SECTION 2

40 Questions

Read each passage carefully and then answer the questions about it. For each question, decide on the basis of
the passage which one of the choices best answers the question.

In the early 19th century, scientists’ understanding of the laws of gravity predicted
certain orbits for each of the planets. In general, the seven planets known at that time observed
these predicted orbits. However, there was an exception: Uranus, at the far outer reaches of the
solar system, refused to behave as predicted. The strange orbit of Uranus posed a problem for
Line 5 scientists. Some thought that the effect of the sun’s gravity changed at such extreme distances.
Others were convinced that there had been some error: Uranus was actually behaving as
expected, and astronomers must have botched their observations. But there was a third
theory: that some as-yet-undiscovered object in the outer solar system was disturbing the
orbit of Uranus. Convinced of this theory, at least two scientists— John Adams Couch and
10 Urbain Jean-Joseph Le Verrier— worked separately to calculate the position of such an object.
By 1846, they had calculated the mass, orbit, and position of the object, using only their
knowledge of gravity and observations of the Uranus’s orbit. With their calculations,
astronomers were able to locate the object, and in 1846, the planet Neptune was discovered.

1. Why did the orbit of Uranus pose a 2. The author’s main purpose in this passage
problem for early 19th century scientists? is to
(A) Uranus’s orbit differed from the (A) illustrate the laws of gravitation
predictions made by scientific (B) specify the orbits of the planets in our
models. solar system
(B) Uranus’s orbit would make space (C) describe Uranus's size and
travel significantly more difficult in composition
the future. (D) explain how Uranus’s orbit led to
(C) Scientists were unable to make Neptune’s discovery
accurate observations of Uranus’s (E) argue that math is a fundamental tool
orbit. in science
(D) Uranus was often blocking scientists’
view of other planets in the outer
solar system.
(E) Scientists were concerned that
Uranus might break free of its orbit,
posing a threat to Earth.

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 3. According to the passage, John Adams 5. After the discovery of Neptune, scientists
Couch and Urbain Jean-Joseph Le Verrier were aware of how many planets in total
believed that in our solar system?
(A) the laws of gravitation were (A) 6
inaccurate (B) 7
(B) astronomers had made incorrect (C) 8
measurements of Uranus’s orbit (D) 9
(C) Uranus’s orbit was being affected by (E) 10
an unknown object
(D) the sun’s gravity behaved differently
at the edges of the solar system
(E) Uranus’s orbit was not as irregular as
Neptune’s orbit

4. Based on the context of the passage,

“botched” (line 7) most nearly means
(A) added together
(B) messed up
(C) changed suddenly
(D) distantly orbited
(E) predicted from evidence

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 “What will you have, dear Frog?" said she. "My dresses, my pearls and jewels, or the
golden crown which I wear?"
The Frog answered, "Dresses, or jewels, or golden crowns are not for me; but if you will
love me, and let me be your companion and playfellow, and sit at your table, and eat from your
Line 5 little golden plate, and drink from your cup, and sleep in your little bed,—if you will promise me
all these, then will I dive down and fetch up your golden ball."
"Oh, I will promise you all," said she, "if you will only get me my ball." But she thought to
herself, "What is the silly Frog chattering about? Let him remain in the water with his equals; he
cannot mix in society." But the Frog, as soon as he had received her promise, drew his head
10 under the water and dived down. Presently he swam up again with the ball in his mouth, and
threw it on the grass. The King's daughter was full of joy when she again saw her beautiful
plaything; and, taking it up, she ran off immediately. "Stop! stop!" cried the Frog. "Take me with
you. I cannot run as you can." But all his croaking was useless; although it was loud enough, the
King's daughter did not hear it, but, hastening home, soon forgot the poor Frog, who was obliged
15 to leap back into the fountain.

6. In lines 1-2, the princess offered clothing 8. The princess’s actions could best be
and jewelry to the frog because described as
(A) she felt bad that the frog had to live (A) evil
outside (B) deceitful
(B) she wanted to trade her old things for (C) menacing
a new toy (D) unlikely
(C) she was a kind and generous princess (E) virtuous
(D) she wanted the frog to retrieve her
lost toy 9. Based on the context of the passage, what
(E) she wanted the frog to be her new is the most likely meaning of “hastening”
friend (line 14)?
(A) going quickly
7. What best explains why the princess
(B) ignoring someone
didn’t stay to play with the frog?
(C) playing loudly
(A) She forgot about her promise to play
(D) sneaking quietly
with the frog.
(E) hopping joyfully
(B) She probably meant to come back for
the frog later.
(C) She didn’t understand what the frog
wanted.
(D) She had never intended to keep her
promise to the frog.
(E) She had already told the frog that she
wouldn’t be his playmate

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 Clothing swapping has become an increasingly popular way for people to give away
undesired items from their wardrobes and get something fresh in return. Enthusiasts in the
Washington area and beyond have attracted hundreds of new participants to their events in
recent months, using social media to spread the word. Swappers say the events are an
Line 5 opportunity to stay fashionable on a budget, and to be charitable and environmentally friendly
at the same time.
One of the area's most popular clothing swap groups drew a record crowd to its latest
gathering at a high school in Springfield, Virginia on April 20. About 300 participants came to
the cafeteria of the West Springfield High School to lay out gently used shirts, pants, dresses, and
10 other items they no longer wanted. In return, they could take home almost anything they liked.
Student volunteer Pat Moore loved the concept. "I brought five shirts and got two nice
pairs of boots,” Moore said. “They were new, not even used!"
A resident of the nearby Virginia suburb of Alexandria, Daphne Steinberg, said she was
attracted by the prospect of finding something special. "I love that I can outfit myself for work,
15 have a good time doing it, and save money,” Steinberg explained.

10. According to the passage, the benefits of 12. According to the passage, the organizers
clothing swaps include of Washington-area clothing swaps used
social media to
I. saving money
II. raising money for local charities (A) swap gently used clothing online
III. making new friends (B) control who had access to their
events
(A) I only (C) share information about which
(B) I and II only brands and types of clothing would
be available
(C) I and III only
(D) raise awareness of their events and
(D) II and III only
increase participation
(E) I, II, and III
(E) ensure that participants were
following the rules
11. The author’s main purpose in this passage
is to
(A) offer some opinions on workplace
fashion
(B) highlight the benefits of a new social
trend
(C) offer a critique of the modern fashion
industry
(D) discuss the impact of social media on
shopping
(E) compare clothing swaps in
Washington with those in the rest of
the county

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 13. Which of the following would be the best 14. This passage would most likely be found
title for this passage? in
(A) West Springfield High School Draws (A) a diary
Large Crowd (B) a newspaper
(B) The Benefits of Promoting Your Event (C) a novel
with Social Media (D) a biography
(C) Clothing Swapping: The Pros and (E) a letter
Cons
(D) Clothing Swapping Becomes Popular
in the Washington Area
(E) Washington-Area Shoppers are
Desperate for High Fashion

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 Oceans cover most of the Earth’s surface, and in their depths dwell most of the planet’s
life.Yet to us creatures of the land, the ocean is alien and often hostile.Coral reefs dazzle us, with
rich colors and complex ecosystems.Kelp forests are a thick, dizzying maze of life, in the midst of
which it can be hard to tell up from down.Far out beyond the coast, waves tower over ships, and
Line 5 whales and massive fish graze on microscopic plankton, extracting their sustenance from what
appears to the naked eye to be nothing but water.And deep down, beyond the continental shelf,
beyond the warming rays of the sun, lies a place that we call the abyssal plain.
Here flat grey plains of ooze stretch over incredible distances, shrouded in darkness, fed
by a constant rain of decaying matter from the seas above.At first glance, it might appear to be a
10 dead, empty place, but in truth it teems with life.Most of the life in the abyssal plain is bacterial,
but here and there are also corals, worms, and molluscs.There are fish, too, like the tripod fish
which uses long thin fins to perch on top of the ooze, or the anglerfish which uses a glowing rod-
like appendage to lure prey into its hungry jaws.And there must be much more than we yet
know. Although this vast biome covers more than half of the entire surface of the planet, it’s one
15 of the most poorly explored places on Earth, or even nearby:more people have been to space
than have been to the abyssal plain.

15. The author’s attitude toward the ocean 17. The author lists which of the following
could best be described as animals as examples of life in the abyssal
plain?
(A) fascinated
(B) affectionate I. fish
(C) dubious II. whales
(D) ominous III. mollusks
(E) indifferent
(A) I only
16. According to the passage, the “abyssal (B) II only
plain” (line 7) most likely refers to (C) I and II only
(A) the shallow ocean water near the (D) I and III only
coasts (E) I, II, and III
(B) a flat, dark region of the ocean floor
(C) the zone of the ocean with the least
life
(D) an area mostly inhabited by coral
reefs
(E) the place where we are most likely to
discover alien life

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 18. When the author says “more people have 20. The author suggests that life in the ocean
been to space than have been to the is
abyssal plain” (lines15-16), she is
(A) fragile, rare, and very sensitive to
suggesting that
human activity
(A) it is less expensive to go to space than (B) abundant, even in what seem like
to the deep ocean harsh environments
(B) going to the ocean floor is more (C) usually very large, even sometimes as
dangerous than going to space large as ships
(C) we have too many astronauts (D) very dangerous to humans
(D) we’re likely to find new life in space (E) strange and terrifying, but usually
before we find new life in the deep harmless
ocean
(E) there is a lot left to discover in the
deep ocean

19. Which sentence best summarizes the

author’s main idea in this passage?
(A) Plankton are an essential part of
ocean food chains, even in the
deepest areas.
(B) We should invest more in exploring
the ocean than in exploring space.
(C) The ocean is a strange and wonderful
place and is not yet fully explored.
(D) We don’t know very much about
space or the ocean.
(E) The abyssal plain is the best part of
the ocean.

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 In the spring, the garden came alive again.But it did not burst suddenly into life, as it had
in some years:it did not explode into green, and white, and pink, as grass and leaves and
blossoms sprung forth from their long winter’s slumber all at once.It was as though even the
plants could sense the absence of their mistress, and they crawled reluctantly from their winter
Line 5 beds.Some of the trees remained naked late into the season, and the flowering bulbs put forth
weak and scrawny shoots.There was a late frost, and some of the plants died.Mr. Emerson
thought about replacing them, but it seemed an awful bother.
The garden had always been for Mrs. Emerson’s pleasure, and in her absence it was not
maintained.The plants that died that year were not replaced, and the weeds that grew in their
10 place were not removed.In time, the garden was a garden no more.It was a wild place, and the
concrete cherubs which had once seemed to frolic and play amidst the flowers began to seem
like frightened children hiding beneath the vines, lost among the weeds and thorns.Vines
twisted over the gate. The lock rusted and, when Mr. Emerson died and the house was sold, it
had to be broken before anyone else could enter.

21. According to the passage, the garden was 23. When the author says “the garden was a
not maintained because garden no more” (line 10), he most likely
means that
(A) Mrs. Emerson was no longer there to
enjoy it (A) once the house was sold, the space
(B) Mr. Emerson had always secretly was used for something else
disliked the garden (B) snow had covered the garden so none
(C) the house had been sold of the plants could be seen
(D) the gate was rusted shut and no one (C) Mr. Emerson had removed all of the
could get in plants from the garden
(E) pulling weeds is an awful bother (D) the domestic plants had died and
been replaced by wild weeds
22. The mood of the passage could best be (E) nothing grew that year in the garden,
described as so it was empty of all wildlife
(A) critical
24. Based on the context of the passage, the
(B) lively
“cherubs” (line 11) are most likely
(C) somber
(A) types of flowers
(D) scary
(B) child-like statues
(E) uplifting
(C) wild animals
(D) the garden walls
(E) the Emersons’ daughters

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 25. What would be the best title for this
passage?
(A) The Neglected Garden
(B) Mrs. Emerson’s Cherubs
(C) The Old Emerson House
(D) The Importance of Maintenance
(E) The Hazards of a Late Frost

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 All cultures have their peculiar rituals, and the United States is no exception. Each year,
shortly before the Thanksgiving holiday, the President is presented with two plump, farm-raised
turkeys. Each turkey is named, and one is trotted out before reporters and publicly “pardoned.”
Then, both are shipped off to live out their lives in a petting zoo.
Line 5 This has not always been the case: originally, a turkey was presented to serve as the
presidential dinner. President Kennedy was the first president known to have spared his
Thanksgiving turkey, in 1963. In 1987, President Reagan joked about “pardoning” a turkey
named Charlie, although there was no actual pardoning ceremony. It was President George H.W.
Bush who presided over the first official turkey pardoning two years later. Since that ceremony,
10 the practice has been followed annually by every U.S. President, and has become an American
tradition.

26. The main subject of this passage is 29. According to the passage, how were
Presidential Thanksgivings different
(A) the difference between Presidents
before Presidents began pardoning
Kennedy and Bush
turkeys?
(B) turkey farming practices
(C) what Presidents eat for Thanksgiving (A) Presidents had to buy their own
turkeys.
(D) the President’s legal right to pardon
(B) The turkeys given to Presidents were
(E) an unusual Presidential tradition
eaten for Thanksgiving dinner.

27. According to the passage, when was the (C) Most turkeys were allowed to live
first turkey officially pardoned by an without a pardoning ceremony.
American President? (D) The turkeys at Presidential
Thanksgivings were wild instead of
(A) 1963
farm-raised.
(B) 1965
(E) Petting zoos did not have any turkeys.
(C) 1985
(D) 1987
(E) 1989

28. The best title for the passage would be

(A) How Petting Zoos Get Their Animals
(B) Begging Your Pardon: The Story of
Charlie the Turkey
(C) A Brief History of Presidential Turkey
Pardoning
(D) The First Vegetarian Thanksgiving
(E) Gobbledygook:How Turkeys Got the
Vote!

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 30. What can be inferred from the reaction to
President Reagan’s joke about
“pardoning” a turkey in 1987?
(A) It was the first step in a Presidential
campaign to recognize the rights of
poultry.
(B) Most people thought the joke was in
poor taste, and insisted on a more
solemn official pardoning to make up
for it.
(C) President Bush must have enjoyed it,
because he pardoned his own turkey
two years later.
(D) Few people heard the joke, so it had
to be repeated two years later.
(E) It was just a scheme to get petting
zoos to accept turkeys.

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 “Oh!” John exclaimed.“It’s deeper than it looks!”John had thought that he would be able to
stand in the water and simply bend down to fetch the gem— but the bottom was farther down
than it looked, and so John had to dive.He took a deep breath and started towards the shining
stone, hand outstretched, sure that he would soon grasp his prize.
Line 5 But the bottom was not so near:deeper and deeper he swam, and though the stone always
appeared to be just beyond his reach, never did he seem to come any closer.He dove down and
down, deeper and deeper, thinking only of the gem— but soon he began to feel that he must
surface for a breath or he would surely drown, and so he turned about to head back. But oh!How
far away did the surface appear!How could it be that he had swum so deep?The pond that had
10 seemed not much more than a wet little hole now appeared as an ocean, and all on top of poor
John!

31. Based on the context of the passage, John 33. The tone of the second paragraph could
originally wanted to get into the water best be described as
because
(A) tense
(A) he wanted to get out of the heat and (B) curious
go for a swim (C) sarcastic
(B) he didn’t know how deep the water (D) relaxed
would be, and could only tell by
(E) humorous
getting in
(C) he wanted to pick up a gem that he 34. Which of the following statements best
saw in the water matches the main idea of the story?
(D) he was trying to get away from
(A) Honesty is important, but so is
someone
knowing when not to speak.
(E) The passage doesn’t contain any clues
(B) Strong desires can sometimes blind
about why John wanted to get in the
people to danger.
water.
(C) If you don’t learn to swim when
you’re young, you’ll regret it when
32. According to lines 7-8, why did John
you’re older.
decide to swim back to the surface?
(D) The most carefully made plans can be
(A) He finally reached the gem that he
ruined by unexpected events.
was diving for.
(E) Even small boxes can contain big
(B) He knew that he couldn’t hold his
surprises.
breath much longer.
(C) The water was so dark that he could
no longer see.
(D) He wasn’t getting any closer, so he
just gave up.
(E) The water was too cold.

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 In 18th century France, the masses of the people suffered greatly, and ate poorly. The
main staple of the common diet was bread. Although about half of the paltry income of the
regular French citizen was dedicated to acquiring this simple commodity, shortages still
occurred, compounding the suffering of the poor. But while the common people suffered in the
Line 5 streets, the privileged classes, cloistered away in opulent mansions, ate and drank luxuriously in
their private worlds of wealth and pleasure.
Upon hearing of the agonies of the people, that they had “no bread to eat,” Marie
Antoinette, Dauphin of France, is reputed to have replied, “Let them eat cake!” The utterance
acquired a great symbolic importance in the aftermath of the French Revolution, when
10 historians used it to illustrate the ignorance and indifference of the upper classes to the
suffering of the poor. The story expressed the feelings of the people, and spoke clearly and
powerfully to the sentiment of the time. It is an excellent tale, but it does have one minor flaw: it
almost certainly is not true.
It is, at the very least, a misattribution, but very likely a total fabrication. It appeared first
15 in “Confessions,” the autobiography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, attributed only to a “great
princess.” Rousseau’s “Confessions” was not noted for its reliability, and even if we take the tale
to be true, it would almost certainly have been written while Marie Antoinette was still only a
small child.
Alas: a good story’s survival rarely rests on whether or not it actually happened. This tale
20 has survived the Dauphin as one of the most widely acknowledged “facts” of her life, and it is
likely to persist, marching down into history, bearing with it the spirit of an age— and followed
always by a chorus of historical pedants, chanting persistently, “But of course, it isn’t true.”

35. According to the passage, the poor 36. Based on the context of the passage, the
citizens of 18th century France faced word “Dauphin” (line 8) most likely
which of the following problems involving means
bread?
(A) a type of French royalty
(A) Bakeries went out of business (B) an ignorant person
because the poor had no money to (C) someone who enjoys cake
buy bread.
(D) a member of the French lower class
(B) There were shortages of bread, even
(E) a type of dolphin
though people spent much of their
money on it.
(C) People didn’t like eating bread all the
time, and craved something different.
(D) The poor were angry that they had
been forced to eat cake as a substitute
for bread.
(E) People weren’t willing to pay
outrageous bread prices and
demanded cheaper alternatives.

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 37. The author’s main purpose in this passage 39. Which of the following does the author
is to offer as a reason not to believe the story
about Marie Antoinette?
(A) tell a story about the daring feats of
French revolutionaries (A) During her lifetime, the people had
(B) disprove a popular historical story enough to eat.
(C) persuade the reader that Marie (B) The story reflected the sentiment of
Antoinette was actually a kind and the times.
generous person (C) Rousseau’s autobiography is not a
(D) criticize the works of Jean-Jacques credible source.
Rousseau (D) The story was originally about
(E) reveal that the French Revolution mythical beings.
was a fraud (E) Marie Antoinette never actually met
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
38. According to the passage, why did people
tend to believe the story about Marie 40. According to the passage, good stories
Antoinette?
(A) must be true, or they’re merely myths
(A) Historians did not discover until (B) should always be checked against the
much later that the source was facts
unreliable. (C) are usually fictional, but sometimes
(B) The story confirmed what people felt become facts
about the rich at that time. (D) must have a villain, even if one has to
(C) It was the sort of thing Marie be made up
Antoinette was often known to say. (E) often persist whether or not they are
(D) Only true stories last through history, true
so it was safe to assume it was
reliable.
(E) When people don’t have enough to
eat, they will believe almost anything.

STOP
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED,
YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.
DO NOT TURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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