AASCIT Communications

Volume 5, Issue 3
ISSN: 2375-3803

Mitigation and Analysis of Very Fast Transient over

Voltages (VFTOs) in 765/245kV Gas Insulated
Substation (GIS) by Wavelet Transforms

Krishaniah Prakasam Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sreekavitha Engineering

College, Khammam, India

Munagala Surya Kalavathi Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad, India

Dantla Prabhavathi Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University, Khammam, India

Received: February 3, 2018; Accepted: August 2, 2018; Published: January 27, 2019

Keywords
Disconnector, Transients, Surges, Vftos, Tev, Wavelet

T he very fast transient over voltages (VFTO) can cause the stress on insulation and may leads to damage of the insulation.
If the maximum peak value of VFTOs is more than the rated lighting impulse withstand voltage then it is necessary to
consider the VFTO and mitigation has to be done by employing suitable damping devices. In this paper a power transformer
rating of 400MVA has been considered in 765/245kV, gas insulated substation. The parameters of the proposed system have
been evaluated using very fast transient nature (VFT) for more accurate evaluation. In this work, the effect of earthing switch
and Influence of grid grounding on VFTOs and TEV wereinvestigated. The wavelet transform have employed for the
estimation of VFTOs and TEV since the wavelet transform is most powerfull tool fortransient analysis.

Introduction

The power system is large and interconnected one in which the transformer plays an important role and thereby it is very
essential to protect it against the internal and external faults as well as from the over voltages due to any reason particularly
when it is used in gas insulated substation since there is always possibility continuously the likelihood of reason for fast
transient over voltages. Gas insulation substations (GIS) have been utilized as a part force frameworks in the course of the
most recent three decades on account of their high unwavering quality, simple support, and small ground space necessity and
so on. In India likewise, a couple GIS units are under different phases of establishment.
Many authors have discussed about generation, computation, mitigation suppression [2, 12], measurementand analysis of
very fast transient over voltages in different ways and many of the researchers presented their articles about mitigation and
analysis of very fast transient over voltages (VFTOs) [5] in gas Insulated substations (GIS) however most of them considered
low voltage low rating transformer and comparison given between the existing and proposed damping methods. This paper
presents a robust wavelet technique based analysis of peak magnitude of very fast transient over voltages (VFTOs) at
transformer, open end and at the disconnecting switch (DS) along with the terminal components effects on peak values of
VFTOs. An exact peak value of VFTOs must be measure for proper insulation design and to protect the transformer or other
38 2018; 5(6): 37-47

important electrical equipments in GIS and this can be achieved by the proposed technique. The wavelet transform gives the
accurate measurement [6] since the out comes of wavelet transform is based on the time and frequency analysis, unlike
individual time domain and frequency domain. The proposed 765kV/400kV, 500MVA GIS system has been designed on the
basis of very fast transient (VFT) as very fast transients are travelling wave nature. The components of the proposed system are
designed taking surge impedance, propagation velocity, formative time length and into account.

Mitigation Method of VFTOs and TEV

During switching operations or earth faults in a GIS, very fast transients occur and stress the equipment, adjacent equipment,
air insulated switchgear (AIS) and secondary equipment. The VFTO’s at their origin in a GIS are characterized by a steep front
having [16-17] nanoseconds rise time followed by a mono-frequent oscillation of some MHz [13]. Transient Enclosure Voltage
(TEV), also known as Transient Ground Potential Rise (TGPR) is special case of VFTO. This phenomenon refer to short rise
time, short duration high voltage transients which appears on external of earthed enclosure of the GIS through the coupling of
initial transients to the enclosure at enclosure discontinuities [14].

Power Transformer

The power transform can be designed either by multi conductor model or by detailed model in general. However in gas
insulated substation the very fast transit over voltages generated due to switching operations is of high frequency in the range of
MHz and non stationary with very short rise time. The windings transformer at very high frequency behaves like capacitive
network [8, 10] there by it should be treated as coactive nature, the series capacitance and shunt capacitance should be considered
to evaluate an exact value of VFTOs. In the proposed system the parameters of transformer are calculated on the basis of VFT.
Since the transformer coil at high frequencies behaves as capacitive network the modeling of transformer has been designed based
on very fast transients (VFT) [7, 8, 9] i.e. The parameters of transformer are estimated for accurate simulation results and are
given byR1 = 22.8Ω, R2=22.8Ω, R3=300 Ω and inductance of the coils L1= 5µH, L2 = 47.5µH, L3 = 9.42µH and the capacitanceC1
= 0.84pF, C2 = 1.74pf, C3 = 35.4pF, C4 = 120pF the surge impedance, velocity of propagation, formative time and length are
considered as well as the series capacitance between the turn and coil and the shunt capacitance between the turn [6], coil and
grounded core and transformer tank are considered for accurate results of the peak magnitude of very fast transient over voltages
(VFTOs). The parameters of power transformer is estimated as per the very fast transient nature for accurate measurement of
VFTOs [5, 8 1]. Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit of power transformer in the proposed system.

Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of power transformer.

The surge impedance, propagation velocity and formative time can be evaluated from the equations (1), (2) and (3).

(1)

(2)
√

(3)
√
ISSN: 2375-3803 39

Disconnector

A disconnector is represented by a PI section comprises of two travelling wave models, two capacitors to ground and a
capacitor across the breaking contacts as shown in figure 2 with the parameters as follows Z1=35Ω, L1= 640mm, L2=450mm,
C1=25pFand C2=2.5pF. The spark used in disconnector re-strike cases is modeled as an exponentially decaying resistance (R0e-
t/T) in series with a small resistance, r of 0.5Ω to take care of the residual spark resistance. Disconnector is modeled in
different in manner for open and close positions. In the closed position, it has been modeled as a distributed transmission line.
Open position of the disconnector has been modeled by a series capacitor demonstrating capacitance between contacts of the
disconnector and is shown in figure below. The sparking between disconnector contacts during its opening or closing operation
has been modeled by a non-linear resistance in series with a fixed resistance. Value of fixed resistance has been selected on
the basis of the practical consideration as discussed.

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of disconnector.

ln ln ln " #! $1 (4)
!

'() (* ∗
& / 2 (5)
. ∗-. ! 1
0

3 3 ∗4 5/7
38 (6)

Where, R0 = 1012 Ω, Fixed Resistance =0.5Ω. T (spark time constant) = 1 ns, Open end section of GIS - The open ended
section of GIS has been presented in the following figure where a lumped shunt capacitance has been considered. Assuming
the same as a coaxial hemisphere, its capacitance has been estimated using following equation.
! ∗<1
2:; ;< ∗ (7)
! <1

Where, R= internal radius of enclosure, r=external radius of enclosure

Results

In this paper the proposed system has been with an earthing witch and the simulation work has been carried for TEV at
different operating speed of disconnecting switch (DS) (80ms, 125ms and 150ms). The simulation results of the proposed
technique has been shown in the following section from figure 3 to 8.
40 2018; 5(6): 37-47

TEV due to earthing switch

2
Peak
1.5

Mag of Voltage in p.u 0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 3. Magnitude of TEV at a speed of 80ms.

Figure 4. Magnitude of TEV at a speed of 80ms (Db4).

TEV Due to earthing switch

2
Peak
1.5

1
Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 5. Magnitude of TEV at a speed of 120ms.
ISSN: 2375-3803 41

Figure 6. Magnitude of TEV at a speed of 120ms (Db4).

TEV due to earthing switch

1.5

Peak
1
Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 7. Magnitude of TEV at a speed of 150ms.

Figure 8. Magnitude of TEV at a speed of 150ms (Db4).

From the outcomes of the proposed system with proposed techniques the magnitude of TEV has been estimated directly and
the same has been explored to wavelet transform for extraction of high frequency transient components and the estimated
42 2018; 5(6): 37-47

results has been tabulated in table 1.

Table 1. Magnitude of TEV in p.u (Influence of Earthing switch for different time of operation 80ms, 120ms and 150ms).

t= 80ms t = 120ms t = 150ms

Direct 2.05 1.82 1.09
Db4 1.98 1.79 1.04

From the outcomes it can be observed that by using high speed disconnecting switches the magnitude as well as the
steepness of the wave an be considerably reduced and by employing wavelet transform an exact values of peak can be
achieved.
In the next stage, the effect of grounding parameters on TEV and VFTOs has been investigated. In the proposed system the
grounding grid resistance, grounding strip resistance and grounding strip inductance are estimated as per the following
equations.

Grounding strip resistance:

=
3 (8)
>

From the above equation (8) it is very clear that grounding strip resistance depends on ρ, L and by changing the R we can
reduce the effect of VFTOs and TEV in GIS. The specific resistivity used in this paper is 75Ω-m and 200Ω-m

Grounding grid resistance:

< =@A =
3 ?< $ (9)
'A ' < <

Where
Where R resistance of the stripin ohm, B- specific resistivity in Ω – m, L- Length of the road in m, and A- cross sectional
area of the road in m2. The specific resistivity used in this paper is 75Ω-m and 200Ω-m.

Grounding grid inductance:

2"10 D 0.5 $ IJK L (10)

EFG

In this paper the effect of grounding resistance has been considered and the simulation work has been carried for different
values of resistance. In the proposed system the transient enclosure over voltage in GIS due to disconnect switch (DS)
operation was studied. In this case the total impedance of grounding strip and grounding grid has been considered as grounding
impedance. The simulation results of TEV for different impedances (10Ω and 20Ω) are shown in the following section from
figure 9 to figure 19 and the outcomes has been tabulated in table 2.
TEV
2

1.5 Peak

1
Mag of Voltage in p.u

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 9. Magnitude of TEV for R = 10 Ω.
ISSN: 2375-3803 43

Figure 10. Magnitude of TEV for R = 10 Ω with Db4.

Figure 11. Magnitude ofVFTO at Transformer (Vtr).

Figure 12. Magnitude ofVFTO at Transformer (Vtr) (Db4).

44 2018; 5(6): 37-47

Figure 13. Magnitude ofVFTO at open end (Voc).

Figure 14. Magnitude ofVFTO at open end (Voc) (Db4).

TEV
1.5

1 Peak

0.5
Mag of Voltage in p.u

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 15. Magnitude of TEVfor R = 20Ω.
ISSN: 2375-3803 45

Figure 16. Magnitude of TEVfor R = 20Ω Db4.

VFTO at Transformer (Vtr)

1.5
Peak
1

0.5
Mag of Voltage in p.u

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 17. Magnitude ofVFTO at Transformer (Vtr).

Figure 18. Magnitude ofVFTO at Transformer (Vtr) (Db4).

46 2018; 5(6): 37-47

VFTO at Open end (Voc)

2

1.5
Peak
1
Mag of Voltage in p.u
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in µs
Figure 19. Magnitude ofVFTO at opeend (Voc).

Figure 20. Magnitude ofVFTO at openend (Voc) (Db4).

Table 2. Magnitude of VFTO and TEV in p.u (Influence of Grid Grounding).

R = 10Ω R = 20Ω
Vtr Voc TEV Vtr Voc TEV
Direct 1.48 1.84 1.75 1.25 1.51 1.48
Db4 1.18 1.62 1.69 1.21 1.42 1.37

Discussions

From the simulation work and outcomes it has been concluded that by providing proper and enough strength in ground
resistance both the magnitude of VFTOs and TEV can be considerably reduced and the power devices can be protected against
VFTOs as well as TEV. It has observed from the test resuls that for R = 10Ω the maximum VFTO is 1.84p.u at open end and
1.48p.u at transformer. And for R = 20Ω it has been found that 1.25p.u at transformer and at open end it is 1.51p.u. and the
maximum TEV at R = 10Ω is 1.48p.u and for R = 20Ω it is 1.37p.u.Which means if ground has enough and sufficient
resistance the magnitude of VFTOs and TEV can be reduced.
ISSN: 2375-3803 47

Conclusions

This research work concludes that the grounding of gas insulated substation (GIS) is very important and some special care
has to be taken while grounding the GIS system and by employing the wavelet transform technique an exact values of peak
values of VFTOs and TEV can be achieved since wavelet is a powerful tool for high frequency transient non stationary signals.
■

References

[1] Bi. Tiechen, Lu., Zhang, “Calculation of Very Fast Transient Overvoltage in GIS”, IEEE/PES Conference on Transmission and
Distribution, Vol. 4, 2005.

[2] Kamakshaiah.,“Simulation and measurement of very fast transient over voltages in a 245kvgis and research on suppressing method
using ferrite rings” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 5, No. 5, 88- 95, 2010.
[3] V. Vinod Kumar, Joy. M. Thomas and M. S. Naidu, “VFTO Computation in a 420kV GIS”, Eleventh International Symposium on High
Voltage Engineering, (Conf. Publ. No. 467), pp. 319-32, 199.
[4] S. A. Boggs, F. Y. Chu and N. Fujimoto‘Disconnect Switch Induced Transients and Trappedcharge in GIS’, IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, pp. 3593-3596, 1998.

[5] Y. Shibuya, S. Fuji, andN. Hosokawa, “Analysis of very fast transient over voltage intransformer winding”, IEE Proc. Generation
transmission and distribution, Vol. 144, No. 5, pp461-46, 1997.

[6] H. NobuhiroShimoda, I., Murase, and H. Oshima, Aoyagi, I., Miwa, "Measurement of transient voltages induced by disconnect switch
operation", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-104NO. 1, 1985.
[7] J. A. P. Martinezm R. Iravani, A. Keri and D. Povh (1998)” Modeling guidelines for very fast transients in Gas Insulated substations”,
IEEE working group modeling and analysis of system transients, Vol. 11, no. 4, pp 2028-2047

[8] N. Hosokawa, ‘Very fast Transient Phenomena associated with Gas Insulated Substations’, CIGRE, pp. 33-13, 1996.
[9] S. Cariimavoid and R. Mahmutdehajid, “More accurate modeling of Gas insulated componentsin digital simulations of very fast
transients”, IEEE Transactions on Power delivery, Vol. 7, NO. 1, pp. 434-441, 1963.

[10] R. Witzman ‘Fast Transients in Gas Insulated substations – Modeling of Different GIS components’, Fifth ISH, Braunschweig,.
WorkingGroup33. Pp. 13-09, ‘Very Fast Transient Phenomenon Associated With GIS, CIGRE, 1998.

[11] U. Riechert, Krüsi and D. Sologuren-Sanchez, “Very Fast Transient Overvoltage’s during Switching of Bus-Charging Currents by 1100
kV Disconnector”, CIGRÉ Report A3-107, 43rd CIGRÉ Session, pp. 22-27, 2010

[12] S. Burow, U. Riechert, W. Köhler and S. Tenbohlen, “New mitigation methods for transient overvoltages in gas insulated substations”.
2013.
[13] J. Meppelink, K. Diederich, K. Feser (SM), W. Pfaff, “Very Fast Transients in GIS” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No.
1, January 1989. PP125-131.

[14] Working Group 33/13-09 (1988), 'Very Fast Transient Phenomenon Associated with Gas Insulated Substations', CIGRE
[15] N. Fujimoto, E. P. Dick, S. A. Boggs and G. L. Ford, "Transient ground potential rise in gas-insulated substations - Experimental
studies", IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 3603-3609, October 1982.

[16] Boggs SA., Chu F. Y. and Pujimotor N. (1982), 'Disconnect Switch Induced Transients and Trapped Charge in GIS', EEE Trans. PAS,
Vol. PAS-101, No. 10, PP3593-3601.
[17] Y. L. Chow, M. M. A. Salama, “A Simplified Method for Calculating the Substation Grounding Grid Resistance”, IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp736-742, April 1994. [6]. “Inductance Calculations” Working formula and Tables, FREDERICK
W. GROVER, 26TH Edition.