6th Semester Mechatronics

ME-3605 POWER Electronics

 DC-DC
converter

6th Semester Mechatronics

Chapter 5: DC-DC Converters

CH 5
 3
DC-DC
converter
Introduction

 Like ac transformer
 Converts fixed voltage dc source into variable voltage dc
source

• Uses:
 For traction motor control in electric automobiles
 Trolley cars, marine hoist, forklift trucks and marine
haulers
 Provides smooth ac control, high efficiency and fast
dynamic response
 Dc voltage regulation
 Regenerative braking of dc motors

CH 5
 4
DC-DC
converter
Choppers

 Chopper is an electronic switch that is used to

interrupt one signal under the control of another

 The converter switch can be implemented by using:

• Power BJTs
• Power MOSFETs
• GTOs
• IGBTs

CH 5
 5
DC-DC
converter
Step up operation

• A step-up converter with a resistive

load
• When switch S1 is closed
• the current rises through L and
the switch.
• The equivalent circuit during mode
1

• which is valid for 0 … t … kT. At the

end of mode 1 at t = kT,

CH 5
 6
DC-DC
converter
Step up operation

When switch S1 is opened, the inductor

current flows through the RL load.
di
VS  Ri2  L 2  E
dt
V E
i2 (t )  S
R
 1  e  tR / L   I 2e  tR / L

V E
I1  i2 (t  (1  k ))  S
L
1  e  (1k ) z   I 2e  (1k ) z

VS kz e  (1k ) z VS  E
I2  
R 1  e  (1k ) z R
V kz 1 VS  E VS
I2  S  (1 k ) z
 ,  I  I  I  kT
R 1 e
2 1
R L

These equations are valid for E … Vs. If E Ú Vs and the converter switch
S1 is opened, the inductor transfers its stored energy through R to the
source and the inductor current is discontinuous.

CH 5
 Frequency Limiting Parameters

The frequency limiting parameters of the step-up and step-down

converters are as follows:
• Ripple current of the inductor, IL;
• Maximum switching frequency, fmax;
• Condition for continuous or discontinuous inductor current;
• Minimum value of inductor to maintain continuous inductor
current;
• Ripple content of the output voltage and output current, also
known as the total harmonic content THD;
• Ripple content of the input current, THD.

7
 8
DC-DC
converter
Converter Classification

Depending on the directions of current and voltage flows, dc

converters can be classified into five types:
•1st Quadrant converter
• 2nd Quadrant converter
• 1st and 2nd quadrant
• 3rd and 4th quadrant
• Four-quadrant

CH 5
 9
DC-DC
converter
Converter Classification

CH 5
 1st Quadrant Converter

• Both the voltage and the current are positive

10
 2nd Quadrant Converter

• The voltage is positive and the current is negative

11
 2nd Quadrant Converter
diL
0L  RiL  E
dt
 1  etR / L 
 tR / L E
iL (t )  I1e
R
At t  t1  kT iL (t  t1  kT )  I 2

diL
VS  RiL  L E Figure 5.11
dt
VS  E
iL ( t )  I 2 e  tR / L

R
1  e  tR / L

At t  t2  (1  k )T , iL (t  t2  (1  k )T )  I1
VS 1  e  (1k ) z E VS e  kz  e  z E
I1  z
 , I2  z

R 1 e R R 1 e R
12
 1st and 2nd Quadrant Converter
• S1 and D4
• S4 and D1

Figure 5.12

13
 3rd and 4th Quadrant Converter

• S3 and D2
• S2 and D3

Figure 5.13
14
Four Quadrant Converter

Figure 5.14

15
 Switching Mode Regulators

• Buck Regulator
Figure 5.15
• Boost Regulator
• Buck-Boost Regulator
•Cuk Regulator
16
Buck Regulator

Figure 5.16 17
Buck Regulator

18
Buck Regulator

19
Buck Regulator

20
Buck Regulator

21
Buck Regulator

22
BoostRegulator

23
BoostRegulator

24
BoostRegulator

25
 Buck Regulator
Va  kVS , I S  kI a
VS k (1  k )
I 
fL
I VS k (1  k )
VC  
8 fC 8 f 2CL
• The critical values for a
continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage are
(1  k ) R
Lc  L 
2f
Figure 5.16
1 k
Cc  C  2
8/25/2020 16 Lf 26
Boost Regulator

Figure 5.17 27
Boost Regulator

28
Boost Regulator

29
Boost Regulator

30
 Boost Regulator
VS Ia VS k
Va  , IS  , I 
1 k 1 k fL
I a Va  VS  I a k
VC  
Va fC fC

• The critical values for a

continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage are
k 1  k  R
Lc  L 
2f
k Figure 5.17
Cc  C 
2 fR
31
Buck-Boost Regulator

Figure 5.18 32
 Buck-Boost Regulator
kVS kI a VS k
Va  , IS  , I 
1 k 1 k fL
I a Va I k
VC   a
(Va  VS ) fC fC

• The critical values for a

continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage are
k 1  k  R
Lc  L 
2f
k Figure 5.18
Cc  C 
2 fR
33
Buck-Boost Regulator

34
Buck-Boost Regulator

35
Buck-Boost Regulator

Figure 5.18 36
Cuk Regulator

Figure 5.19 37
 Cuk Regulator

kVS kI a
Va  , IS 
1 k 1 k
VS k VS k
I1  , I 2 
fL1 fL2
I S VS I S 1  k 
VC1  
(VS  Va ) fC1 fC1
Va (1  k ) kVS
VC 2  2

8C2 L2 f 8C2 L2 f 2

Figure 5.19

38
 Cuk Regulator
• The critical values for a
continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage
1 k 
2
R
Lc1  L1 
2kf

Lc 2  L2 
1 k  R
2f
k
Cc1  C1 
2 fR
1 Figure 5.19
Cc 2  C2 
8 fR
39
Cuk Regulator

40
Cuk Regulator

41
Cuk Regulator

Figure 5.19 42
 Rectified Fed Converter

Figure 5.23
43
 Input Filter

Figure 5.26

Figure 5.27 Figure 5.28

44
 Summary

• A dc-dc converter can convert a fixed dc

voltage to a variable dc voltage.
• A four-quadrant converter allows power flow
to and from load.
• Switching mode converter can produce output
voltage higher and lower than the input voltage.
• The rectifier fed boost converter is commonly
used for unity power factor correction (UPFC).

45