pant II Solved Numerical 1, Diameter of a chir tree was 33 cm in 1980. In 1985 it was 37 em and in 1990 it was 40 em. What, was the age of tree in 1985? Sok: Age of trees without annual rings can be found aut by 3 periodic measurements. Let, dl, 42, d3 are the diameters at subsequent periodic measurements and pi and p, are the grow per unit diameter per year during the Ist & 2nd and 3nd & 3rd periodic measurements respectively. Then log p,—logp: Age = ef gn Pie ER Be xs Whee Syed. logd: Year Diameters 1980 33 em, ‘1985 37 om —4, 1990 40em dy % re, Gerona », O16 log 0.024~ log 0.016 _ 5g 1og37 — log33 Ags Cage) = Sonyngay 7 NERS 12 gems [fn age at lars 2 (24s 2 IT gems (Pang)20 SoWed Numerical Age_1980~——! __= 11.63 =12 Yrs - 0.024% 3.59 Therefore age at 1985 = 1245 = 17 years. A tree standing on a sloping ground makes an angle of clevation of 30° and an angle of depression of 45° from observer. The distance of observer from the base of tree is 30 meters. Calculate the height of tree? Sol: — 30 45 20m B In AOAB, using the sine principle Sin 75 ‘Sin 60 AB =30* AB =33.46mForest Mensuration - Tree Measurement 121 3. A tree is standing on a flat ground. If an observer standing at a distance of 30 m from the busv of the tree, measures with the help of an abney’s devel, angles of 30° and 5” respectively tw the top and base of the tree. Calculate the total height of the tree. Sol: Height of ree = AB+AC = CD tan 30°+ CD tan 30° 7, AO=CD CD (tan 30°+ tan 5°) = 30 (0.577~ 0.087) = 30 (0.6648) = 19.944 m Thus height of tree is 19.94 m (Say 20 m) 4. Diameter of a tree of height 11 m is measured at different height. The measurements are as follows: I. Diameter at BH = 3lom II. Diameter at4.24m = = 23 cm MII. Diameter at 724m = 14 om IV. Diameter at8.74m = 9 cm Calculate the volume of the tree. Sol: Using Standard sectional method.122 We have four sections; the volume of first three sections is caleulated by Huber’s formula Fe Where B = Basal area taking diameter at mid point of the section, H = Length of the section. , Volume = BH The volume of top section is calculated assuming it as cone. The cone volume can be found out by formula V=ISBXH; Where 8.74 5.74 2.74 Soved Numaricat B is the basal area taking diameter at the base of the cone and H = Height of cone section | >| S- | Diameter Diameter sal area| Length af | Volume t No] Measured at | in cm Section (my ht (m) (m) i in (2) | 4.24 23 3.00 9.125 (BYH) (3) | 7.24 14 {0.0154 3.00 0.0462 (B*H) (4) | 8.74 cone) [9 0.0064 226 0.0048 (1/3815) 0.383 As such total volume of tree is 0.383 Cum. 5. The girth of a log at the middle is 120 em and length is 210 cm, Find its volume using Quarter Girth Formula. Sol: Girth of log at the middle Length of the log 0 120 cm = 1.2m 210 cm =2.1m eForest Mensuration - Tree Measurement Volume of log according to Quarter Girth Formula Volumne of log is 0.189 Gam, [Grp tL (12/47 * 2.1 0.09 * 21 0.189 m? 6. The volume of large stack of Khair billets is 10 be measured applying Quarter Girth Formula. The data of billets is as follows. Find out the nal places in cum. volume nearest to 2 dec S.No. | Mid Girth (em) No. of Billets | Length of Billets (m) [i 24 250 121 2 35, 102 135 3 32 3 1.00 4 oT 5 1.00 5 x 2 LI2 6 90 18 Lis Sol: S.No. | Mid Girth| Length of | No. of IG4P*L* “Volume (G)inm | Billet (L} | Billet | No. of Billets amp (m) [02a 121 250 | 10.2474 «1.21250 | 1089 zs, 035 135 tor | to.3sae*i3s*102 | 1054 3. 032 1.00 33 | [0.32/44 F*1.00* 53 T 0.339 «| 067 1.00 2s_| [0.674F * 1.001 *25 | 0701 on oa 112 12 | foszayeeia2*12 | 0564 6. 90 1s 18 [| 904P* ists | 104s TOTAL 4.795 m* The volume ofa stack of Khair Billets = 4.795 m*124 Scivact Numerical 7. DBH OB is 108 cm, bark thickness is 6 cm what is the DBH UB? Sok DEILOB = 108 em Bark Thickness = 6 em ( DBHUB = DBHOB- ‘Twice Bark Thickness = 108 ~ 2¢6) = 96 om DBH UB = 96 om 8. A felled log has following measurement DBH OB = 130 cm, DBH UB = 124 cm, Length= 4.8 m Find out the bark thickness, total volume of bark and bark percentage to its total volume. Sol: Bark Thickness = (DBHOB-DBH UBy2 = (130 ~ 124y2 = 3cm a4 * (DBH OB * Height 4+ (3p eae 6.37 m? Log Volume of UB = wé *(DBH OBF * Height 3.14/4 * (1.247 * 4.8 $.79 m? Log Volume OB Volume of the Bark = Volume OB - Volume UB = 637-579 mi = 058m _ Bark volume Log volume op *!00 Bark Percentage - = 0,38/6.37 x 100 = 911% ‘Thus answers are: 1. Bark thickness: 3 cm 2, Bark volume: 0.38 Cum 3. Bark percentage: 9.11%Forest Mensuration - Trea Measurement 125 ° 9, A breast height form factor of wee is 0,64, DBI of same tree ii and height of the tree is 24 m. Calculate the volume of the tree? Sol: Breast form factor is given as ¥ S*h Where F is the form factor V is the tree volume in cubic units S is the basal area of breast height in area units and h is the height of the tree in linear units VaF*S*h S=al4* O54 =0.229 V = 0.64 * 0.229 * 24 =3.516 cum 10, Find’the Form factor of the tree based on following data DBH = 49 cm, Height of the tree = 29 m, Volume of tree = 3.26 m! ‘Sol: . Vv Breast Form factor is given as F =—>~ fa Sh Thus, Form factor of tree is 0.597 11. Derive an expression for the height of a tree standing erect on a sloping ground, if an observer (O) standing at a known distance (IL) measured along the slope of ground, observes that the tip and base of the tree is an angle (a) and (B) respectively with the horizontal using sine method, Sol: According to the sine law, im the triangle OBC126 (2. Solved Numarioa! SimZBOC _ Sin7CBO BC co Now in the instanee case, co =L 2BOU =(a+ B) LCBO = (90 ~ a) Height of tree BC is given by ac — Lt Sinfa + py Sin(90— a) Poight 2" Sinla + 6) Cosa Sol; From triangle ABC, ‘Tan 45 = AB/BC ie AB=Be A 30° 45° — ° CO RavinesForest Mensuration - Trae Measurement 127 As per Sine Rul SimZBAO _ SinZAOB OB AB ‘The height of tree AB is piven by ap ={BCHS)* Sin) ‘Sin(60) * ap — AB AIS)" 0.5 0.866 AB = 7.5/0.366 = 20.49 13. A tree with total height 21.37 meter was felled and cut at breast height and in five logs of 4 meters each. The number of rings on the stump and at other cutting sections was found to be 92, 65, 52, 37 and 20 respectively, Find when the tree was growing more rapidly in height and what was the rate of growth in meter per year during. the period of maximum growth? Sol; Let us put the information given in tabular form as given below. Height Rings Years Age PALin Height growth miyear ~ 4/Age 1.37 92 o o 537 65 aT 2 = 0.148 9.37 52 B 40 =031 13.37 a7 15 55 027 17.37 20 7. 72 =024 237 0 20 92 = 0.20 From the table it is seen that PAI is maximum when tree grows from t 5.37 to 9.37, with mean periodic increment of 0.31 meters per year, 14, Find the height of the tree if the lines of sight of the base of the tee and top of the staff of 4 m height, makes an intercept of 5.5 cm an Christen Hypsometer. The distance between the inner edues of hypsometer is 33 em.128 Solved Nurericet So In the diagram A ab is hypsometer = 33 em AB is height of the tree DB is staff = 4m bd is interception of rep of staff on hypsometer = 5.5 cm From triangles Oab and OAR ABI BD =ab fbd ABM BD *ab/bd=4*33/5.5~ 94 m ‘Thus height of tree is 24 am. 18. The total height of the tree ‘is 25,5 m, B Diameter of said wee at base is 90 cm, what are the probable maximum and minimum values of volume in cum Sol Volume of tree will be maximum if it is like a Cylinder and Minimum when it is like a Cone, Vena = RA * Ph and Vea, = (ity * a2 *h Here d = 90 cm, h = 23.5 m Hence Vin. ~ 4 * 0,97 23.5 = 14.95 cum Vain = (w/4¥9 * 0,97 * 23.5 = 4.083 cum 16. Following are the extracts from the yield table (Vol 1) for Cedrus Geodara for site quality 1, From this data calculate the CAT and MAI and also draw the CAI and MAT curve, [Age 10 20 | 30 aa | so 60 70 Yiet [a 14a [ 1080 {3030 | sosa {7300 [sao Age | ao {io | ito Pf agg Ba 140 Mend | 11230 | 13040 | Ta760 | 1ea20 | r7e60 19930 | 29129Forest Mensuration - Sok: CAL (,) = MAIt ‘Yield (1. i Tree Measurement Age Yiele car Mar [| _10 a 20 140 4 7.000) 30 1060 2 35.333 40: 3080 197 75.750 30 3050 202 101.000 a 7300 228 121.667 » 9340 204 153.420 80 11230 189 140.375 90 13040 181 144.889 100 14760 172 147.600 10 16320 156, 148.364 120 i 17660 134 147.167, 130 18930 17 145.615 140 20120 119 143,714 129130 Solved Numerical 17. During stump analysis exercise, a tree sapling was cut at ground level and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80 and 150 cm from ground level and the rings counted are 32, 30, 29, 27, 24, 22, 20 and 19 respectively. Find the age of the sapling at different heights, Sol: By arranging the given information in tabular farm we get the age of sapling at different height. Height Rings Age 0 2 0 10 30 2 20 a 3 30 2 s 40 24 8 50 2 10 a 20 2 150 19 3 Age Height Curve Aga in Years ° 50. 100 150 200 Height in.cm 18. Specific gravity of teak wood is 0.55. The weight of a teak log is L100 kg. Find the volume of the log Sol Specific gravity = weight in grams / volume in ce Volume in ce weight in grams / specific gravityForest Menturation - Tree Measurement BL Volume in cum 11001000 / 0.55 = 2000000 cubic cm 2 cubic meter 19, The top and bottom of a tree as measured with Haga altimeter are 125 and 10 percent on a level ground at a distance of 20 m. find the height of the tree. Sol: Slope % = Vertical distance (height) / Horizontal distance (Base) * 100 Slope to top and bottom of a tree are 125 and 10 respectively from the cye level of the observer on the level ground. Height = Sum of Slopes * Base / 100 = 135 * 20 /100 = 27 m 20. A tree of height H is divided into 5 logs of equal length. The diameters at various heights are then measured as follows: ca BH Ho | 3810 | suo] m0 | 91/10 Diameter incm | 60 6 50 © 30 20 Diameter at one half of its height above breast height is 35 em. Find a) Breast height form factor b) Normal form factor at H/10 ¢) Normal form quotient d) Absolute form quotient. ‘Treat each log as frustum of paraboloi Sol: BH Ha0 sHvi0 saao | Teo | 9110 inem | 60 65 30 40 30 20 Basal arca | 0.282857 | 0.331964 | 0.196429] 0.125714 | 0.070714 | 0.031429 AAs per Hubers” formula, total volume of tree is equal ta volume of all sections mid point of which is at 0.1 H, 0.3 H, 0.5 H, 0.7 H and 0.9 H. Length of each section is 0.2 H.130 Solved Numerical 17. During stump analysis exercise, a tree sapling was cut at ground level and at 10, 20, 30, 40, $0, 80 and 150 cm from ground level and the rings counted are 32, 30, 29, 27, 24, 22, 20 and 19 respectively, Find the age of the sapling at different heights. Sol. By arranging the given information in tabular form we get the age of sapling at different height. Height Rings Age 0 2 ° i 30 2 m0 2 3 0 2 5 0 a a 0 2 10 a0 2 2 150 9 B Age Height Curve 3 2 2 100 Height in Cm 18. Specific gravity of teak wood is 0.55. The weight of a teak log is 1100 kg. Find the volume of the log Sol: Specific gravity — weight in grams / volume in ce Volume ince = weight in grams / specific gravityFosest Mensuratton - Tree Meosuremant 131 Volume in cum 1100*1000 / 0.55 = 2000000 cubic cm = 2 cubic meter 19. The top and bottom of a tree as measured with Haga altimeter ate 125 and 10 percent on a level ground at a distance of 20 m, find the height of the tree. Sol: Slope % = Vertical distance (height) / Horizontal distance (Base) * 100 Slope to top and botiom of a tree are 125 and 10 respectively from the eye level of the observer on the level ground. Height = Sum of Slopes * Base # 100 = 135 * 20/100 = 27 m 20. A tree of height H is divided into $ logs of equal length, The diameters at various heights are then measured as follows: Ht BH Hn anfio | sto | THe | 9110 Diameter in cm oo 65 0 0 30 20 Diameter at one half of its hei it above breast height is 35 cm. Find. a) Breast height form factor b) Normal form factor at H/10 ¢} Normal form quotient d) Absolute farm quotient. ‘Treat each log as frustum of paraboloid. Sol Hr BH HAO sero SHG otv10 Diainem | 60 65 30 40 20 Basalarea | 0.282857 | 0.331964 | 0.196429] 0.125714] 0,070714| 0.031429 As per Hubers® formula, total volume of tree is equal to wolume of all sections mid point of which is at 0.1 H, 0.3 H, 0.5 H, 0.7 H and 0.9 H Length of each section is 0.2 H.132 SoWed Numerical Total Volume = 0.2 * H * (0.331964 + 0.196429 + 0.125714 + 0.070714 + 0.031429) = 0.2*H * 0.75625 = 0.15125H a) Breast height or artificial form factor is piven as v = S*h Where T is the form factor V is the tree volume in cubic units his the height of the tree in linear units and. O.1S125 0.282857 * H = 0.535 b) Normal form factor at H/10 is equal to the ratio of the volume of a tree to the volume of a cylinder having the same length and cross section at Hy10. _ 0.15125 © 0.331964" = 0.456 ©) Normal form quotient: It is defined as the ratio of mid diameter or mid gitth of a tree to its diameter or girth at breast height. 40 NFQ ==, = 0.667 d) Absolute form quotient; It is defined as the ratio of mid diameter or girth of a tree at one half its heights above breast height to the diameter or girth at breast height. 35 APQ == = 0,583 21. A tree of elliptical c/s when measured at BH by a calipers gives two measurements as 71 cm & 65,.em. Girth of the same tree at BH by tape is 1.82 m calculate the basal area byForest Mensuration - Tree ivleasurement Sok: 22. True area of ellipse = 7 ab, where Error (girth) = Error (avg dia) Taking average of radii o: a. Considering actual arca of ellipse b. By using girth, assuming tree as circular c. By taking average of two diameters d. Diseuss the correct method & % error in other method a. d)= 71 cm, d)> 65 em, g = 1.82m emi major axis and b: semi minor axis = 3.14 + (0.712) * (0.65/2) = 0.3625 m? b. Girth g = Inn = 1.82 1 = 1.82/20 = 0,289 Area = nr = nx(0.289 }* = 0.2635 m* _ Average of two dia = d,,= djf2 4 dy /2 = 0.65/2 + 0.7 1/2 = 0.68 Area = 1/4 * dy, — W4 x (0.68)? = 0.3629 m? d. Area calculated assuming tree section as ellipse is the true area. ‘True area = arca by ellipse = 0.3625 m? 0.3625 ~ 0.2635 100 = 27,3 % (Positive error) 0.3625, 2, A x 100 = -0.193 % (Negative error) Find the cross sectional area of the log whose 2 different radii are measured to be 18 cm & 20 cm respectively, by taking various means. Sol: r= 18, = 20 fo. ESLEiy Areas a] 134m? Taking average of individual cross sections. #0187 +7 *0.20° 0.1137m 2 Area =134 sowed Numerical 3. Taking Geometric mean of radii Area = x *(/0.18" 0.20)? = 0.1131 23. In stem analysis diameters of 30" ring (as computed on BH section) at seetion was found as follows. He ofsection(m) | 137 | 424 | 724 | 1024 13.24 | 14.74 Dia (em) 205 | 252 | 21.0 16.0 10.4 66 ‘The height diameter curve of the 30" ring cuts the height axis at 18.24 m, The average seedling takes 10 yrs to reach 1.37 m. Find the MAI at 40 yrs. Sol: As diameter curve cuts the height axis at 18.24 m, the height of tree = 18.24 m Volume of each section of tree using Hubers” formula is calculated as shown below. Ve Snel, Spat ? Sa! mid cis area, L Jength of section Viar = nib * 0.295? x 2.74 = 0.1873. m> Vaz = m/4 * 0.252? x 3 0.1496 o Length of First Vaos = m4 * 0.21" x3 0.1039 m* Vioas ~ 14 * 0.167 3 0.0603 m? Length of alt 2 : Section = 3m Vises = nid * 0.1047 x 3.0 0.0255 m’ Vier = W3(0id * 0.066? x 3.5) 0.0040 m? | Length of Last (Presuming Cone) | Section=3.5m Total volume = 0.5306 m* Total age = 30 +10 = 40 yrs 0.5306 F 0.5306 _ 9913965 m° ap 0.013265 mi! 24, For a particular tree species volume equation developed and is governed by fallowing volume equation. im B 0055 * dbh?(0.9h— 0.6557 +015 3 VeForest Mensuration - Tree Measurement 135 One tree of this species has total height of 25 m and has DBH as 64. cM. Find the volume of a log of this tree which will start at the height of 10 m from ground and will end at 13 m from ground. Sol: dbh = 0.64 m,h, = 10m, h, =13m,H = 25m. (13*-1 a le . 13° - 10") = 0,055 oss 9(13-10) oof FS ‘eons 2 ) = 0.002688 m’ The volume of Log = 0.002688 m* 25, Trev has been felled at Brest height and its DUB at BH was found to be 46 cm. From the record it is known that tree takes about 20 years to teach at BH. Total number of rings found on stump was 92. From this information find the Mean Annual Diameter increment of the said tree at BH, Sol: Total number of rings at BH = 92 Therefore Diameter at BH before 92 years 0 Diameter at BH now = 46 om Mean Annual Increment in Diameter = 46/92 =0.5 eméyear 26..A stump is found (o pul 10 annual rings of growth along 5 cm of radius during a certain period of the life of trees. What is the total girth increment during that 10 years period? Sol: Girth Increment = final girth initial girth = 2x * final radius -2r * initial radius 2x * (final radius — initial radius) = 2n * difference in radius = 2x*Som 31.4 cm ‘Thus girth increment in 10 year time is 31.4 cm136 Solved Numerical 27. A bore taken from increment borer in the year 2007 on deodar tree have 17 rings im first 7 cm and 37 rings in first 15 em from inside af bark. ‘What is the Periodie annual diameter increment of said tree between the year 1970 und year 19907 Sol: If bore taken in the year 2007, year 1990 will be represented by 17th ting and year 1970 will be represented by 37th ring. Total radial distance between | 7th and 37th ring is = 15-07 = 08 cm Thus total radial increment is 08 em Thus total diameter increment = 16 cm Total periodic annual increment = 16/20 = 0.8 oméyear AS. From the following tree information, suagest the approximate form/shape of tree: Se No. DBH in em Htin Mt Volume in m? L 45 22 0.944 2 26 29 0.539 3 35 26 1,225 4 19 23 0.378 3 26 29 1416 Sol: sr | DBHin Volume in s ¥_ ] Suggested No.| em Mt ra fm Sah Shape 1 45 22 0.944 0.158963 0.27 Neiloid 2 26 2» 0.539 0.953066 3s Conenid 3 a5 6 1.225 0.096163 0.49 Quadratic paraboloid 4 19 23 0.378 0.028339 058 Cubic paraboloid s 26 29 Lats 0.053066 92 CylinderForest Mensuration - Tree Measurement 137 49, The crown of pinus tree has following tree parameters. Total Height: 25 m; DBH; 36 cm; Crown Width: 16m From these information find: Crown Length; Crown Ratio, Crown face Area, Crown Volume & Crown Closure 5 m; Crown Height: 1. Crown Length: L= Total height — Crown height = 25-16 = 9 m _ 2. Crown Ratio = Crown width (m¥DBH (cm)~ 4.5/36 = 0.125 a*D ( By 3. Crown Surface Area: z ye aes 3.14045 [ (45) ieee 52 4(45) = 65.58 Sqm DL Crown Volume Cv = 77 = 3.14 * 4.5*4.5*O/19= 47.71 mi? 2 dD Crown Closure: Ce = a> 3.14%4.574.5/4= 15.89 sq. m. ollowing are the data obtained after completion of stem analysis on a of total height 15m. All the data received are tabulated as shown Rings en | Age on] Dia at | Dia at | Dia at | Dia at] Dis at Section | Section| Age 22| Age 17| Age 12| Age 7 | Age 2 22 0 38 2s] 16 3 ihe —L} 7 $ 27 iy [wo [2 12 10 1B 12 3 8 4 2 4 2 20 8 0 2 o wa138 Solved Numerical From these information % Draw the sketch of entire longitudinal section of tree on graph Paper. For this purpose Scale of height and diameter can be assume different for clarity. > Draw the height age curve > Calculate volume of tree at the age of 22, 17, 12, 07 and 2 year old. ‘Use Smalians formula. > Draw volume curve. > Find periodic volume increment from age 2 to 7, 7 to 12, 12 to 17, and 17 to 22 year ® Find Mean annual increment in the same period. Longitudinal section of the tree for half portion is as shown below. Longitudinal Cross saction of tree epi [Fe woe | sion 2 © | 4 30 Height age curve: From given information, age of tree at various height is as given below. Ht of Section i) 3 6 9 12 1s Age on Section | 0 5 10 14 2 2Forest Mensuration - Tree Measurement 139 Corresponding Height Age curve is as given below. Height Age curve 16 zo rae Volume of tree at the age of 22, 17, 12, 07 and 2 year old. Volume at Age 22: 4 Heer | Dinat | Baswl Area | Length of | Volume Note Section | Age 22 Section oO 3B 0.113354 3 a7 | oosrx6s [3 02558708 6 18 0.025434 3 0.1239908 9 t 12 0.011304 3 0.055107 12 & 0.005024 3 0.024492, 15 o 0 2 0.005024 Cone Volume | al [ossasses Total Volume = 0.464485 Cum Volume at Age 17: Htof Diaat | Basal Area Length of Volume Note Section Age 17 Section - . 0 25 | _0.0490625 3 17__| 0.022686 3 0.1076235 6 12 0.011304 3 0.0509858 9 4 0.001256 3 ooieed 10.5 oO o LC 1S 0.000628 | Cone Volume 0.1780773140 Solved! Numerical From Longitudinal section, it is observed that diameter is zero at ht 10.5 m. Volume at Age 12: Htof Diaat | Basal Area | Lengthof | Volume Note Section | Age 12 Section 0 16 9.020096 _| 3 10 0.00785 3 0.041919 6 5 0.0019625 4. 0.014 7188 84 o 0 24 0.00187 _| Cone Volume 0.058208 Total Volume = 0.058208 Cum From Longitudinal section, it is observed that diameter is zero at ht 8.4 m. Volume at Age 07: Htof | Diaat | Basal Area | Lengthof | Volume Note Section | Age 12 Section ° 8 0.005024 3 2 0.0003 14 3 | 0.008007 4 0 0 1 0.0001047 | Cone Volume 0.0081117 ‘Total Volume = 6.0081117 Cum From Longitudinal section, it is observed that diameter is zero at ht 10.5 m. Volume at Age 02: *0.027 Volume == . l= 1.0003. crmForest Mensurotion - Tree Measurement Volume curve: ‘Age (Years) Volume in Cum 22 0.464485 7 0.178077 12 0.058208 7 0.008117 z 0.000314 Corresponding Age-volume relationship is as given below. 141 ng ul aUnjon, Age volume relationship [Volume n Cum Periodic volume increment from age 2 to 7, 7 to 12, 12 to 17 and 17 to 22 year and MAL is as given below. [ae Woteme Period] Pecoaie Vorume] Mar (Years) Cum Increment 22 0.464485 0.021113 17 0.178077 17-22, 0.286408 0.010475 12, 0.058208 12-17 0.119869 0,004851 0.008117 07-12 0.050091 0.00116 0.000314 02-07 0.007803 0.000157