For training conditions see EN 12193
School canteens 200 22 0.4 80
Break rooms 100 22 0.4 80
Kitchens 500 22 0.6 80

Cloakrooms, washrooms, bathrooms, toilets 200 25 0.4 80 In each individual toilet, if fully fitted.
85

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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Luminaires and their applications

When it comes to selecting suitable luminaires for a school or other educational establishment, client, architect
and lighting engineer should work closely together. Criteria such as light output ratio, design, material, lighting
characteristics and possible integration in a lighting management system help ensure that the right decisions
are taken.

Luminaires used in schools and other

educational establishments need to be
efficient, effective and easy to install. They
also need to meet high normative, qual-
ity and design requirements – and should
require little maintenance.

The term luminaire refers to the elec-

tric light fitting, including the lamp (light
source) and all electronic and optical Continuous row systems (surface-mounted,
components. recessed) for fluorescent lamps are rows
of through-wired luminaires fitted with vari-
Lighting characteristics ous anti-glare devices such as reflectors,
and quality features louvers or prismatic enclosures.
The intensity distribution curve (IDC) of a
luminaire provides information about its
lighting characteristics. It shows the pat-
tern of light emitted and defines the local
distribution of illuminance.

Light output ratio is an important quantity

for assessing a luminaire's energy ef-
ficiency and lighting performance. It is an
indicator of the total luminous flux radiated
into the room. Glare limitation is another
lighting quality feature that can sway the Continuous row systems (suspended) for
decision for or against the deployment of fluorescent lamps are available with various
a particular luminaire. The luminaires need enclosures (reflector, louver or prismatic). To
to be designed so that the lamps inserted give a greater sense of space, preference
in them are effectively shielded by louvers, should be given to models with an indirect
diffusers or other anti-glare devices. lighting component for illuminating the ceiling.

As a matter of principle, all luminaires and

components must comply with current
standards and display the ENEC mark. to
permit the use of lighting control systems,
luminaires must be dimmable. Fluorescent
lamps need to be operated by appropriate
electronic ballasts.

Power track systems sprovide flexibility

for rooms where room situations change.
Luminaires and spots can be mounted on
adapters at any point on the track to deliver
light precisely where it is needed.

48
Wallwashers as surface and recessed Surface-mounted ceiling luminaires are Recessed ceiling luminaires are mounted
luminaires ensure homogeneous illumination used as an element of interior design and flush with the ceiling. Only the light makes
of walls and boards. They are thus the ideal are available as models for direct or diffuse a visual impact; the luminaire housing is
choice for vertical illumination. light distribution. largely out of sight.

Wall luminaires are often used as an ele- Recessed wall and floor luminaires fit Pendent luminaires are suspended from
ment of the general lighting in corridors and smoothly and easily into the architecture, the ceiling and thus double as an element
stairwells. They are also suitable for decora- emphasising it at appropriate points from of interior design. They are available in a
tive lighting, delivering an accentuating light simple, flush mountings. They are often wide variety of designs with diverse light
that supplements the general lighting. used as stair lighting to draw special sources and direct-indirect light distribu-
attention to hazard zones. tion characteristics.

Standalone and table luminaires are used Projector-reflector lighting systems ensure op- Emergency luminaires facilitate orientation
for non-static lighting and should be indi- timal visual conditions, especially in foyers and in the event of a power failure and en-
vidually dimmable. Optionally available with rooms with high ceilings. A high-intensity spot- able the building to be safely evacuated.
direct-indirect light distribution, they are light casts light onto what is normally a slightly Their operation must be independent of
used in administrative areas and libraries. convex specular reflector, which distributes the the mains, e.g. powered by single-use or
light in the room according to its orientation. rechargeable batteries.

Column luminaires and light pillars are High-performance column luminaires as Wall luminaires, recessed ground and
used as technical and decorative exterior floodlights are used for illuminating outdoor ceiling luminaires outdoors are used to
luminaires for illuminating roadways, paths sports facilities. High intensity column accentuate facades, vegetation or sculp-
and open areas. The lower the mounting luminaires ensure efficient, homogeneous tures. They can also be used for guidance
height, the more luminaires are required. illumination over even large areas. as path lighting.

49
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

86

87 88

50
Innovative LED and OLED technology
With its wide range of modules, lamps and luminaires, LED technology is becoming firmly established in the
world of general lighting. In education too, the LED can do a great deal to help conserve resources and drive
down lighting system operating costs.

LED lamps are already on the market How does an LED work?
as one-to-one replacements for conven- Light-emitting diodes are electronic semi-
tional light sources. Apart from classi- conductor components. When a current
cal "light bulb" models, there are also passes through a semiconductor diode,
reflector lamps available in a wide range the diode starts to glow and emits light. The
of designs and power ratings. Moreover, process is known as electroluminescence
a growing number of luminaires incorpo- and generates not only light but also heat.
rate LED modules, which – even after a Good thermal management ensures high
very long operating life of up to 50,000 efficiency and long life. Light is emitted over
hours – can be replaced by future-gener- an angle of up to 180° and can be focused
ation modules. With so much choice, it is by lenses.
particularly important to make sure that
LED products carry a manufacturer's epoxy lens
guarantee of uniform high quality. Cut- cathode
price models are not only disappointing
in terms of performance and lighting LED
quality; they also have a shorter life. chip

Advantages of LED technology:

▪ High efficiency
wire bond
▪ Long life up to 50,000 h at 70% lumi- 89
nous flux, hence lower maintenance
costs
▪ Less waste because light sources A glimpse of the future: OLED technology
need to be replaced less frequently In a few years' time, the luminaire market
▪ Disposal: unlike fluorescent lamps, could again be revolutionised by the organic
LEDs contain no mercury light-emitting diode OLED. While LEDs are
▪ Beam with no UV or infrared content point light sources, OLEDs generate an in-
▪ High lighting quality novative planar light that is found to be very
[86, 87] Luminaires with LED technology
are available in more and more aesthetic ▪ 100% light on activation – no flicker, agreeable. Other positive features include
and functional designs. Whether realised no delay warm-white light, homogeneity, absolute
as recessed luminaires or pendant lumi- ▪ LEDs are extremely robust: impact-, freedom from glare and good colour render-
naires with direct-indirect components, they vibration- and switch-resistant ing. The onward development of organic
are always shining examples of energy
▪ Good to excellent colour rendering light emitting diodes as a light source has
efficiency and longevity.
▪ Different light colours only just begun; nevertheless, it is seen as a
[88] In contrast to incandescent lamps ▪ Dimmable, depending on system very promising technology for the future.
(life approx. 1,000 hours) and fluorescent
lamps (replacement required after around Despite the higher initial outlay for
18,000 hours), LEDs have an operating life high-quality LED lighting solutions, the
in the region of 50,000 hours. That saves
expense is quickly recouped thanks to
resources and reduces maintenance
costs. a very long service life and low mainte-
nance costs.
[89] Cross-section of a light-emitting diode

[90] Organic light-emitting diodes are

made of very thin organic layers sand-
wiched between planar electrodes. When
a current is passed through them, they
emit visible radiation. 90

51
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

8 9 13
3

10
14
4

5 6 7 11 12 15

91

ceramic technology

ceramic technology

ceramic technology
Double-ended with
Single-ended with

Single-ended with
with integrated EB
elongated design
fluorescent lamp

fluorescent lamp

fluorescent lamp

compact design
1-, 2- or 3-tube
square design
2-tube lamp

4-tube lamp

3-tube lamp
Ø 26 mm

Ø 16 mm

Ø 16 mm

lamp

Lamp type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Linear Compact Metal halide
fluorescent lamps fluorescent lamps lamps
Power rating from 18 14 14 16 16 10 8 20 20 70
(in W) to 70 80 54 80 38 42 30 400 35 150
Luminous flux from 870 1,100** 1,100** 950 1,050 600 380 1,600 1,650 5,100
(lm) to 6,200 6,150** 4,450** 6,500 2,800 3,200 1,940 41,000 3,000 14,500
Luminous efficacy from 61 67 67 67 61 60 48 80 75-79 73
(lm/W) to 89 104 104 100 78 75 65 108 104
Light colour ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, cw ww, nw ww ww, nw,
dw dw dw dw dw dw
Colour rendering index Ra 85-98 85-93 80-90 80-93 80-90 80-90 80-90 80-95 85-90 75-95
(in some cases as range)
Base G13 G5 G5 2G11 2G10 G23 E14 G8,5 PGJ5 RX7s
2G7 GR8 G24 E27 G12 RX7s-24
G22
GR10q 2G7 B22d GU6,5
GX24 GU8,5
GY22

52
 16

Light sources
Fluorescent lamps [1-3] ing performance, improved switching
17 The distinguishing features of fluo- frequency and very warm light colours
rescent lamps include high luminous (2,500 K colour temperature).
efficacy, good colour rendering and
longevity. Operation by electronic bal- Metal halide lamps [8-10]
last (EB) – essential in the case of 16 Metal halide lamps have always been not-
mm diameter lamps – improves energy ed for their brilliant light and have become
efficiency and lighting quality. In addi- the light source of choice for attractive
tion, the life expectancy of these lamps lighting in corridors, foyers or assembly
18
can be extended even more by the use halls. Lamps with ceramic burner tech-
of warm start EBs. With appropriate EBs, nology achieve an even higher luminous
fluorescent lamps can also be dimmed efficacy of up to 100 lm/W, making them
and used in connection with lighting significantly more energy efficient.
control systems.
Low-voltage halogen lamps [11]
19 Compact fluorescent lamps [4-7] Low-voltage halogen lamps are distinguished
Compact fluorescent lamps have the by an absolutely brilliant light with very good
same characteristics but because of colour rendering properties. They need to be
their compact design can be integrated operated by a transformer that reduces the
in smaller luminaires. They are also voltage to 12 V. With appropriate transform-
available with built-in ballasts for con- ers, they can be dimmed to any level.
ventional screw lampholders [7]. Recent
20 developments have produced compact 230 V halogen lamps [12]
fluorescent lamps with excellent start- Because of their brilliant and agreeable
light, modern energy-saving halogen
lamps for mains operation are a popular
choice for accent lighting, especially as
Incandescent lamp

Incandescent lamp

reflector lamps. They can also be dimmed

Reflector design

Reflector design

Reflector design

Tubular design

to any level and have very good colour

Standardised

Standardised
line voltage

LED-Modul

LED-Modul

LED-Modul

LED-Modul

rendering properties (Ra 100).

low voltage

Ø 26 mm

Flexible
design

design

Rigid

LED lamps [13-16]

Directional or diffuse, LED lamps have a life
of up to 25,000 hours and are available in
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a wide variety of designs. Their distinguish-
Halogen lamps LED lamps LED modules ing features include high energy efficiency,
good colour rendering and diverse light
10 18 4,5 4,5 2 11 11 24,5 9 17 colours. They also produce a beam with
100 105 10 10 12 30 30 72 39 44 no UV or infrared radiation and, depending
350* 170 450* 180 95 630 100 765 800 1,100 on system, are dimmable. Where they are
33,000* 2,000 1,200* 450 900 2,600 2,100 3,650 3,000 3,000 used to replace fluorescent lamp systems
- 9 - - 45 58 - 31 52 55 (16), LED lamps change the pattern of light
- 18 - - 75 85 - 50 85 75 distribution. Electrical reliability needs to be
ensured by a professional.
ww ww ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw ww, nw, ww, nw ww, nw
dw dw dw dw dw, cw
LED modules [17-20]
100 100 80-90 80-90 80-90 70-85 75-80 80-89 80-95 80-90
LED modules – consisting of LEDs and lens
– now achieve a high degree of luminous
GU4 E14 E14 GU5,3 E14 G13 - - - - efficacy and, as a result, are regarded as the
GU5,3 E27 E27 GU4 E27 solution of the future for technical and deco-
G53 B22d GU10 G53 rative lighting in educational establishments.
ww = warm white colour temperature 2,700 K to 3,300 K
nw = neutral white colour temperature 3,300 K to 5,300 K
* = in candela dw = daylight white colour temperature 5,300 K to 6,500 K
** = at 25°C ambient temperature cw = cold white colour temperature more than 6,500K

53
licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Each Booklet! € 9,–

licht.de publications
licht.wissen 19
Impact of Light on Human Beings

48 pages on light's biological ef-

fects on human beings. Booklet
19 reports on the current state of
research and presents practical
examples showing how dynamic
lighting can be deployed.

[licht.wissen 01] 60 pages of infor- [licht.wissen 08] 64 pages of [licht.wissen 10] 40 pages on [licht.wissen 17] ] 60 pages of
mation about the world of artificial information on the right lighting for emergency and safety lighting. information on LEDs. Packed with
lighting. Booklet 1 describes the indoor and outdoor sports facilities Booklet 10 provides information practical examples, booklet 17 ex-
physical components of light and – looking at lighting quality features, about standards and stipulations plains what LEDs can do, how they
conveys a knowledge of the basics energy efficiency and emergency for the operation of emergency and can save energy and how LED and
of lighting technology. lighting. safety lighting systems and explains LED module technology works.
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licht.wissen in English – Free pdf downloads from www.all-about-light.org/en/publications

01 Lighting with Artificial Light (2008) 08 Sport and Leisure (2010) 15 Good Outdoor Lighting for the Home (2009)
02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment (2012) 09* Prestige Lighting (1997) 16 City Marketing with Light (2010)
03 Roads, Paths and Squares (2007) 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting (2008) 17 LED – The Light of the Future (2010)
04 Good Lighting for Offices and Office Buildings (2003) 11 Good Lighting for Hotels and Restaurants (2005) 18 Good Lighting for Museums, Galleries and Exhibitions (2006)
05 Industry and Trade (2009) 12 Lighting Quality with Electronics (2003) 19 Impact of Light on Human Beings (2010)
06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient (2011) 13 Outdoor workplaces (2007)
07 Good Lighting for Health Care Premises (2004) 14 Ideas for Good Lighting for the Home (2009)

* Currently out of print

54
All about light!
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to manufacturers. Erbring, Cologne; [06] Marc Lins, New York, Projekt:
HEIN-TROY Architekten, Bregenz (A); [25] Federal Minis-
try of Transport, Building and Urban Development , dena;
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www.facebook.com/lichtde Jens Passoth, Berlin, Projekt: Allmann Sattler Wappner
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licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

licht.wissen 02
Good Lighting for a
Better Learning Environment

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

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60528 Frankfurt am Main
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