MATH 54:
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
The rule for Integration by Parts corresponds to the Product Rule of
Differentiation.
Recall: The Product Rule states that if 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions,
then
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
or
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
We can write this equation as
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
We can write this equation as
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This formula is called the formula for integration by parts.
For an easier notation, let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥). It follows that 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. By Substitution Rule, the formula for integration by parts is
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න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣𝑑𝑢
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Examples:
1. 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2. ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. 0 tan−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 6. 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Examples:
1. න 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
2. න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
3. න 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
4. න 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
1
5. න tan−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
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INTEGRATION BY PARTS
6. න𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Trigonometric identities can be used to integrate certain combinations of
trigonometric functions.
Example: Evaluate cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos3 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
න cos3 𝑥 = න cos 2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 1 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Strategy for Evaluation sin𝑚 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a) If the power of cosine is odd 𝑛 = 2𝑘 + 1 , save one cosine factor and
use cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥 to express the remaining factors in terms of sine:
න sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 2𝑘+1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = න sin𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න sin𝑚 𝑥 1 − sin2 𝑥 𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then substitute 𝑢 = sin 𝑥.
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
b) If the power of sine is odd (𝑚 = 2𝑘 + 1), save one sine factor and use
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos2 𝑥 to express the remaining factors in terms of cosine:
න sin2𝑘+1 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = න sin2 𝑥 𝑘
cos𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න 1 − cos 2 𝑥 𝑘 cos 𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then substitute 𝑢 = cos 𝑥. [Note that if the powers of both sine and cosine
are odd, either (a) or (b) can be used.]
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle
identities
1 1
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥
2 2
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle
identities
1 1
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥
2 2
It is sometimes helpful to use the identity
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
2
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Examples:
𝜋
1. 0 sin2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2. sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. sin5 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. cot 5 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
𝜋
1. න sin2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
2. න sin4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
3. න sin5 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
4. න cot 5 𝑥 sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Strategy for Evaluation tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a) If the power of secant is even 𝑛 = 2𝑘, 𝑘 ≥ 2 , save a factor of sec 2 𝑥 and
use sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥 to express the remaining factors in terms of tan 𝑥:
න tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 2𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑘−1 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න tan𝑚 𝑥 1 + tan2 𝑥 𝑘−1 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then substitute 𝑢 = tan 𝑥.
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b) If the power of tangent is odd 𝑚 = 2𝑘 + 1 , save a factor of sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
and use tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of sec 𝑥:
න tan2𝑘+1 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න tan2 𝑥 𝑘
sec 𝑛−1 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න sec 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑘 sec 𝑛−1 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then substitute 𝑢 = sec 𝑥.
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Examples:
1. tan6 𝑥 sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. tan5 𝜃 sec 7 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3. tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
1. න tan6 𝑥 sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
2. න tan5 𝜃 sec 7 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
3. න tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
4. න sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Strategy for Evaluation cot 𝑚 𝑥 csc 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a) If the power of cosecant is even 𝑛 = 2𝑘, 𝑘 ≥ 2 , save a factor of csc 2 𝑥
and use csc 2 𝑥 = 1 + cot 2 𝑥 to express the remaining factors in terms of cot 𝑥:
න cot 𝑚 𝑥 csc 2𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න cot 𝑚 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑘−1 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න cot 𝑚 𝑥 1 + cot 2 𝑥 𝑘−1 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then substitute 𝑢 = cot 𝑥.
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
b) If the power of cotangent is odd 𝑚 = 2𝑘 + 1 , save a factor of csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
and use cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of csc 𝑥:
න cot 2𝑘+1 𝑥 csc 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න cot 2 𝑥 𝑘
csc 𝑛−1 𝑥 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= න csc 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑘 csc 𝑛−1 𝑥 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then substitute 𝑢 = csc 𝑥.
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Examples:
1. cot 3 𝑥 csc 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
2. 𝜋/6 cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. csc 4 𝑥 cot 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
1. න cot 3 𝑥 csc 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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𝜋/2
2. න cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/6
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
3. න csc 4 𝑥 cot 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
To evaluate the integrals (a) sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (b) sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, or (c)
cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, use the corresponding identity:
1
(a) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
(b) sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
(c) cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Example: Evaluate sin 4𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Group Exercise: (15 minutes)
𝑑𝑥
න
1 + cos 𝑥
න sin 3𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
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