coatings

Article
Numerical Analysis of Carbon Nanotube-Based
Nanofluid Unsteady Flow Amid Two Rotating Disks
with Hall Current Coatings and
Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Reactions
Muhammad Ramzan 1,2, *, Saima Riasat 1 , Seifedine Kadry 3 , Pin Kuntha 4 ,
Yunyoung Nam 5, * and Fares Howari 6
1 Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; saimaqau@[Link]
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
3 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut
115020, Lebanon; skadry@[Link]
4 Department of ICT Convergence Rehabilitation Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
pin.kuntha145@[Link]
5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
6 College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144543, UAE; [Link]@[Link]
* Correspondence: mramzan@[Link] (M.R.); ynam@[Link] (Y.N.)




Received: 20 November 2019; Accepted: 4 January 2020; Published: 5 January 2020


Abstract: In the present exploration, our objective is to investigate the importance of Hall current
coatings in the establishment of Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux model in an unsteady aqueous-based
nanofluid flow comprising single (SWCNTs) and multi-walled (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
amid two parallel rotating stretchable disks. The novelty of the presented model is strengthened
with the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous (HH) reactions and thermal stratification effects.
The numerical solution of the system of coupled differential equations with high nonlinearity is
obtained by applying the bvp4c function of MATLAB software. To corroborate the authenticity of
the present envisioned mathematical model, a comparison table is added to this study in limiting
case. An excellent harmony between the two results is obtained. Effects of numerous parameters on
involved distributions are displayed graphically and are argued logically in the light of physical laws.
Numerical values of coefficient of drag force and Nusselt number are also tabulated for different
parameters. It is observed that tangential velocity (function of rotation parameter) is increasing for
both CNTs. Further, the incremental values of thermal stratification parameter cause the decrease in
fluid temperature parameter.

Keywords: coatings; Hall current; Catttaneo-Christov heat flux; carbon nanotubes; homogeneous–
heterogeneous reactions

1. Introduction
Nanofluids consist of solid particles called nanoparticles with higher thermal characteristics
suspended in some base fluid. Moreover, convective heat transfer through nanoparticles has motivated
many researchers for its industrial applications, pharmaceutical processes, domestic refrigerators,
chillers, heat exchangers, electronic cooling system, and radiators, etc., [1]. Nanofluids are considered as
the finest coolants for its various industrial applications. Nanofluids exhibit promising thermos-physical
properties e.g., they have small viscosity and density and large thermal conductivity and specific heat [2].
As far as transportation of energy is concerned, the ideal features of nanofluids are the high thermal

Coatings 2020, 10, 48; doi:10.3390/coatings10010048 [Link]/journal/coatings

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 2 of 21

conduction and low viscosity [3]. Choi and Eastman [4] primarily examined the upsurge in thermal
conductivity by submerging nanoparticles into the ordinary fluid. Because of these thermos-physical
characteristics, nanofluids are considered as the finest coolants that can work at various temperature
ranges [5]. Sheikholeslami et al. [6] found a numerical solution ferrofluid flow under the influence of
applied magnetic field in a hot elliptic cylinder. It is examined by them that strong Lorentz force is
a source in declining the temperature of the fluid. The water-based nanofluid flow with numerous
magnetite nanoparticles amid two stretchable rotating disks is numerically studied by Haq et al. [7].
Khan et al. [8] numerically addressed the water and ethylene glycol based nanofluid flow containing
copper nanoparticles with suction/injection effect between parallel rotating stretchable disks. Saidi
and Tamim [9] examined the pressure drop and heat transfer properties of nanofluid flow induce
amid parallel stretchable disks in rotation by considering thermophoresis effects. Hayat et al. [10]
also found a series solution of Jeffrey nanofluid flow between two coaxial rotating stretchable disks
having convective boundary condition. Pourmehran et al. [11] numerically simulated the nanofluid
flow between coaxial stretchable rotating disks.
Molecules of carbon atoms arranged in a cylindrical shape to form a structure called carbon
nanotubes (CNTs). This arrangement of the molecule may be by rolling up of single sheet or by multiple
sheets of graphene [12]. The novel properties of CNTs are light weight and high thermal conductivity,
which make them potentially useful. CNTs are not dangerous to the environment as they are composed
of carbon atoms [13]. The CNTs are the most desirous materials of the twenty-first century. Modern
applications of CNTs are in microfabrication technique, pancreatic cancer test, and tissue engineering,
etc., [14]. The flow of nanofluid containing both types CNTs with thermal radiation and convective
boundary condition effects is examined analytically by Imtiaz et al. [15]. The water-based nanofluid
flow containing CNTs of both categories under the impact of magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) amid
two parallel disks is studied by Haq et al. [16]. Mosayebidorcheh et al. [17] did heat transfer analysis
with thermal radiation impacts of CNTs-based nanofluid squeezing flow between two parallel disks
numerically via the least square method. Effects of thermal radiation in a magnetic field comprising
both types of CNTs aqueous based nanofluid flow by two rotating stretchable disks are debated by
Jyothi et al. [18]. Transparent carbon nanotubes coating to obtain conductive transparent coating is
analyzed by Kaempgen [19]. Keefer et al. [20] studied carbon nanotube-coated electrodes to improve
the current electrophysiological techniques. Enzyme-coated carbon nanotube as a single molecule
biosensor was reported by Besteman et al. [21]. Some recent investigations featuring Carbon nanotubes
amalgamated fluid flow may be found in [22–30] and many therein.
Thermal energy transformation possesses significant importance in engineering applications such
as fuel cell efficiency, biomedical applications including cooling of electronic devices, heat conduction
in tissues, energy production, heat exchangers, and cooling towers etc., [31]. Classical Fourier law
of heat conduction was employed to describe the mechanism of heat transfer. But this model gives
parabolic energy equation that is medium encountered initial disturbance instantly which is called
“heat conduction paradox.” Cattaneo [32] tackled this enigma by introducing the time needed for the
conduction of heat via thermal waves at a limited speed which is known as thermal relaxation time.
The modification in Fourier law gives hyperbolic energy equation for temperature profile. Christov [33]
further inserted Oldroyd’s upper convective derivative to maintain material invariant formulation.
This upgraded model is known as Cattaneo- Christov heat flux model. The aqueous fluid flow by
two rotating disks with the impact of CC heat flux is studied by Hayat et al. [34]. Dogonchi et al. [35]
scrutinized the squeezed flow of nanofluid encompassing CC heat flux and thermal radiation effects.
Lu et al. [36] discussed the unsteady squeezing nanofluid flow between parallel disks comprising
CNTs with CC heat flux model and HH reactions. The recent advance studies on CC heat flux is done
by many researchers [37–40].
The aforementioned literature survey (Table 1) reveals that unsteady nanofluid flow containing
CNTs with CC heat flux under the influence of hall current between two rotating stretchable disks is
not yet discussed. Additional impacts like HH reactions and thermal stratification of the presented
mathematical model may be considered as added features toward the novelty of the problem. The
problem is solved numerically by using the bvp4c function of MATLAB software.

Table 1. A comparison table depicting uniqueness of presented mathematical model.

Coatings 2020, 10, 48CC Rotating 3 of 21

HH Nanofluid Hall Thermal
Author Heat Parallel
Reactions with CNTs Effect Stratification
Flux Disks
mathematical model may be considered as added features toward the novelty of the problem. The
Hayat et
problem is solved ×numerically×by using the bvp4c × function of × MATLAB software.
× √
al. [10]
Imtiaz et Table 1. A comparison table depicting uniqueness of presented mathematical model.
× × √ × × √
al. [15]
Hayat et CC Heat HH Nanofluid Thermal Rotating
Author Hall Effect
√ Flux × Reactions with √ CNTs × ×
Stratification √
Parallel Disks
al. [34] √
Hayat et al. [10] × × × × ×
Lu et al. √ √
Imtiaz et al. [15] √ √ √ × × √ √
× × × ×
[36] et al. [34] √ √
Hayat × × ×
√ √ √ √
Present
Lu et al. [36] √
√
√ √
√√ √√× √√
×
√
√
Present (×) shows effect is absent √
and (√) shows the presence of effect.
(×) shows effect is absent and ( ) shows the presence of effect.

2. Problem
2. Problem Formulation
Formulation
Consider an
Consider an axisymmetric
axisymmetric unsteady
unsteady MHD
MHD water
water base
base nanofluid
nanofluid flow
flow between
between continuously
continuously
stretchabledisks
stretchable diskswith
withhall
hallcurrent
currenteffect
effectamid
amidnon-conducting
non-conductingrotating
rotatingdisks atz𝑧==00and
disksat andz𝑧==h.ℎ.The
The
disksrotate
disks rotateat
atconstant
constantangular velocitiesΩΩ1 and
angularvelocities andΩ Ω2 about
about its
its axis. field B𝐵0 that
axis. Magnetic field that is
is uniformly
uniformly
distributedisisapplied
distributed appliedin inthe
thenormal
normaldirection
directionofofthe
thedisks
disks(Figure
(Figure1).1). Furthermore,
Furthermore,the the stretching
stretchingrates
rates
ofthe
of thedisks
disksare anda𝑎
area𝑎1 and TemperatureT𝑇2 ==T𝑇0 +
2 . .Temperature + 1−ct refers
Br refers to
to the
the temperature
temperature ofof upper
upper disk
diskwhile
while
Ar
the disk’s temperature at z = h is1𝑇 = 0𝑇 +1−ct in a thermally stratified medium.
the disk’s temperature at z = h is T = T + in a thermally stratified medium.

Figure 1. Schematic
Figure1. Schematic picture
picture of
of the
the fluid
fluid flow.
flow.

For
Forisothermal
isothermalcubic
cubicautocatalysis,
autocatalysis,aamodel
modelfor
for homogeneous
homogeneousand and heterogeneous
heterogeneousreactions
reactionswith
with
reactants as chemical species are A ∗ ∗
*and B *and was proposed by Merkin and Chaudary [41] and is
reactants as chemical species are A and B and was proposed by Merkin and Chaudary [41] and is
given
givenby:
by:
A∗ + 2B∗ → 3B∗ , rate = Kc = ab2 , (1)

A∗ → B∗ , rate = Ks a, (2)

The continuity equation is

→
∇.V = 0, (3)
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 4 of 21

The momentum equations are

∂u → −1 ∗ µn f 2 σn f BO 2
+ (V.∇)u = pr + (∇ u) − (u − mv), (4)
∂t ρn f ρn f ρ n f 1 + m2

∂v → µn f 2 σn f BO 2
+ (V.∇)v = (∇ v) − (v + mu), (5)
∂t ρn f ρn f 1 + m2
∂w → −1 ∗ µn f
+ (V.∇)w = p + + ∇2 w, (6)
∂t ρn f z ρn f
The relevant energy equation is
→ →
(ρCp )n f (V.∇)T = −∇. q , (7)

→
where T represents the temperature, Cp the specific heat and q the heat flux. Heat flux in perspective
of Cattaneo–Christov expression is satisfied.
→
→ ∂q → → → → → →
q + 1 ( + V.(∇ q ) − q .(∇V ) + (∇.V ) q ) − k∇T. (8)
∂t
Here, 1 is the thermal relaxation time and k is the thermal conductivity. Utilizing the
incompressibility condition, we arrive at
→
→ ∂q → → → →
q + 1 ( + V.(∇ q ) − q .∇V ) − k∇T. (9)
∂t
→
Eliminating q from Equations (9) and (7), we get

Tt + uTr + wTz + 1 (Ttt + ut Tr + 2uTtr + 2wTtz + wt Tz + uur Tr + wwz Tz

Kn f   (10)
+uwr Tr + wTr Tz + 2uwTtz + u2 wrr + w2 Tzz = (ρC ) ∇2 T .
p nf

→
As V = (u, v, w) is the velocity vector, we obtain the following governing equations after applying
the boundary layer theory:
u
ur + + wz = 0, (11)
r
v2 −1 ∗ µn f 1 u σn f BO 2
ut + uur + wuz − = pr + (urr + ur − 2 + uzz ) − (u − mv), (12)
r ρn f ρn f r r ρ n f 1 + m2

uv µn f 1 v σn f BO 2
vt + uvr + wvz + = (vrr + vr − 2 + vzz ) − (v + mu), (13)
r ρn f r r ρ n f 1 + m2

v2 −1 ∗ µn f 1
 
wt + uwr + wwz − = pz + wrr + wr + wzz , (14)
r ρn f ρn f r

Tt + uTr + wTz + 1 (Ttt + ut Tr + 2uTtr + 2wTtz + wt Tz + uur Tr + wwz Tz

Kn f   (15)
+uwr Tr + wTr Tz + 2uwTtz + u2 wrr + w2 Tzz = (ρC ) Trr + 1r Tr + Tzz ,
p nf

1
 
at + uar + waz = DA arr + ar + azz − Kc ab2 , (16)
r
1
 
bt + ubr + wbz = DB brr + br + bzz + Kc ab2 . (17)
r
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 5 of 21

The associated boundary conditions are

ra1 rΩ Ar
u= v = 1−ct1 , w = 0, T = T1 (r) = T0 +
1−ct , 1−ct , (18)
DA ∂a
∂z
= Ks a, DB ∂b
∂z
= −Ks a, at z = 0,

ra2 rΩ2 Br
u= , v= , w = 0, T = T2 (r) = T0 + , a → a0 , b → 0, z = h. (19)
1 − ct 1 − ct 1 − ct
Here, T0 is the reference temperature. A and B are the dimensional constant with dimension
[T · L−1 ].
Thermo-physical properties of CNTS are represented in mathematical form as follows:

µn f 1
A= = , (20)
µf (1 − φ)2.5
ρn f ρCNT
B= = (1 − φ) + φ, (21)
ρf ρf
(ρCp )n f (ρCp )CNT
C= = (1 − φ) + φ, (22)
(ρCp ) f (ρCp ) f
kCNT +k f
kn f (1 − φ) + 2φ k kCNT
−k ln 2k f
CNT f
D= = k kCNT +k f
, (23)
kf (1 − φ) + 2φ k f−k ln 2k
CNT f f
 
σ
σn f 3φ CNTσf − 1
= 1+  . (24)
σf
 
σCNT σCNT
σf + 2 − σf − 1

Table 2 represents the thermos-physical characteristics of CNTs and H2 O.

Table 2. Thermo-physical properties of water and carbon nanotubes.

Physical Properties Base Fluid (H2 O) MWCNTs SWCNTs

J
Cp ( kg k) 4179 796 425
 
kg
ρ m3 997.1 1600 2600
 
W 0.613 3000 6600
k mk

Following transformation are used to convert the above nonlinear partial differential equations to
dimensionless ordinary differential equations.

rΩ1 0 rΩ1 2hΩ T−T2

1−ct f (η), 1−ct g(η), w = 1−ct f (η), θ = T1 −To ,
u= v= √ 1
ρΩ1 ν

r2
 (25)
p∗ = P(η) + 2h 2ε , η =
√z , a = c0 ϕ
e, b = c0e
l.
(1−ct)2 h 1−ct

Equation (11) is satisfied automatically, Equations (12) to (17) are transformed into the following
form:  η    σn f MRe( f 0 − mg) A
A1 f 0 + f 00 + Re f 02 − 2 f f 00 − g2 + ε − = f 000 , (26)
2 σ f B(1 + m2 ) B
 σ MRe( g + m f 0 )
B 1
 
nf
Re g + ηg0 A1 + 2( f 0 g − f g0 ) − = g00 , (27)
A 2 σ f A ( 1 + m2 )
∂p∗ (1 − ct) 00
= (A1 ( f + η f 0 ) − 4 f f 0 )B(1 − ct)Re − 2 f , (28)
∂z A
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 6 of 21

   
A1 s + θ + 21 ηθ0 + (s + θ) f 0 − 2 f θ0 + γ[ s + θ + 87 ηθ0 +
     
f 0 f 0 + 12 η f 00 (s + θ) + 2 f 0 s + θ + 12 ηθ0 − 4 f 12 ηθ00 + 32 θ0 +
(29)
( f + η f 0 )θ0 + f 0 2 (s + θ) − A41 f 0 θ0 − 2 f f 00 (s + θ) + A41 f 2 θ00 − A41 f f 0 θ0
=D C ( PrRe θ + Pr (s + θ)),
1 00 1

1 0 2 1 00
ηe
ϕ − e0 − ϕ
fϕ ϕl2 = 0,
e + k1e (30)
2 A1 Sc
1 e0 2 e0 δ e
ηl − ϕl2 = 0,
f l − l00 − k1e (31)
2 A1 Sc
with transformed boundary conditions

f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0, f 0 (0) = γ1 , f 0 (1) = γ2 , g(0) = 1,

(32)
g(1) = Ω, θ(0) = 1 − s, θ(1) = 0, P(0) = 0,

where
σ f BO 2 (1−ct) υ f (ρCp ) f Ω2
a1 a2 h2 c
M= ρf , A1 = c
Ω1 , γ1 = Ω1 , γ2 = Ω2 , Sc = DA , Pr = kf ,Ω = Ω1 ,
Kc c2o (1−ct) ks h(1−ct)1/2 DB c1 kn f (ρCp )n f (33)
k1 = c , k2 = DA δ = DA , γ = 1−ct , D= ,B = .
kf (ρCp ) f
By assuming the chemical species alike, we take diffusion coefficient of both species equal, so that
δ = 1. And thus we have e
l(η) + ϕ̌(η) = 1, we get from Equations (30) and (31)

1 00 1 0 2
ϕ
e − ηe
ϕ + fϕ e)2 ϕ
e0 − k1(1 − ϕ e = 0, (34)
Sc 2 A1

e0 (0) = K2e
ϕ ϕ0 (0), ϕ
e0(1) → 1, (35)

Differentiating Equation (26), we get


3 00 η 000
 σn f MRe( f 00 − mg0 ) A
A1 f + f + Re(2 f f 000 − 2gg0 ) − = f 0000 , (36)
2 2 σf B ( 1 + m2 ) B

3. Skin Friction and Local Nusselt Number

Shear stresses at lower disk in radial and tangential directions are τzr and τzθ

µ f rΩ1 f 00 (0) µ f rΩ1 g0 (0)

τzr = µn f uz |z=0 = , τzθ = µn f uz |z=0 = , (37)
h(1 − φ)2.5 h(1 − φ)2.5

The total shear stress is  1/2

τw = τzr 2 + τzθ 2 , (38)

Coefficients of drag force at z = 0, and z = h for the disk are

τ w |z = 0
i1/2
( f 00 (0))2 + ( g0 (0))2
h
1
C f1 = = ,
ρ f (rΩ1 )2 Rer (1−φ)2.5
τ w |z = h
i1/2 (39)
( f 00 (1))2 + ( g0 (1))2
h
1
C f2 = = ,
ρ f (rΩ2 )2 Rer (1−φ)2.5

Here, Rer represents local Reynolds number.

The dimensional form of Nu (the local Nusselt number) is

kn f (ρcp ) f
Nu = , (40)
ρf kf
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 7 of 21

By using transformation given in Equations (25), Equation (40) becomes

kn f kn f
(1 − ct)1/2 Nu1 = − θ0 (0), (1 − ct)1/2 Nu2 = − θ0 (1), (41)
kf kf

4. Numerical Method
In current model, MATLAB built-in-function bvp4c is used to solve coupled ordinary differential
equations (ODE’s) (Equations (26–36)) with mentioned boundary conditions (32). The computational
purpose of the infinite domain is restricted to η = 4 which is enough to indicate the asymptotic
behavior of the solution. The theme numerical scheme needs initial approximation with tolerance 10−6 .
The initial taken estimation must meet the boundary conditions without interrupting the solution
technique. We obtain a system comprising three first-order differential equations given below:

f 0 = y2 ,
f 00 = y3 ,
f 000 = y4
f 0000 = yy1
B 3
 η
 σn f MRe( y3 −my6 )
yy1 = A (A1 2 y3 + 2 y4 + Re(2y1 y4 − 2y5 y6 ) − σf B(1+m2 )
),
g = y5 ,
g0 = y6 ,
h  i σn f MRe( y5 +my2 ) (42)
yy2 = B
A Re y5 + 1
2 ηy6 A1 + 2( y2 y5 − y1 y6 ) − σf A ( 1 + m2 )
,
θ = y7 ,
θ0 = y8  
yy3 = D 1 4 1 2 (A1 s + y7 + 21 ηy8 + (s + y7 ) y2 − 2y1 y8 +
 C PrRe − A1 ( 
y1 ) −2ηy1
   
γ[ s + y7 + 78 ηy8 + y2 y2 + 12 ηy3 (s + y7 ) + 2y2 s + y7 + 12 ηy8 −
6y1 y8 + ( y1 + ηy2 )θ0 + ( y2 )2 (s + y7 ) − A4 y2 y8 − 2y1 y3 (s + y7 ) − CPrD
(s + y7 )),
1

With suitable boundary condition

y1 (0) = 0, y2 (0) = γ1 , y5 (0) = 1, y7 (0) = 1 − s,

(43)
y1 (1) = 0, y2 (1) = γ2 , y5 (1) = Ω, y7 (1) = 0

5. Outcomes with Discussion

In this section the impact of different parameters on velocity and temperature profile, drag force
coefficient, and Nusselt number is described in the form of graphs and tables. In order to acquire
the required outcome we fix the different flow parameters such as M = 0.7, A1 = 0.5, γ1 = 0.1,
γ2 = 0.5, Sc = 1, Pr = 6.7, γ = 0.5, k1 = 0.1, Ω = 0.1.

5.1. Radial and Axial Velocity Profile

In Figures 2–9, the radial velocity f 0 (η) and axial velocity profiles f (η) is depicted for Re,
parameters, scaled Stretching γ1 and γ2 and nanoparticle volume fraction φ. The solid line ( ) and
the dashed line (—-) represent the single wall carbon nanotubes and multiwall carbon nanotubes
respectively. Figures 2 and 3 show that the magnitude of radial f 0 (η) and axial velocity f (η) reduces for
incremental value of Re. The fact is that for increasing values of Reynolds number causes the increase
in resistive forces which reduces the motion of fluid. Magnitude of f 0 (η) and f (η) for multiwall carbon
nanotubes is higher as compared with single wall carbon nanotubes. f (η) takes on negative values
near the lower disks because upper disks are moving faster than the lower disks. Figure 4 depicts
that f 0 (η) escalates in the vicinity of the lower disk and declines in the vicinity of the upper disks by
enhancing the value of γ1 , while the behavior of f (η) remain same throughout the system as shown
multiwall carbon nanotubes is higher as compared with single wall carbon nanotubes. f (η ) takes
on negative values near the lower disks because upper disks are moving faster than the lower disks.
()
Figure 4 depicts that f ′ η escalates in the vicinity of the lower disk and declines in the vicinity of the
upper 2020,
Coatings disks
10,by
48 enhancing the value of 𝛾 , while the behavior of f (η ) remain same throughout
8 ofthe
21

system as shown in Figure 5. But by the increase in the value of 𝛾 , f ′ (η) increases in the vicinity of
the
in [Link]
Figure But by and
thedecreases
increase in the value
vicinity γ2 ,the
of of f 0 (ηupper disks,in(see
) increases the figure 6),ofand
vicinity f (η ) shows
the lower disks
and decreases
decrease in the vicinity
in magnitude of the upper
throughout disks, (see
the system, (seeFigure
figure 6),7). and f (η8) shows decrease
Figure that f (ηin) magnitude
reduces by
f (η ) is smaller for MWCNTs. f ′ (η)
throughout
the increasethe
of system, (see Figure
nanoparticle volume 7).fraction
Figure 8and
shows that f (η)ofreduces by
magnitude the increase of nanoparticle
volume fraction and magnitude of f (η) is smaller for MWCNTs. f 0 (η) is decreasing near the lower
is decreasing near the lower disk and enhancing near the upper disks by increasing φ , while the
disk and enhancing near the upper disks by increasing φ, while the amplitude of f 0 (η) is higher for
amplitudethan
MWCNTs (η) is higher
of f ′SWCNTs. foreffect
This MWCNTs than
is shown in SWCNTs.
Figure 9. This effect is shown in Figure 9.

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 Figure 2. Axial

Figure velocity
2. Axial profile
velocity f (η𝑓(𝜂)
profile Re. 𝑅𝑒.
) for for 10 of 23

Figure3.3. Radial
Figure Radial velocity
velocity profile η) for
profile f𝑓0 ((𝜂) 𝑅𝑒.
forRe.

Figure 4. Radial velocity profile 𝑓 (𝜂) for 𝛾 .

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 9 of 21
Figure
Figure 3.
3. Radial
Radial velocity profile 𝑓𝑓 (𝜂)
velocity profile for 𝑅𝑒.
(𝜂) for 𝑅𝑒.

Figure
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Radial
4. Radial velocity profile 𝑓𝑓
velocity profile
profile f 0(𝜂) for 𝛾γ𝛾1..
η) for
((𝜂) for

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 Figure

Figure 5.
5. Axial
Axial velocity profile 𝑓(𝜂)
velocity profile 𝑓(𝜂) for 𝛾
f (η) for γ𝛾1.. 11 of 23

Radial velocity
Figure 6. Radial velocity profile (η) for 𝛾γ2..
profile 𝑓f 0(𝜂)
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 10 of 21
[Link]
Figure Radialvelocity profile𝑓𝑓 (𝜂)
velocityprofile (𝜂)for
for𝛾𝛾 . .

Figure 7.
Figure [Link]
Axialvelocity
Axial velocityprofile
velocity f𝑓(𝜂)
profile𝑓(𝜂)
profile for𝛾γ𝛾2...
(η) for

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 𝑓(𝜂)

f (η) for
for φ. 12 of 23
φφ.
Figure8.
Figure
Figure [Link]
8. Radial velocity profile𝑓(𝜂)
velocity profile
profile for .

Axialvelocity
[Link]
Figure profile ff 0('(ηη) )for
velocityprofile forφ.φ .

5.2. Tangential Velocity Profile

5.2. Tangential Velocity Profile
Tangential velocity g(η) decreases by escalating the value of M because increasing magnetic field
Tangential velocity g (η ) decreases by escalating the value of 𝑀 because increasing magnetic
exerts a retarding force which slows the motion of the particles within the fluid. Figure 10 depicts that
field exerts a retarding
the tangential force
velocity has whichmagnitude
smaller slows the for
motion of the as
MWCNTs particles within
compared the fluid. Figure
to SWCNTs. Figure 11
10 depicts
depicts
that tangential
that the tangential velocity
velocity has smaller
decreases magnitudevalue
for increasing for MWCNTs
of A1 andasitscompared to SWCNTs.
value is smaller Figure 11
for MWCNTs.
depicts that tangential velocity decreases for increasing value of 𝐴 and its value is
Figure 12 shows that as stretching rate increases at the upper disk it causes a decrease of tangentialsmaller for
MWCNTs. Figure 12 shows that as stretching rate increases at the upper disk it causes a decrease of
tangential velocity. g (η ) increases for incremental values of hall current parameter 𝑚 and
magnitude of tangential velocity profile is more increasing for MWCNTs as compared with SWCNTs
as shown in Figure 13. Figure 14 depicts the relationship between Ω and 𝑔(𝜂). It represents that the
tangential velocity is an escalating function of rotation parameter. Figures 15–16 depict that for
increasing the amplitude of increases and it decreases for increasing Reynolds number.
5.2. Tangential Velocity Profile
Tangential velocity g (η ) decreases by escalating the value of 𝑀 because increasing magnetic
field exerts a retarding force which slows the motion of the particles within the fluid. Figure 10 depicts
that the tangential velocity has smaller magnitude for MWCNTs as compared to SWCNTs. Figure 11
Coatings that10,tangential
depicts2020, 48 velocity decreases for increasing value of 𝐴 and its value is smaller 11 offor
21

MWCNTs. Figure 12 shows that as stretching rate increases at the upper disk it causes a decrease of
tangential
velocity. g(ηvelocity. (η incremental
) increasesg for ) increases values
for incremental values
of hall current of hall
parameter current
m and parameter
magnitude 𝑚 and
of tangential
magnitude
velocity of tangential
profile velocity profile
is more increasing is more increasing
for MWCNTs as comparedfor MWCNTs
with SWCNTs as compared
as shown with SWCNTs
in Figure 13.
as shown in Figure 13. Figure 14 depicts the relationship between Ω and 𝑔(𝜂). It represents
Figure 14 depicts the relationship between Ω and g(η). It represents that the tangential velocity is anthat the
tangential function
escalating velocityofisrotation
an escalating function
parameter. of 15
Figures rotation
and 16parameter. Figures
depict that for 15–16φdepict
increasing that for
the amplitude
increasing
of φ the amplitude
g(η) increases of g (ηfor
and it decreases ) increases
increasingand it decreases
Reynolds for increasing Reynolds number.
number.

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 13 of 23

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 13 of 23
Figure 10. Tangential
Figure 10. Tangential velocity
velocity profile
profile for 𝑀.
for M.

Figure 11.
11. Tangential
Tangential velocity profile forA𝐴 ..
velocity profile
Figure
Figure 11. Tangential velocity profile for 𝐴 1.

Figure 12. Tangential

Figure 12. Tangential velocity
velocity profile forγ𝛾2 ..
profilefor
Figure 12. Tangential velocity profile for 𝛾 .
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 12 of 21
Figure 12. Tangential velocity profile for 𝛾 .

Coatings 2020,
Coatings 2020, 10,
10, 48
48 14 of
14 of 23
23
Figure 13.
Figure Tangential velocity
13. Tangential velocity profile
profile for m.
for 𝑚.

Figure 14. Tangential

Figure 14.
Figure Tangential velocity profile
Tangential velocity profile for Ω.
for Ω.
Ω.

Figure 15.
Figure Tangential velocity
15. Tangential velocity profile
profile for Re.
for 𝑅𝑒.
Figure 15. Tangential velocity profile for 𝑅𝑒.
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 13 of 21
Figure 15. Tangential velocity profile for 𝑅𝑒.

Figure
Figure 16. Tangential velocity
16. Tangential velocity profile for φ.
profile for 𝜙.

5.3. Dimensionless Temperature Distribution

5.3. Dimensionless Temperature Distribution
The dimensionless temperature distribution for different values of relaxation parameter is depicted
The dimensionless temperature distribution for different values of relaxation parameter is
for both MWCNTs
Coatings 2020, and SWCNTs in Figure 17. The figure shows that higher rate of thermal relaxation
depicted for10, 48 MWCNTs
both and SWCNTs in Figure 17. The figure shows that higher rate of thermal 15 of 23
parameter causes the increase in temperature profile. Results shows that temperature profile is more
relaxation parameter causes the increase in temperature profile. Results shows that temperature
increasing for MWCNTs than SWCNTs. Figure 18 shows that temperature decreases by increasing
profile is more
parameter, increasingparameter
unsteadiness for MWCNTs A1 , stretching
than SWCNTs. Figureγ 118atshows
parameter that temperature
lower disk on temperature decreases
profile
nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature profile shows more decreasing behavior for MWCNTS
by increasing
is shown nanoparticle
in Figures volume
19–23. Results fraction and temperature profile shows more decreasing behavior
as compared to SWCNTs. Effect ofareReynolds
plotted both
number,for MWCNTs and MWCNTs.
Prandtl number, Figureparameter,
stratification 19 shows
for
that MWCNTS
for positive as values
compared of to there
Re [Link] an Effect of Reynolds
increase in number,
temperature Prandtl
profile, and number,
it shows stratification
that multi-
unsteadiness parameter A1 , stretching parameter γ1 at lower disk on temperature profile is shown
walled
in carbon
Figures 19–23. nanotubes
Results have higherboth
are plotted temperature
for MWCNTs distribution for increasing
and MWCNTs. FigureReynolds
19 shows number
that foras
compared to single-walled carbon nanotubes. Similarly, graph is plotted for
positive values of Re there is an increase in temperature profile, and it shows that multi-walled carbon negative values of
Reynolds number.
nanotubes have higher It is temperature
revealed thatdistribution
on decreasing the value Reynolds
for increasing of Reynolds number,
number temperature
as compared to
profile also decreases and shows more decreasing behavior for MWCNTs than
single-walled carbon nanotubes. Similarly, graph is plotted for negative values of Reynolds number. It SWCNTs. Figures 20–
is
22revealed
portray that on decreasing
the variation the value of
of temperature Reynolds
profile which number, temperature
decreases profile values
for incremental of s, A1 , and
also decreases and
shows more decreasing behavior for MWCNTs than SWCNTs. Figures 20–22 portray the variation of
γ 1 this decreasing
temperature profilebehavior is observed
which decreases more for SWCNTs
for incremental ass,compared
values of A1 , and γ1with
this MWCNTs.
decreasing Figure
behavior 23
depicts
is observedfor more
increasing value of
for SWCNTs as Prandtl
compared number temperature
with MWCNTs. profile
Figure decreases.
23 depicts The decrease
for increasing valuein
temperature
of by augmentation
Prandtl number temperatureofprofilePrandtl number The
decreases. is consistent
decrease with the physical
in temperature byexpectation,
augmentation as byof
increasing
Prandtl Prandtl
number number fluid
is consistent withpossesses
the physicallower thermal diffusivity
expectation, which causes
as by increasing Prandtl thenumber
thickness of
fluid
thermal boundary layer to decrease.
possesses lower thermal diffusivity which causes the thickness of thermal boundary layer to decrease.

Figure 17. Temperature profile for γ.

Figure 17. Temperature profile for 𝛾.
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 14 of 21
Figure 17. Temperature profile for 𝛾.

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 16 of 23

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 16 of 23
Figure 18. Temperature profile for φ.
Figure 18. Temperature profile for 𝜙.

Figure 19. Temperature profile for 𝑅𝑒.

Figure 19.
Figure Temperature profile
19. Temperature profile for Re.
for 𝑅𝑒.

Figure 20. Temperature profile for γ1 .

Figure 20. Temperature profile for 𝛾 .
Figure 20. Temperature profile for 𝛾 .
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 15 of 21
Figure 20. Temperature profile for 𝛾 .

.Coatings 2020, 10, 48 17 of 23

Coatings 2020, 10, 48 17 of 23
Figure 21. Temperature profile for A .
Figure 21. Temperature profile for 𝐴 1.

Figure
Figure 22.
22. Temperature
Temperature profile for 𝑠.
Figure 22. Temperature profile for s.
profile for 𝑠.

Figure 23. Temperature profile for Pr.

Figure 23. Temperature profile for 𝑃𝑟.
Figure 23. Temperature profile for 𝑃𝑟.
5.4. Concentration Profile
5.4. Concentration Profile
5.4. Concentration Profile the analysis of concentration profile. For various estimates of homogeneous
Figure 24 demonstrate
Figure
reaction 24 demonstrate
parameter k1 there isthe analysis
decay of concentration
in concentration [Link].
Similar Forresults
various
are estimates
obtained of
Figure 24 demonstrate the analysis of concentration profile. For various estimates for
of
homogeneous
heterogeneous reaction
reaction parameter
parameter 𝑘1
k2 there
in is
Figuredecay
25. in concentration
Concentration profile.
field is Similar
observed results
for are
Schmidt
homogeneous reaction parameter 𝑘1 there is decay in concentration profile. Similar results are
obtained for heterogeneous reaction parameter 𝑘2 in Figure 25. Concentration field is observed for
obtained for heterogeneous reaction parameter 𝑘2 in Figure 25. Concentration field is observed for
Schmidt number in Figure 26. As it is momentum to mass diffusivity ratio, so smaller the value of
Schmidt number in Figure 26. As it is momentum to mass diffusivity ratio, so smaller the value of
mass diffusivity, stronger the value of Schmidt number, which causes the reduction of the
mass diffusivity, stronger the value of Schmidt number, which causes the reduction of the
concentration of the fluid.
concentration of the fluid.
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 16 of 21

number
Coatings in 10,
2020, Figure
48 26. As it is momentum to mass diffusivity ratio, so smaller the value of18mass
of 23
Coatings 2020,stronger
diffusivity, 10, 48 18 ofof
the value of Schmidt number, which causes the reduction of the concentration 23
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 18 of 23
the fluid.

Figure 24. Concentration profile for 𝑘1.

Figure 24. Concentration profile for 𝑘1.
Figure24.
Figure Concentrationprofile
[Link] profilefor k1.
for𝑘1.

Figure 25. Concentration profile for 𝑆𝑐.

Figure 25. Concentration
Figure 25. Concentration profile for Sc.
profile for 𝑆𝑐.
Figure 25. Concentration profile for 𝑆𝑐.

Figure26.
Figure Concentrationprofile
[Link] profilefor k2.
for𝑘2.
Figure 26. Concentration profile for 𝑘2.

( ) ( )
Figure 26. Concentration profile for 𝑘2.
Comparison of f ′′ 0 and g′ 0 with Stewartson [42] for several estimates of Ω by
( ) ( )
Comparison of f ′′ 0 and g′ 0 with Stewartson [42] for several estimates of Ω by
considering all extra
Comparison
considering
( )
f ′′ 0as zero
of terms ( )
andis g ′ 0 with
depicted in Table 3. An excellent
Stewartson [42] forsynchronization of Ω by
is achieved
several estimates in
this case. Thisall extra terms our
substantiates as zero is depictedmodel
mathematical in Table
and3. presented
An excellent synchronization is achieved in
results.
considering all substantiates
this case. This extra terms asourzeromathematical
is depicted inmodel
Tableand
3. An excellentresults.
presented synchronization is achieved in
this case. This substantiates our mathematical model and presented results.
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 17 of 21

Comparison of f 00 (0) and g0 (0) with Stewartson [42] for several estimates of Ω by considering all
extra terms as zero is depicted in Table 3. An excellent synchronization is achieved in this case. This
substantiates our mathematical model and presented results.

Table 3. Comparison of f 00 (0) and g0 (0) for numerous estimates of Ω with Stewartson [42].

Ω f 00 (0) Present −g0 (0) Present

−1.0 0.06666 0.06665 2.00095 2.00096
−0.8 0.08394 0.08394 1.80259 1.80259
−0.3 0.10395 0.10396 1.30442 1.30443
0.0 0.09997 0.09998 1.00428 1.00429
0.5 0.06663 0.06664 0.50261 0.50262

5.5. Drag Force Coefficient and Heat Transfer Rate

Influence of Hartmann number M, Hall current parameter m, stretching parameter γ1 and γ2 , and
Reynolds number on Skin friction coefficients for MWCNTs and SWCNTs at both disks is portrayed
in Table 4. Skin coefficient friction decrease by increasing the value of Hall current parameter m and
Hartmann number M at lower and upper disk for both MWCNTs and SWCNTs, while increasing
behavior for Re and scaled stretching parameter γ1 for disk at z = 0 and stretching parameter γ2 for
the disk at z = h(t) for both MWCNTs and SWCNTs.

Table 4. Numerical values of drag force coefficient at lower and upper disk for SWCNTs and MWCNTs
when A1 = 0.5, Pr = 6.7, Ω = 0.5, S = 0.4, k1 = 0.1, k2 = 0.1, m = 0.5, Sc = 1.

SWCNTs MWCNTs SWCNTs MWCNTs

m M Re γ1 γ2
C1 C1 C2 C2
0 0 – – – 5.03411 5.03457 6.04242 6.04063
– 0.5 – – – 5.02568 5.02466 6.04163 6.0397
– 1 – – – 5.01732 5.01486 6.04091 6.03888
0.5 0 – – – 5.03411 5.03457 6.04242 6.04063
– 0.5 – – – 5.02896 5.02852 6.04023 6.03805
– 1 – – – 5.02385 5.02253 6.03808 6.03553
0.5 0.5 0.5 – – 4.13561 4.14261 5.58341 5.59479
– – 1 – – 4.2427 4.48904 5.984181 6.19988
– – 1.5 – – 5.15702 6.33493 7.14381 8.20049
– – 0.1 0.1 – 2.94098 2.94399 4.87809 4.86666
– – – 0.2 – 3.60549 3.60836 5.22787 5.21623
– – – 0.1 0.6 2.94098 2.94399 4.87809 4.86666
– – – – 0.8 3.553583 3.56223 6.32921 6.31152

Table 5 is erected to depict the impact of numerous parameters on heat transfer rate. It is gathered
that rate of heat transfer is a decreasing function of unsteadiness parameter and Prandtl number at
lower disk for both MWCNTS and SWCNTs, while it is a decreasing function of Reynolds number at
lower disk and increasing function of Reynolds number at upper disk for both MWCNTs and SWCNTs.
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 18 of 21

Table 5. Numerical values of heat transfer rate at lower and upper disk for SWCNTs and MWCNTs
when Ω = 0.5, γ1 = 0.1, γ2 = 0.4, k1 = 0.1, k2 = 0.1, m = 0.5, Sc = 1.

SWCNTs MWCNTs SWCNTs MWCNTs

S Pr Re A1 knf 0 knf 0 knf 0 knf 0
− k θ (0) − k θ (0) − k θ (1) − k θ (1)
f f f f

0.2 – – – 4.14135 3.83131 4.49696 4.16193

0.4 – – – 3.10577 2.87324 3.37182 3.12053
0.6 – – – 2.01701 1.91516 2.24668 2.07914
0.7 – – – 1.5524 1.43613 1.68411 1.55844
0.2 3.9 – – 4.12824 3.81806 4.51945 4.18466
– 5.2 – – 4.12164 3.81139 4.530861 4.19621
– 1.3 0.2 – 4.13503 3.82486 4.50794 4.17309
– – 0.5 – 4.11594 3.81839 4.54154 4.18437
– – 0.1 0.6 4.10289 3.79571 4.593021 4.25082
– – – 0.7 4.05746 3.75367 4.705941 4.35533
– – – 0.8 4.00509 3.7052 4.83659 4.47624

6. Conclusions
Unsteady axisymmetric MHD flow and transfer of heat with water-based carbon nanotubes amid
two stretchable rotating disks is explored in the present study. Results for arising parameters for both
SWCNTs and MWCNTs are illustrated. Main findings of our observations are as follows.

• Radial velocity increases and declines in the vicinity of the lower and the upper disks respectively.
• Radial and axial velocity profile is increasing for stretching parameter γ1 and decreasing behavior
γ2 near the lower disks for both types of walls.
• Tangential velocity increases with increasing Hall current parameter and decreases with increasing
Hartmann number in case of SWCNTs and MWCNTs.
• Temperature increases for thermal relaxation parameter, and decreases for nanoparticle
volume fraction.
• In H-H reactions the concentration profile decreases for both types of CNTs.
• For incremental value of thermal stratification parameters temperature profile decreases.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.R.; Methodology, S.R.; software, S.K.; Validation, P.K. and Y.N.;
Formal Analysis, S.R.; Investigation, F.H.; X.X.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, S.R.; Writing—Review and
Editing, M.R.; visualization, S.K.; Supervision, M.R.; Project Administration, M.R.; Funding Acquisition, P.K. and
Y.N.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF funded by
the Korean government, MSIP(NRF-2015M3A9D7067219) and also supported by the Soonchunhyang University
Research Fund.
Conflicts of Interest: Authors have no conflict of interest regarding this publication.

Nomenclature

Symbols Description
→ →
V = V (u, v, w) Velocity of the fluid (m/s)
M Hartmann number
T Temperature (K)
T0 Reference temperature (K)
A, B The dimensional constant K.m−1
γ1 Scale stretching parameters at lower disk
γ2 Scale stretching parameters at upper disk
Ω1 Angular velocity of the lower disk (sec−1 )
Ω2 Angular velocity of the upper disk (sec−1 )
Coatings 2020, 10, 48 19 of 21

Symbols Description
J
Cp Specific heat ( kg k)
A1 Unsteadiness parameter
ε1 Thermal relaxation time (sec)
B0 Applied magnetic field (Tesla)
σn f Thermal conductivity of nanofluid (S/m)
σf Thermal conductivity of the fluid (S/m)
k1 Measure of strength of homogeneous reaction
Ω Rotation parameter
Sc Schmidt number
DA Diffusion coefficient of chemical species A∗ (cm2 /s)
s Thermal stratification parameter
k2 Measure of strength of heterogeneous reaction
Re Reynolds number
µf Dynamic viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)
µn f Dynamic viscosity of nanofluid (Pa.s)
ρf Density of the fluid (kgm−3 )
kn f Thermal conductivity of the nanofluid (W/mk)
ρn f Density of the nanofluid (kgm−3 )
kCNT Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes (W/mk)
kf Thermal conductivity of the fluid (W/mk)
δ Ratio of diffusion coefficients
DB Diffusion coefficient of chemical species B∗ (cm2 /s)
Pr Prandtl number
ε Pressure parameter

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