Chapter 2
Review and Related Literature
This chapter presents the related literature and related studies
which are related to the present study gathered by the researcher
through their readings on the subject.
Related Literature
According to Patel (2008) reading is the most useful and
important skill. It is a source of joys and good reading keeps
students regular in reading which provide them pleasure and
profit. Reading makes students enjoy their learning process and
gives several advantages and finding some information is needed.
It is unlimited area that makes students know everything, such as
education, politic, social, culture, region, health and etc. all
of that information can be obtain by reading.
W.S Gray (2008) reading is a form of experience. It brings
students in contact with the minds of great authors, with the
written accounts of their experiences. Reading is necessary in
language learning. It is not only a source of information and a
pleasurable activity but also a means of consolidating and
extending one’s knowledge of the language.
The teaching of reading has undergone significant change in
the 20th century as result of experiments with new approaches to
education in general. In the beginning of the 20th century, the
personal interest and needs in reading were ignored. Experts
mused over it and during the late (1920s and 1930s) there was a
push for emphasizing individual needs in instruction. It was not
until (1960s and 1970s) when some fruitful thesis came into
light. (Goodman, 1977) and others posited a psycholinguistic view
of reading in which reading is viewed as an interactive process
between language and thought.
According to the new critism, reading is just a process of
‘recreating’ in our mind the mental condition of the authors or
the writer (Eagleton, 1996). The psychoanalysts consider reading
as the proper means to reach the psychology or, more precisely,
the unconscious of the author and to know the personality of the
author, his/her surroundings and hidden desires.
According to (Rauch and Weinstein, 1968). “Reading
improvement is possible and probable provided you work at it.
There are no short cuts, gimmicks, or panaceas that will cure all
reading problems. Frankly, reading improvement is hard work, “but
they assure that it is ‘gratifying’. In short, the more one
reads, the better they will read, and the better one reads, the
faster they will read (op. cit).n to be effective reader. Are
should make a logical link between the language of the text and
his mental perception. Therefore, the language should suit the
level and perception of the reader and, “should enable a student
to enter inner worlds which become real to the perceive.”
(Rolaff, 1973) these inner worlds’ of the reader and of the
texture and their structure play vital role in understanding the
text.
Related Studies
Reading is one of four important language skills that should
be mastered by students. It is one of the ways for getting
knowledge that cannot separated from every learning process and
it is does not only happen in educational field but also in our
daily life. For getting knowledge and information, people read
books, magazines, newspapers, advertisement and etc. nation
states that reading is a source of learning and enjoyment. It can
help students learn and new vocabulary and grammar. It also makes
them enjoy the reading. They can learn more and more by reading
(Routledge 2009).
According to Richard (2002) reading means perceiving a
written text in order to understand its content. This can be done
silently (silent reading). It is a particular way in which the
readers understand texts, passages, paragraphs even books and an
ability to understand and find out the information presented in a
form of written text. Goodman in Majdis Abdullah Ahmad (2005)
defines reading as a receptive process of written communication.
According to him reading begins with a linguistic surface
expression encoded by a writer and ends with meaning in which the
reader decoded.
On the other hand, Grebe (2009) states that reading is not
merely a receptive process of picking up information from the
page in a verbatim manner but it is a selective process which is
characterized is an active process of comprehending. Reading can
be seen as an “interactive” process between a reader and a text
which leads to automaticity. It is a dynamic process in which the
reader works actively to construct meaning form the material. In
the process, the reader interacts dynamically with the text as he
or she tries to elicit the meaning.
Therefore, students must be able to adjust their reading to
fit the type of material being presented. Effective readers are
involved in the process of reading and look for meaning actively.
In effective readers play a passive role during reading. They do
not connect the text material with their prior knowledge.
