V. Answer Key 1A Reading 1, listening, speaking, reading, and writing the listening skill about one and a half years or so speaking reading and writing productive tool . verbal and non-verbal gestures and facial expressions |. graphics Seerogeeon A child begins to read and write when he or she goes to school. 2. The productive skills of language are speaking and writing, 3. The receptive skills of language are listening and reading. 4, We use gestures when we speak to help the listener understand us better. 5. We help the reader understand what we write better by using graphics such as pictures, photographs, charts, tables, etc. 6. The two forms of communication are verbal communication and non- verbal communication. 7. Sample answer: | want to learn Korean because | like Korean movies. (Accept any possible answer.) 8. Sample answer: | think listening skill is the most difficult for me because Ihave difficulty in understanding the speech of native speakers. (Accept any possible answer.) . greeting . asking for permission . thanking / expressing gratitude requesting ona? oo Soon . apologizing 3. directing someone how to get to a certain place / giving direction responding to thanking asking someone a question . disagreeing . instructing someone what to do / giving instruction 1B Vocabulary Vietnamese | Vietnamese * the British = people from Britain Briton = a British person 1. French 2. Italian 3. Vietnamese 4. English 5. Korean 6. Japanese 7. British 8. Laotian / Lao 9. German 10. Chinese 1C Grammar ‘i 2. There are many pagodas in Bagan, an_ancient capital of Myanmar. I vasteny i is found only in Africa. My son, a musician, ears little and lives with me. in Scotland, Mt : world, is in Nepal:like a tiny cabbage, is quite delicious toeat. Bit 5 world, is in northeastem Africa. 9. Judo, _a_Japanese _martial_art, originated from jujitsu, a samurai unarmed fighting technique. 10. Albert Einstein, the great physicist, was famous for his theory of relativity. 1. Myanmar, the second largest country in Southeast Asia, is known as the land of pagodas. 2. UTun Tun, our English teacher, is a very strict person. 3. Aung Aung, the best footballer in our school, won many prizes. 4. An excuse, a reason for an apology, may or may not be true. 5. Jack was born in Finland, the land of a thousand lakes. 6. Elvis Presley, a very popular singer, was referred to as the 'King of Rock and Roll 7. We will spend our vacation at Ngapali Beach, the most beautiful beach in our country. 8. William Henry Gates, the principal founder of Microsoft, was born in Washington. 9. | like spaghetti, an Italian dish with noodles and sauce. 10. My childhood home, an old wooden house, is just down the road. 1D Listening and Speaking Arabic ¥ Brazilian | German. Chinesev | Hindiv_ English v [Italian Frenchy [Japanese Portuguese Russianv” Spanish > one billion 2. Chinese Indian 4. Spanish . Arabic’ . English 2. Chinese Hindi 4. Spanis . French 6. Arabic . Russian words . Prose, Poetry and Drama |. Jane Austen Emest Hemingway fourteen five Comedy, Tragedy and Tragicomedy tragedy poem(s) Emily Bronts . a poem that has fourteen lines (and @ particular pattern of rhyme) a humorous poem with five lines {and its own rhyming scheme) William Shakespeare a type of play that is both sad and amusing No. A news article cannot be regarded as literature because it does not have a lasting effect on the reader (in such a way that the reader would want to read on and on, and again and again too). . A piece of writing can be recognized as literature when it has a lasting effect on the reader in such a way that the reader would want to read on and on, and again and again too.. Sample answer: |. Sample answer: The difference between a painter and a writer is that a painter chooses and uses colours carefully to get a beautiful painting and a writer (chooses and uses) his words carefully to tun out a piece of writing, Drama is meant for performing on a stage of a theatre, or presenting as a radio or television programme. The difference between a comedy and a tragedy is that a ‘comedy’ is a Play that is amusing and a ‘tragedy’ isa play that has a very sad ending Classics are novels or poems or plays that are of top quality. | like comedy because it can make me laugh. I wish to be a famous author because | wish to ‘express my feelings and present my experiences to the others through words. (Accept any possible answer.) 2B Vocabulary 1 n prose = akindoffree, straightforward writing Poetry = literature in verse ‘drama = stories in the form of a play which is to be performed on a stage of a theatre, or presented as a radio or television programme sonnet =a poem that has fourteen lines and a particular Patter of rhyme . limerick = a humorous poem with five lines and its own thyming scheme comedy = a play that is amusing and makes people laugh tragedy = a play that has a very sad ending . tragicomedy =a type of play that is both sad and amusing 1e 29 3h 4f 5.1 6a 7d 8c 9b 10.j 2¢ Grammar 1. Plays _and poems [written [Shakespeare] are not easy to understand. 2. Eggs from U-Ba's poultry farm are big and fresh. 3. That boy fin the aren shialis my ‘cousin 10. ‘The two men| [aking under that tre) are engineers. ‘The bridge faorous a aver} wat rver}is more than fifty years old = Books (s0ld_in_that title shop quite cheap. ‘These lunch packets are for those workefs resting under that tree. jare . All those watches [in that showcas: are made in Japan. Have _you read” any detective sioK etn by Raa by Agatha Christie?) from our Tbrar must be returmed in two weeks. . The teacher always switches off his mobile phone while he is teaching, Do you believe in the existence of ghosts? . | do not usually go to the gym at weekends. . Why are you upsetting me by asking personal questions? Be serious! | am not joking. ‘A good teacher always makes learning enjoyable.1. | @Or® in a public library at the moment. (am working) 2. We're spending next summer in Mogok.V 3. Htun tin rove ating (never gets up) 4. This coat belongs to my father. ¥ 5. Some birds build their nests out of ‘small twigs. V 6 work by bicycle. (usually got 7. When does a child begin to walk? V 8. Look! The girlanced)beautiully. (is dancing) 9. In the picture, we all€mileyand@ad) ‘snacks happily. (are smiling and eating) 10. 1 €@i_ not TKIAB>I© wear foo much make-up. (do not like) arly. 2D Listening and Speaking Wired owen Answers to A's questions 1. The story is about a young man who falls in love with a young woman. 2. They marry in secret because their families are enemies. 3. Romeo kills a young man who is Juliet's cousin 4. The message Juliet sent to Romeo is important because it explains how they can stay together. Answers to B's questions 1. The names of the characters are Romeo and Juliet. 2. Romeo and Juliet marry in secret. 3. Romeo has to leave the city. 4. Romeo and Juliet kill themselves at the end of the story. Wier 3A Reading 1, the Arabic numerals 2. straightforward 3. the Arabic numerals and Roman numerals 4.'0' representing the boundary between the negative and posit numbers 5. the word, ‘love’ 6. discovered zero 7. sift 1. The passage is about the origin and importance of '0' (Zero). 2. The main difference between the two kinds of numerals is that the Arabic numerals start with '0' though there is no'0’ in the Roman numerals. 3. The Arabic numeral is easy to use because there is'0' which is essential in counting and calculation. 4. The Hindu word for zero means ‘empty’, oF ‘void’. 5. 0'represents the boundary between the negative and positive numbers in scales and coordinate axes.6 The — Hindu mathematicians discovered ‘zero’ in the sixth century. . The other English word for zero is ‘cipher’. ‘Sample answer: Today we use '0’ in numbering, counting, calculating, giving scores, measuring, etc. (Accept any possible answer.) 3B Vocabulary 1. zero hour 2. ground zero 3. zeroinon 4, absolute zero 1. representative 2. imaginative 3. discovery 4. caloulation 5. illustrated 6. measurable 7. equate 8. importance 9. Mathematics 10. numerals 3C Grammar 1 2 Myanmar, our country, / is often galled the Land of Golden Pagodas. The English alphabet / contains twenty-six letters. . Most trees in our country / shed their leaves in the hot season. Many diseases these days / are caused by different kinds of viruses. . All those paintings in that gallery / are done by famous Myanmar artists. Pollution / is causing lasting damage to our environment. . Little drops of water, little grains of sand, / make a mighty ocean and a pleasant land. . Almost all the plays written by ‘Shakespeare / are well known. |. According to one English pop song, the best things in life / are free. The injured person could neither walk nor move. . Neither our relatives nor our friends know that we are buying a new house. : 3. You can either ring me up or send me an e-mail 4. According to the weather forecast, it may be either cloudy or rainy today. 5. Love can neither be bought nor sold. 6. The restaurant has neither fish nor lobster on its menu: 7. | want to talk either to your parents or to your guardian. 8. We have neither banana juice nor apple juice. 9. Ill have my hair cut either today or tomorrow. 10. The boy neither brought any book to the class nor did his homework. 3D Listening and Speaking 1. discovery 2. cancer 3. scientist 4, steel 5. vests 6. policemen 7. American 8. snowing 9. happy 10. dishwasher REVIEW 1 5 Apologizing 2. Requesting 3. Directing / Giving directions 4. Instructing 5. Giving / Passing on information z 2. Spanish 3 4, novelist 5 6. literature 7. it 8. illustrations 9. 410. mathematician Typhoon Hagibis, a large and powerful tropical cyclone, caused widespread flooding. 2. London, the capital of the UK, is in the southeast of England on the River Thames. 3. You can read the novel either online or in the form of a book.. Neither my friends nor | eat beef. . Either Ko Toe or Nilar can be selected as the representative of our class. . My favourite food is spaghetti, an Italian food. [playing in the garden] oe The childrer are my nieces and nephews. . All of us think that bikes are better than cars for travelling in small towns. |. Normally, | wear glasses, but now | am_not wearing them. How offen do you have medical check-ups? 10. POEM 1: DAFFODILS 1. The poet compared himself to a cloud in the first stanza. The poet suddenly saw a host of golden daffodils. . The daffodils were yellow or golden in colour. . The daffodils were beside the lake and beneath the trees. . The words ‘crowd! and ‘host’ suggest ‘a great number of daffodil’ . The breeze caused the fluttering and dancing movement of the daffodils. To describe the movement of the daffodils, the poet used the words ‘fluttering’, ‘dancing’ and ‘tossing’. . The second stanza is about the great number of daffodils that the poet saw. The last two lines make me think so. 9. Sample answer: A host of beautiful lilies Beside the fence, among other flowers and trees, ‘Swaying and dancing in the rain. (Accept any possible answer.) 67 (eA) 4a » Seengaaena Reading |. ancient . Palaeolithic Age ‘Tempera . mural painting paint seen Cubism abstract expressionism and cubism write |. observe The first paintings were found in the caves of southern Europe. The tools and weapons of people in the early Stone Age were made of stone. . Most painters paint for pleasure. . Most mural paintings on the structures around pagodas depict the many significant events in the life of the Lord Buddha. |. Geometric forms and shapes in cubism overlap and penetrate one another. : . Graffiti is writings or drawings on a wall or any other surface as a form of artistic expression within public view without permission. Graffiti can be seen on buildings, post and phone boxes, underground tunnels, buses and on subway cars. |. Sample answer: | like the beauty of nature because it gives me pleasure./| like portraits because it is interesting to imagine the character of a person through his / her face. (Accept any possible answer.) ). Sample answer: It depends on the pictures drawn by the artists. If the artists draw pictures of the beauty of the surrounding area, graffiti artists should not be allowed to write and draw in public view. If theartists write rude words and draw disturbing pictures, they should not bbe allowed to do so. (Accept any possible answer.) D Re hier ry fame painting @ Petry fe) . iliterate 1. non-profit mispronounced . inappropriate . impossible disadvantage . unusual . Rearrange ). overweight dishonest Grammar Do you know that man working in ‘our neighbour's garden? . The children came in making a lot of noise. Many of the articles stolen from that store have been recovered. |. The Mona Lisais one of the paintings done by Leonardo da Vinci. Watches made in Switzerland are famous all over the world,. Cars manufactured in Japan are ‘good but expensive. . That girl talking to our teacher is very brilliant. Birds such as chickens and ducks bred for eggs and meat are called poultry. Decisions made in haste are seldom good. Information gleaned _from encyclopaedias is reliable. 10. was studying .. were playing . did not cook |. was watching, was listening were reading decided, was raining was looking, did not see went out, was studying found was waiting, met Seexnegasens were waiting, started saw, was walking rang, was driving knocked, was watching fell, was crossing met, was travelling snatched, was getting off was raining, woke up fell, broke, was cycling Were you driving, phoned Se@ngogseone 1 4D Listening and Speaking . increase . study, a healthy family stress, focus subject new discover, talent good at SNegeens 69 ‘Student A. 1 Street artists paint their pictures on pavements, postboxes, buses and walls Street art festivals are held in August every year in Bristol in the UK. . Lots of people including tourists watch the artists and take photos at the street art festival. There are three famous stars in the street art world. Famous stars of the street art world are from Brazil, Paris and South Africa. Student B 1. 2 3. 4e . (i) Graffiti is a kind of street art. Graffiti artists have problems with the police. In Brazil, graffiti artists can paint on walls and houses |. We can see exhibitions of street art in some galleries. . Street art exhibitions are held in Paris, London and Los Angeles. Writing (©) A microscope is an instrument which uses lenses to make very ‘small things look larger. ‘An encyclopaedia is a book which gives information on subjects in alphabetical order. # . (e) A generator is a machine which produces electricity. (g) A gallery is a room or building which is used for keeping works of art for the public to see or study. A carnivore is an animal that eats meat. A cabbage is a vegetable which is large and round with green or white leaves and can be eaten raw or cooked. 0 (a) An ostrich is a large bird which has wings but cannot fly70 8. (b) Vegetarians are people who do not eat meat. 9. (d) A 200 is a place where people can see and study different kinds of wild animals and strange birds. 10. (h) A helicopter is an aircraft which has no wings and can land or take off vertically 1. the train 2. coal or minerals 3, Robert Davidson of Aberdeen 4. the 20" century, 5. Thailand . three main types of train: surface trains, underground trains and skytrains. 2. Richard Trevithick, (an engineer, and inventor) in 1804. 3. galvanic cells (batteries). the high cost of infrastructure: overhead lines or third rail, substations and control systems. 5. important until about 1896 when electric powered locomotives were Used for the subway. Fs 1. The word ‘its’ in line 3 refers to ‘of the train’. 2. The word ‘They’ in line 14 refers to "Electric trains’ 3. Turbine-electric locomotives were not used or developed anymore because they were uneconomical 4. Askytrain is a type of train that runs above the surface. 5. The word, ‘that’ in line 42 refers toa quality rapid transit system. 6. Skytrains are used in many countries because they are fully separated from vehicle traffic, and are an 10. Senaneen al Seanon SN oa seis alternative for people to avoid being sstuck in congestion. Bullet trains are the fastest trains at Present. They can travel up to 186 miles per hour. Trains are still an important means of transport in the world because they are very eco-friendly. |. Sample answer: Yes. | like travelling by train because | can see beautiful scenery along the journey. (Accept any possible answer.) ‘Sample answer: If | could travel to a distant town by plane or train, | will choose a plane because | can reach my destination ina short time. (Accept any possible answer.) Vocabulary convenient significant maintenance categorize commuters . congestion ideal . eco-friendly . flexibility Gio 2ld Se 4 6620 . user-friendly eco-friendly |. guest-friendly ozone-friendly child-friendly Grammar idn't use to like . used to work hard didn't use to like did you use to do didn't use to eat Did you use to play used to like used to live|. used to speak |. Did they use to go have had has been has been studying have the children been sleeping? haven't received have been building has arrived. has taken has been painting hasn't won eerngasonall so 10. 5D Listening and Speaking . Neat fast broaden decide budget . slower car comfort ENOAEON (d) How was it (a) Itwas wonderful (c) They were really interesting . (@) Was it expensive (b) The food was great lUnit 6: THE PRODIGAL SON 6A Reading 1 Z i 4 5 1. his share of the inheritance to go toa distant land and lead an independent life a very free and easy life . what the swine were fed with Ben went back to his father . his brother deserved to be driven out @Ron The word ‘prodigal’ in the title is similar in meaning to spending a large amount of money without thinking of the future. n The differences between Dan and Ben are that the former was serious, hardworking and was a great help to his father while the latter was a happy-go-lucky young man and never bothered to help his father. }. The words ‘make it’ in line 8 mean ‘whether Ben will be successful in leading a successful life in a distant land." The word ‘his’ in line 12 refers to ‘Ben's: . When Ben ran out of money in a jistant land, he sold one piece of precious jewellery after another he had received from his father. Ben thought that his father would certainly drive him away if he went back home. When Ben's father saw his son at a distance, he came rushing towards him, hugged and kissed him and welcomed him. When Ben got home, his father asked some of his servants to wash his son up and dress him up in the best of clothing and others to kill the fatted calf and prepare a grand meal 5 . Sample answer: If | were Dan, | would fee! happy although | may be a bit angry at first, when my brother, Ben came home. (Accept any possible answer.) ‘Sample answer: If | were the father of Dan and Ben, | would also welcome him when Ben came back as he finally understood that family was the best. (Accept any possible answer.) 10. 6B Vocabulary ran out of ran through 4, run on ran into 6. run down was running after 2. ran over aoe1. said 2. told 3. told 4. told 5. said 6. told 7. said 8. tell 9. told 10. say 11. say 12. saying 13. tell 14. say 15. tell 6C Grammar ‘She said that she travelled a lot in her job, Mother said that she didn't see any stranger there. Ni Ni said that they had already had their lunch. |. Thuzar said that she was leaving for Nay Pyi Taw the next day. Su Su said that she had seen a crocodile in the river 10 years before. Thuta said that he had just tured off the light. Nilar told her mom that she had already done her homework. . Zaw Zaw said that his friends and he were going swimming that weekend. |. Our teacher told us that she wanted us to concentrate on our studies. My uncle told me that if | worked harder, | would get better grades. |. Marlar asked Thuzar if / whether she had been to Singapore. . My English teacher asked me if / whether | wanted to speak English fluently |. My sister asked me what plan | had that day. . My father asked me if / whether | was willing to work harder. . The teacher asked Myintzu why she was late again. . Thin Thin asked Ohnmar when the last coach to Mandalay left. The teacher asked Ko Toe what his favourite subject was. 72 .F Aye Aye asked me why I looked so sad that day. My aunt asked me how often | took out the trash. |. My neighbour asked me iff whether | had seen his / her dog. . My uncle warned me not to waste my time playing online games. . His mother told him to study harder because that was his last chance. . The man told the stranger to go down the street and then turn left. . Mother told me to tidy up my bed every day. Cho Cho's brother told her to lend him her camera for a day. |. The doctor told her patient to avoid eating unhealthy food. Mother told me to hurry or | would be late for school. . Our teacher told us to give our opinion on that statement. My aunt told us to enjoy some fresh strawberries. Nilar told Kyi Pyar to give her a few weeks to make up her mind. Listening and Speaking 27. 3.04.7 6.F , Ro T T 10.F He / She said he / she liked watching videos on the internet. . He / She said he / she was looking for a part-time job. . He / She asked me to come to him / her at 6 p.m. the following / next day. |. He / She asked me to make a cup of tea. He/She asked me what my favourite fruit was.REVIEW 2 . Cubism, graffiti Painting, art . overeat, overweight disagreements, disagreed commuters . eco-friendly congestion run out of told said, tell Soenemaeons Grandpa hasbeen reading the newspaper the whole morning ‘Su Su used to love dogs when she was a child but she doesn't like them anymore. In the past, people did not use to travel as much as they do today. Smiling and waving, the actress greeted her fans. Watched by_millions, soccer is popular all around the worid. While | was cooking, my brother was. doing the cleaning up. . My roommate was getting ready for school at 7:30 yesterday morning when | woke up. ‘Win Win said that her mother would celebrate her birthday the following weekend. ). Apoliceman asked the man what he was doing there. The teacher asked me if / whether | was ready for the performance. ‘Mother told Nilar not to worry about what others thought of her. 10. 1 POEM 2: THE BLIND BOY 4. The thing that the blind boy will never enjoy is light. 2. He can't enjoy it because he is blind. 3. Sample answer: The wonderous things | can see in the daytime are flowers, trees, beautiful scenes, etc. 73 |. Itis day for him when he is awake or when he is playing. Itis night for him when he is asleep / when he is sleeping The lines, 'With heavy sighs | often hear and ‘You mourn my hapless ‘woe’'tell us that people who can see feel sorry for him. No, the blind boy does not feel sorry for himself because he does not miss what he has never had. . The blind boy regards himself as a king in spite of his blindness. ‘Sample answer: If there were a blind person in my class, | would read for him / her and take him / her wherever he / she wants to go. (Accept any possible answer.) lUnit 7: TYPICAL MYANMAR SNACKS 7A Reading : abundance 2. aromatic 3. dipped 4. cooperative 5. costly 6. crispy 7. unique 8. gravy 9. resist 10. celebrate 3. dipped 4. crispy 5. cooperative 6. celebrate 7. abundance 8. costly 9. gravy 10. resist . The sentence ‘in most alms-giving ceremonies, mont-hin-gah is almost always a must simply because it is a preference of both hosts and guests’. tells us that mont-hin-gah is essential in almost every ceremony in Myanmar. . Glutinous rice, roasted sesame seeds, roasted peanuts, coconut slices and cooking oil are used to make hta-ma-ne.. We need a well-balanced proportion of the ingredients and cooperative strength of the team members in order to get prefect hta-ma-ne. |. Mont-lin-ma-yar is given that name because it is made of two small hemispheres, each facing the other forming a loving couple. We usually eat bu-thee-gyaw with lettuce and tamarind sauce. . Sample answer: An example of Myanmar tradition of snacking is offering mont-lone-ye-baw to celebrate the water festival. (Accept any possible answer.) Rice / Glutinous rice is the common ingredient of Myanmar snacks mentioned in the passage Sample answer: | like steamed glutinous rice because | like the taste, the smell and the dried fish | usually have with it, (Accept any possible answer.) Sample answer: | think the most important ingredient in making mont- hin-ga is sliced pith of banana stem/ fish/ good quality fish sauce/ lemon grass, etc. (Accept any possible answer.) ‘Sample answer: Out of the Myanmar snacks mentioned in the passage, | like mont-hin-ga because | like the taste of the gravy cooked with fish (Accept any possible answer.) 10. 7B Vocabulary Boeke) Coo 14 Eee) ey -ous_ | vary (v) various nutritious famous, adventurous ‘successful powerful colourful forgetful “ible [access (n)(v) | accessible horror (n) horrible digest (v) digestible response (n) _| responsible cable [avail (v) available enjoy (v) enjoyable comfort (n) __| comfortable reason (n) (¥)_| reasonable a famous 6. enjoyable 2. traditional 7. powerful 3. Various 8. attractive 4. nutritious 9. wonderful 5. accessible 10. noticeable Lad Grammar The car is being fixed by Zaw Zaw at the moment. The man was arrested by the police for shoplifting. The tables had been laid by the waiters before the customers arrived. Information on natural disasters is always gathered by scientists. . Large areas of land can be destroyed by a wildfire in just a few minutes. Pyramids were built by Egyptians to keep the names and stories of their kings alive. People are empowered by the Internet by enabling the exchange of information.Products should be designed by entrepreneurs based on what customers say they want. Viruses are studied by virologists to discover how to stop people from getting infested. Chimps have been used by scientists to study infectious diseases. 10, ismade is mixed is used is smeared are poured are sprinkled is placed is baked is eaten is enjoyed aaon al 6 ih, 8. 9. 10. 3 Listening and.Speaking instal ela ll 9 Rabie Fam RE Tae: owe ‘Sumrise Did you/sherthey? That's amazing! You're kidding! Really? ‘Sympathy. What a pity! Oh dear. That's too bad. How awful! Pleasure: Fantastic! That's great! 1. What a pity! / Oh dear. / That's too bad. 2. Did she?/ Really? / That's amazing! 3. That's great! / Fantastic! 4, Really? / Did she? / That's amazing! 5. Fantastic! / That's great! / Lovely! 75 7E Writing 1.(@) 2(4) 3b) 4 (a) 5. () 8A Reading toe 2ireols Tarr ishT T 7.NM 8&F 9.7 10.NM 1, Plants make their food by using carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil in the presence of sunlight. . The difference between plants and animals is that plants make their ‘own food but animals cannot make their own food. |. The word ‘their’ in line 4 refers to ‘animals"/ ‘of animals’. . Unlike plants, animals must eat plants or other living things to live. Ants and other insects do the cleaning up before the final cleaning up. ‘The word ‘These’ in line 27 refers to ‘Decomposers’ ‘ Decomposers change what is left behind by insects into nutrients. Sample answer: In addition to squirrels, two other animals that eat nuts are sparrows and pigeons. (Accept any possible answer.)8B Vocabulary 1. stay behind 2. taking up 3. makes up 4. falling behind 5. was brought up 6. grew up 7. stay up 8. use up 9. lagged behind 10. left behind 8C Grammar 1. The fire exit must be kept free all the time. The pyramids were built nearly 5,000 years ago. 3. The entire house was painted blue. 4. The staff were required to follow safety rules. . The office is vacuumed and dusted every night. English is spoken all over the world. This gate is usually locked at 10 p.m. . My computer was used in my absence. We were wamed against the pickpockets in this area. ‘You will be fined if you dump rubbish illegally. ‘Where was the book found? This hotel will be refurbished in the following year. ‘Anew stadium is being built near the station. Nandar has been sent a mysterious letter/ A mysterious letter has been sent to Nandar. UFO has been seen in this area. 2. 10, 11. 12, 13, 14. 15, 1. My mother gave me a beautiful dress; my father a calculator and my brother a watch on my birthday. When the fire broke out, Daw Nilar was in the living room and her baby in the bedroom. | like travelling by train but my friend, Hnin Zi, by plane. 76 ‘Some animals live on land; some in water and some both on land and in water. | was born in Yangon; my elder brother in Taunggyi and my sister in Dawei Mg Mg is good at playing football Zaw Zaw at playing tennis and Ko Ko at playing basketball. ‘Some plants grow well in clay soils; some in sandy soils and some in silt soils. In supermarkets, frozen food must be kept at zero degree Fahrenheit; meat and fish at 28-32 degree Fahrenheit; and dairy produce at 40- 50 degree Fahrenheit. ). For my parents’ anniversary, | am cleaning the backyard; my brothers the window panes and my cousins the garden. My hobby is collecting stamps; John's CDs and Mary's coins. 10. 8D Listening and Speaking hard grains and 1. grains 2. teeth 3. tongue 4. buffaloes 5. tongue 6. neck 7. trunk [eesUns 9A Reading getting warmer from year to year. .. greenhouse gases inthe atmosphere have gradually risen. . burning fossil fuels. loss of vegetation. the El Nifio and La Niffa, (warm and cold currents in the South Pacific Ocean) reduce emission of carbon dioxide. ‘It in line 6 refers to ‘climate’. Climatologists study general weather conditions. . The earth's atmosphere is compared toa blanket because it can keep the earth constantly warm like a blanket. The temperature of the earth's atmosphere, its oceans and landmass increases when the level of greenhouse gases rises. 5. ‘its’ in line 22 refers to ‘the earth . which’ in line 31 refers to ‘soil erosion’. The El Nifio and La Nifia are warm and cold currents respectively of the South Pacific Ocean. . We should stop using fossil fuels, plant more trees and do our utmost to prevent the rise in temperature or to stop it completely. . Sample answer: | will use public transportation as much as possible. (Accept any possible answer.) 7 9B Vocabulary 9C Grammar A 1 2 3. 4. 5. 6. fe 8. 9. 0. |. will see the dentist will bring me a nice present . will take swimming lessons . will throw a big party will miss the train . will stand first will close the window will buy some bread |. won't take long will enjoy the delightful view will freeze / freezes . will see . will not feel would have lent had not been will have would gain worked increased had not supported Sworemsens 1 9D Listening and Speaking AeLewert sree Cia o1 et 5.T 0.1: 2 3. 4. (b) In my opinion, (e) Personally, | think () The point is that (©) know what you mean 5. (h) That's very true 6. (a) | agree 7. (d) Of course it is 8. (g) That's what | think. REVIEW 3 1. costly 2. forgetful 3. competitive 4. unique 5. resist 6. decomposers 7. Fossil 8. using 9. solar 40. erosion 4. Ifthese shoes fit me, | will buy them. 2. If | had listened to the news last 10. 41 12. Camivores eat meat, night, | would have known the good news earlier. . IFT were rich, | would help the poor and the needy as much as | can. . Rental car companies can be found in all airports around the world and in most cities. . Not only the outside of the house but also the inside was painted. The problem will be sorted out as soon as possible. herbivores plants, and omnivores both meat and plants. Mee Mee likes shopping online; Zaw Zaw chatting online and Si Si watching movies online. . What subject are you studying currently in school? Every moming, customers line up ‘outside the front door of the bakery. These days, the police are watching every move the suspect makes. It is natural that young children cling onto their mothers for everything. 78 POEM 3: SONG 1. The rhyming words in the poem are ‘dearest, head, wet, forget’ and ‘tree and me’ in the first stanza, ‘rain and pain’ and ‘set’ and forget’ in the ‘second stanza. The old English words used by the poet are ‘thou’, ‘wilt’ ‘doth’ and ‘haply’. The meaning of thou' is ‘you’, ‘wilt is ‘will, 'doth’ is ‘does’ and 'haply’ is by chance’ or ‘perhaps’. | think Christina Rossetti says all these things to her loved ones. 5. The things she does not want people to do when she is dead and gone are not to sing sad songs for her, not to leave flowers at her grave and not to grow shady cypress trees. . | think she tells people not to do these things because when she dies, she may or may not even know what her loved ones are doing. - She thinks that the nightingale sings because itis in pain lUnit 10 : FOOD SAFETY 410A Reading A 1. Plants, animals and human beings 2. Rice, eggs, milk (These are just examples.) 3. because they contain vitamins and minerals 4, a combination of the correct types and amounts of food 5. can cause food poisoning and even death 6. cored beef, canned sardines, tuna, sausages 7. Fresh fruits and vegetables 8, the safety of food and drug B. 41. We need food for health, energy and growth. 2. The underlined word ‘those’ in line 10 refers to starch, sugar, proteins, fat, vitamins and minerals.2 10. . The advantage of having a balanced diet is that we will get the right ‘amount of vitamins and minerals for each day. When we have food allergy, we can ‘vomit, and in certain cases, break out in rash. . Canned fish or meat and flavoured fruit juices can be harmful to ‘our health because they contain additives and colourants, which are chemicals that can be harmful to our health. . The underlined word ‘which’ in line 30 refers to additives and colourants. Sample answer: | think farmers use fertilizers and pesticides to produce’ more crops and to kill pests that destroy their crops. (Accept any possible answer.) |. Food should be handled hygienically. ). Sample answer: In Myanmar, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspects foods in the markets or food stalls to see whether they contain chemicals or not. (Accept any possible answer.) Sample answer: | think | do not have a balanced diet because | sometimes eat too much sweet snacks and fast foods./ I think | have a balanced diet because | try to eat fresh fruits, vegetables, fish and meat proportionately. (Accept any possible answer.) 10B Vocabulary 4. eae 8p aves Sch 69 7a 8d %e 10f 1. artificially 2. balanced 3. responsible 4. hygienically 5. supply 6. pesticides 7. colourants 8. allergy 9. vital 10. additive 79 10C Grammar 1. 10. She has not only a great sense of humour but also good communication skills. ‘We will redecorate not only our living room but also our kitchen. ;. My mother is not only a good teacher but also a good friend to me. . The effects of flooding include not only damage to property but also loss of life. .. My new car has not only a front but also a rear camera. ‘Smoking can cause not only heart and lung diseases but also cancer. Nandar not only fell while playing badminton but also broke her leg. Sandar not only won the race but also broke last year's record. The new housing block has not only ‘a swimming pool but also a gym. . He won the first prize not only at the school level competition but also at the national level competition. The older | get, the younger | feel. . The more | study, the better grades | get. |. The more cars there are, the worse the traffic (will be). The better education you have, the greater opportunities you will have. . The stronger the coffee, the less | sleep. The richer you grow, the greater your worries (will be). . The more you practise, the more ‘you will improve. |. The better the quality of healthcare, the longer the life expectancy (will be). The younger you are, the easier it will be to learn languages. The more time you give to play games, the less time you will have for study.80 10D Listening and Speaking 4. Pimples appear on the faces of boys just at the age when they want to look handsome. 5. A thick layer of thanakha protects those who have to toil in the sun from sunburn. 6. The roots of thanakha trees are valuable to the medical man as they form important ingredients in some medicines. e m ome ob ep 7. Thanakha is available in the forms 3, (4) Do you think of slender branches, huge trunks, 4. () How are small cakes, creams, lotions and 5. (c) How often powders. 6. (a) Is there 8. Many Myanmar ladies still rely on thanakha because of its power for 10E Writing their beauty and comfort. A 9. Sample answer: Yes, because it 1. (d) sender's address and date keeps me cool all day. / No, because 2. (e) receiver's address it takes time to grind thanakha to 3. (a) salutation (greeting) get its paste. (Accept any possible 4. (b) body of the letter answer.) 5. (0) leave-taking 10. Sample answer: | think the use of thanakha as a cosmetic will be more popular because more and more (OOo ang atahie eps tern aay peers ies ar tan beyond. (Accept any possible 411A Reading answer.) 1.) 28 Siar, fein be © 11B Vocabulary eee 1b 2b 3c 4a 5.0 pol — 1. There are more choices of beauty products today than in the past because of the booming of the beauty industry. 2. Thanakha is mainly used for medicinal purposes. in other countries and as a cosmetic in Myanmar. 3. Beauty conscious ladies apply thanakha to their faces to cover pimples and acne from their faces.-or Root word era 1. lighten 2. tourist 3. relevance 4. oiliness 5, beautified 6. encouragement 7. whiten 8. completion 9. strengthen 10. specialize 4. wins 2. do 3. products 4, boomed 5. wearing 6. toil 7. apply 8. promote 9. heritage 10. medical 41C Grammar whom 2. who 3. whose 5. who 6. whose whom who df. 4. who ie 8. whose 9. whom 0. 10. 5. Nyi | helped the girl, whose car had broken down in front of our house. 1 hardly recognized my distant relatives, who came to my sister's wedding. Nyi, who has just moved to ‘our school, is very good at playing football. The children, who are playing in the street, are not from our school. The people, who are very friendly, live next door to us. / The people, who live next door to us, are very friendly. The home for the aged is for elderly people, who do not have anyone to look after them. 1 met the famous singer, whose albums | always buy, at a friend's birthday party. The cyclist, who had trained hard the whole year, won the race. / The cyclist, who won the race, had trained hard the whole year. Customers like the salespersons, who are friendly and helpful ‘We chose Aye Aye, whom everyone trusted, as our team leader. 11D Listening and Speaking EAs oS ae aaenn Myanmar customs and practices paint yellow paint beauty treatment . traditional medicine . children's . ready-made Would you ...? Iwould, ... Why don't you ...? . That sounds ... . that's a good idea, ...82 (YEPAUe Lire 5. Because of war in some parts of the world, people in villages have 12A Reading to abandon their homes and find somewhere else to live. 1620 30 4B 5A 6. Urbanization brings about economic and social ills) Undesirable results that urbanization brings about are ‘economic and social ils. With the growth of slums, people are forced to live in shanties and hovels. 8. If more job opportunities can be created, problems of unemployment can be solved. 9. The police force should be expanded in proportion to the increase in population and crime. 10. Sample answer: If | were living in a village, | would move to a big city for better education and healthcare. / If | were living in a village, | would not move to a big city because | find it more peaceful to live in a village. (Accept any suitable answer.) 411. Sample answer: | would like to live in a village because there is no traffic congestion / | would like to live in a big city because | want to get a good education from a well-known university. (Accept any suitable answer.) Laer Ce CaS = 12B Vocabulary 1. People living in the countryside often, leave their rural homes for political, Tiler polvion economic or social reasons. 2. [beauty salon 2. The phrase ‘greener pastures’ in aire line 10 is similar in meaning to — c. ee places that offer new opportunities. A’ |ersinags eystom, 3. When human beings wish to be |_| drug abusing better, they switch from one job to 6.| housing plan another; or move from one place to recreation centre another; or give up one method and 8, [root cause try something else. 9. [rural folks 4. When modern livestock and 0. | service provider dairy farms are established in the “ph tamecongestion countryside, rural farmers begin to find it more and more difficult to ean enough to meet their daily needs. 12. [unemployment problemroot cause . dairy farms drainage system unemployment problem rural folks beauty salon recreation centre . air pollution | housing plan drug abusing Traffic congestion tdeorngnsenn® 4.as 2.like 3.as 4.like 5. as 6.as 7.as 8.as 9.like 10. like 42C Grammar 1. The building, that / which was destroyed in the storm, has now been rebuilt: 2. We stayed in the Excellent hotel, that / which a friend recommended tous. 3. These buses, that / which go to the airport, leave every half hour. 4, Ko Tutold me about his new job, that I which he is enjoying very much. 5. We offen go to Bago, that / which is only ten miles from our village, to visit our relatives. 6. These stairs, that / which lead to the swimming pool, are rather slippery. 7. Mother gave me this sweater, that / which she knitted herself. 8. The washing machine, that / which | have used with care, is still working perfectly. 1. The earth is the only planet, that / ‘which can support life. 2. The invention, that / which has changed the modern world, is the computer. 3. Swimming is an activity, that / which enjoy doing. 83 The programme, that / which | love watching on TV, is the Master Chef programme. . An activity, that / which helps reduce stress, is gardening. Climbing up the mountain is as difficult as climbing down the mountain. It is as warm today as it was yesterday. The shopping mall is as crowded today as it was yesterday. Yesterday, they played as well as they usually do. My mother is always as busy as my father. . Human workers can't. work as precisely as robots. A candle is not as bright as an electric lamp. Ko Ko does not spend as much time studying as playing. |. Coal is not as clean as nuclear power. ). The air quality in urban areas is not as good as the air quality in rural1. (f) I'd like to make an appointment with the doctor. 2. (a) I'm not feeling very well. 3. (b) Certainly. 4, (d) Yes, 10 o'clock is fine. 5. (c) Nay Aung. 6. (e) Thank you. REVIEW 4 . beauty products cultural heritage . recreation centres . root cause . service provider 2PON root cause . beauty products . service provider . recreation centres cultural heritage aaon a . Commuting by other forms of transport is not as cheap as by bus. 2. | like listening to the news on radio as much as watching it on TV. 3. Exercise can help not only lower blood pressure but also protect you against heart attacks. 4, We meet to share not only one another's joys but also one another's burdens. 5. The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance. 6. The finer the food particles (are), the easier itis to digest. 7. She's the student whose handwriting is the best in my class. 8. I rang Nilar who was a good friend as well as the family doctor. 9. A person without common sense is like a house without a foundation. 10. He had worked variously as waiter, shop assistant, but finally became a successful businessman. POEM 4: WHAT IS PINK? Sample answer: ‘What is black? A crow is black Eating small insects. What is grey? An elephant is grey It eats anything including hay. (Accept any possible answer.)ea IV. Audio Scripts Unit 1: LANGUAGE Here are seven most widely-spoken languages in the world. English is the most widely spoken language because over one billion people in the world are using it. Second is Chinese and it also has over one billion total speakers. Hindi takes the third place with more than 530 million speakers. It belongs to the Indian language family like Punjabi. More than halfa billion people speak one or more of these languages. The fourth is Spanish with more than 510 million speakers in Spain, Central and South America. French is spoken by 285 million people and it is followed by Arabic, which has a total of 273 million speakers. At No 7 on the list is Russian with about 265 million speakers, Unit 2: LITERATURE Adam: | study literature because | like stories. | love the way people are described through stories. Different stories describe people differently. It is not easy to describe people. It requires countless words to describe people. That's the joy of studying literature. There is always something new to discover in literature. Lucy: At first | did not like studying literature. To me, only people who are not smart study literature because | think that most of the stories in literature are not real and are not scientific. However, the more | study literature, the more I find it interesting. | start to see that, although stories in literature still are not scientific, it is an art, and art is the greatest expression of human feelings Tom: First, | studied literature because | wanted to read and write well. | believe that the chance to read and write is 57 something that everyone should be able to experience. As | tried to read and write, | found that literature in all forms is everywhere in today's human society. Whether it is studied in the classroom or read for pleasure, literature is the central part of many lives. Unit 3: ZERO Most inventors are men, but we will now look at some of the most important discoveries made by women. Some inventions by women are essential if we think about them in the present times. Marie Curie is remembered for her discovery of radium and polonium and her huge role to fight against cancer. Grace Hopper was an American computer ‘ientist_ who invented computer programming, without which, the world would be a very different place. In 1952, she and her team created the first compiler for computer languages. In 1966, Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar, a material five times stronger than steel, and currently used around the world in making bulletproof vests to protect people from bullets. Her invention has saved the lives of many soldiers, policemen and politicians. Mary Anderson, an American inventor of the 20th century invented windscreen wipers in 1903. Before the invention, drivers found it very difficult to see where they were going when it was raining or snowing. Marion Donovan invented the waterproof diapers first and later, went on to design a disposable model too. This invention has definitely changed the way parenting works and has made many parents and children happy. Josephine Cochrane had the motivation of helping people with her invention. She invented the dishwasher to help her servants with washing dishes.Unit 4: PAINTING Spending time doing an enjoyable activity will help increase your satisfaction with life. Without having a hobby, your life may become boring, seem demanding, and end up in an unhealthy cycle. Pursuing a hobby will then improve your performance in your study and ability to maintain a healthy family. Now, let's learn about the many different ways that having a hobby can improve your life. 4. Hobbies are a great stress reliever. Your hobby should be a completely pleasurable activity. While adding an activity to your list of things to do might seem like it could create more stress, but it is actually a great way of releasing stress. When you focus on a hobby, all of your stress seems to fade away. 2. Hobbies encourage you to take a break. Hobbies offer you an opportunity to take a break, while also giving you a sense of purpose, You are able to do something while still having fun. Also, the more you do a 58 hobby, the more you are likely to learn . about the subject, which will provide you with an increased sense of satisfaction. 3. Hobbies offer new challenges and experiences. Work and study-related challenges are often accompanied by stress and the pressure to be the best at what you are doing. When taking up a hobby, you can enjoy the process of learning something new. A hobby can also offer you different types of challenges. While you may spend your days atwork being challenged mentally, you can take up a hobby that can challenge you physically. 4. Hobbies allow you to explore yourself and your talents. You never really know what you're capable of unless you try something. For example, you might assume that you would never take up cooking, but if you try it, you may discover that you love cooking, and that you have a certain talent. Hobbies help you discover the things that you're good at, and might surprise you. Unit 5: TRAINS People travel for various reasons. Some go on a business trip; some on a pilgrimage; some on vacation; while some others just to do some sightseeing. No matter what your reason is, it is always wise to have a neat travel plan. Here are four Travel Tips. Tip number 1: Purpose. You must be very clear of the purpose of your travel, because your purpose will help you decide the right choice of transportation. For example, if you plan to see a lot within a short span of time, then, a fast means of transport will suit you. But if your purpose is to broaden your horizons, then a bit slower means of transport should be fine. Tip number 2: Budget’ How much money are you prepared to spend? This will help you decide the type of transport you should take. For instance, with a ‘small budget and plenty of time, coach should be your choice. On the other hand, with a fat budget and lots of time, expensive cruise or train trip would certainly suit you Tip number 3: Lenath of your stay. The more time you have, the slower your travel can be. For instance, if you are visiting Europe and seeing five cities in 410 days, high speed trains should be your choice. However, if your plan is to visit those same five cities in a month, then you could save money by taking the coach or renting a car. Tip number 4: lin ions and luggage. The more the companions,the more the pieces of luggage will be. ‘And if there are going to be kids travelling along with you, their comfort and endurance will need to be considered, and this, in turn, will help you make the right choice of transport. In such a case, a rental car or a caravan should be your choice, Unit 6: THE PRODIGAL SON Once, in England, there was a very wealthy noble family. One summer, the family decided to spend the weekend on their estate in the countryside. While the Parents were taking a stroll across a meadow, the children, all young boys, Just ran about in the huge garden, and went swimming in a pool. One of the boys began to drown and the son of the gardener jumped into the pool and rescued him. When the parents came back from their stroll and heard about the accident, they were so grateful to the boy who had saved their son. About sixty years or so later, Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Britain, Suffered from pneumonia. The King of England instructed the cabinet to get the best doctor in their country to save Winston Churchill. The best doctor at that time was Alexander Fleming, the doctor who developed penicillin. Churchill recovered, and when Dr Alexander came tosee him, Churchill, shaking the doctor's hand, said, "Rarely has one man owed his life twice to the same rescuer.” The boy who nearly drowned sixty years or so before was Winston Churchill, and the youthful hero who saved him was Alexander Fleming, the gardener’s son ‘and developer of the antibiotic, penicillin Unit 7; TYPICAL MYANMAR SNACKS. ‘Some people eat snacks when they are stressed. Eating snacks can help them Soothe and comfort themselves when they experience an unpleasant situation. 59 In addition, some people eat snacks when they are sad. I've seen some People have a piece of cake after an Unsuccessful job interview. Another reason for having snacks is to celebrate ‘Some people have snacks to honour small victories like getting a promotion or Passing a test. One simple reason for having snacks is because we're bored. Therefore, many people turn to food to break up the monotony of their day-to- day lives. One funny reason for having Snacks is that we want to delay doing things we should do. "| will finish this report, right after | go grab a cookie from the coffee shop down the street." In fact, eating snacks is an easily accessible Pastime for those who usually put things ff until the very last minute. Snacking can be influenced by social culture and food culture. In some countries like France, Mexico and the Philippines, a fourth "meal" or snack is part of a traditional meal pattern. Unit 8: FOOD CHAIN Let us enter the animal world and see how some animals eat their food. * Animals like squirrels, rabbits and rats feed on hard grains and nuts. They bite these hard nuts with very sharp front cutting teeth. This is called ‘gnawing’ * Animals like snakes do not have chewing teeth, they do not chew their food instead they swallow their food whole. * Animals like frogs have a long sticky tongue to catch their prey. When a frog spots an insect, it sticks out its tongue and catches its prey, then it rolls back its tongue back into its mouth. + Insects like bees and butterflies have a long tube to suck nectar from plants. * Animals like cows and buffaloes have @ special way of eating their food. They first swallow their food wholeand fill their stomach. Later, they bring it back into their mouth and keep chewing it for hours. This is known as ruminating, or chewing the cud, + Dogs and cats use their tongue to lap up their food. + The long necks of giraffes allow them to reach leaves, seeds, fruits and branches high up in trees. The elephant uses its trunk to take in food. Unit 9: CLIMATE CHANGE Forests are key to all life forms. Here are the three most important benefits we get from forests Habitat and ecosystems First, forests serve as a home to millions of animals. Many types of snakes and lizards, wild animals, butterflies and insects, birds and tree-top animals as well. All those live in the forests, streams and rivers. Economic benefits Second, forests are of immense ‘economic importance to us. For example, plantation forests provide humans with timber and wood, which is exported and used. in all parts of the world. They also provide tourism income to people living in or close to forests, when people visit to see the best of nature. Climate control Third, trees and soils help regulate atmospheric temperatures through a process called evapotranspiration. This helps to stabilize the climate. In addition, they enrich the atmosphere by absorbing bad gases like carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and producing oxygen, Unit 10: FOOD SAFETY There have been great advances in food preparation in the last century. These days, a lot of the foods that we can buy in supermarkets are pre-packaged or pre- prepared. They need either little or no preparation before being ready to eat. Therefore they save a lot of our time. This is very convenient for customers but there are some harmful effects. Most of the foods on the shelves contain chemicals and additives that are known to harm both humans and animals. There are three harmful ingredients of food. They are food additives, artificial sweeteners and artificial colours. Experts warn us to avoid as many chemicals in our foods as possible. All of us need to be careful and cautious because some of these ingredients are used in meats, dairy products and even farm produce. The health of our country is determined by the foods we eat. Eating unsafe food can make us ill and this, in turn, will add great costs to our healthcare system, Unit 11: THANAKHA, UNIQUELY MYANMAR andar! May | ask a question about Myanmar customs and practices? andar: Of course, you can! Please do. Iam not being impolite...but | am very curious. Please, feel free to ask! ‘Why do Myanmar people paint their faces yellow? Sandar: What do you mean? Everywhere I go, I see children, men, women of all ages with yellow paint on their cheeks and foreheads. Who are they trying to hide from? ‘andar: [laughing] Mary, no they are not trying to hide from anyone or anything! Do they wear it for religious reasons? Is the paint sacred? Does it come in other colours? Is the paint imported from China? Mary: Mary:Sandar: Oh Mary, you have many questions! First of all, it is not paint. It is thanakhal Thanakha... Would you like to know more? Thanks, I'd love to! {takes a deep breath] Thanakha isa tree. The bark is ground on a flat circular stone with water to get a paste. It is used as a beauty treatment and sometimes, medicine. This is very interesting. Do you know that | am a beauty and cosmetics specialist? My mother, who is an expert on traditional medicine, taught me that thanakha helps protect the skin from the sun. Myanmar people who work in the sun ‘smear thanakha on their faces. Ihave also seen young women, who do not work outside in the sun, with thin creamy thanakha spread on their faces. What do you think about women of our age, putting thanakha on their faces? | think itis a good practice. They are taking care of their skin. Why do parents put it on the faces of their children? Thanakha helps protect the children's faces from the sun. It is also soothing to the skin and ‘smells nice. Parents, who have children, also do this to show their love. Is thanakha expensive? The price depends on which productis used. Itcan be bought as pieces of wood or, ‘ready- made’, in the form of creams, lotions, cakes or powders. Mary: Sandar: Mary: ‘Sandar: Mary: Sandar: Mary: Sandar: Sandar: Mary: Sandar. 61 Unit 12: URBANIZATION Life in urban areas is fast and complicated, whereas rural life is simple and relaxed. The urban settlement includes cities and towns. On the other hand, the rural settlement includes villages and groups of houses. Urban areas are separated from nature, but rural areas are in direct contact with nature. Urban people are engaged in non- agricultural work. In contrast, the primary occupation of rural people is farming. Population wise, urban areas are densely populated. On the contrary, rural areas are sparsely populated. ‘When it comes to jobs, urban people often change their jobs, looking for better opportunities. However, in rural areas people do not usually change their jobs.