INTERNET & WWW
Chapter-6
By-Ridip Khanal
Internet
• The internet is the global system of interconnected
computer networks that server billions of users worldwide.
• It is the network of networks.
• It allows computers on different kinds of networks to
interact with each other.
• It is the most common information super highway.
• It is a public network.
History of Internet
• In 1970’s US Department of Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) developed the ARPANET as
WAN to connect different computers.
• In late 1970’s the US National Science Foundation (NSF)
designed a successor to ARPANET called NSFNET,
which was open for use to all university research groups.
• In 1980’s, Internet applications like email, newsgroup, file
transfer facility and remote login were developed.
• In the early 1990’s, a new application WWW changed the
way in which Internet was used.
The Internet Architecture
The internet architecture contains:
• Client at the lowest level of hierarchy.
• Local ISP is at the next higher level.
• Regional ISP is next in the hierarchy. The local ISP is
connected to regional ISP.
• Backbone is at the top of the hierarchy. Backbone operators
are the large corporations which have their own server .
• NAP (Network Access Points) connects different backbones.
Positive Impacts of Internet
• Faster, cheaper and easier medium of communication
• Information sharing and browsing using WWW
• File transfer facility
• Reach to the world wide viewers.
• Effective, easier, faster and cheaper promotion of product
or service
Positive Impacts of Internet (contd..)
• Better customer support and customer relationship
management (CRM).
• Online services like banking, shopping, education etc.
• E-Mail communication for sending and receiving
electronic document
• Enhanced collaboration between different organization
• Effective supply chain management (SCM)
Positive Impacts of Internet (contd..)
• Electronic payment system using credit/debit cards, ATM,
online payment, electronic cheque, smart card, electronic purse
etc.
• Newsgroups for instant sharing of news and feedback system
• Creation of new job opportunities related with Internet
• Remote access to use computer in remote location
• Source for entertainment
• Social networking for instant touch with friends and relatives
Negative Impacts of Internet
• It is the most common medium for spreading computer virus.
• It has increased plagiarism (copying others creativity, thought,
idea, concept and using it as owns creation).
• Pornography (uploading, publishing, viewing sexual contents in
form of text, image, audio and video)
• Stealing, modifying or destructing data.
• Piracy of software, audio, video or other intellectual contents.
Negative Impacts of Internet (contd..)
• Hacking of organizational system, website, database etc.
• It is also used to harass people by sending insulting
comments, making vulgar cartoons, blackmailing etc.
• Unemployment problem for the individuals not having
knowledge about Internet.
• It has increased digital divide.
Applications of Internet
• E-mail • Education
• File Sharing • E-Governance
• Instant Messaging chat • Online ticketing booking
• Internet Fax • Online payment
• WWW • Video Conferencing
• Voice over IP (VoIP) and • Social networking
Mobile VoIP • E-commerce
• Remote Access • Research
• Collaborating/Sharing • Telephony
Ideas in Group • Steaming Multimedia
Connecting to the Internet
Different types of Internet connections are provided by ISP.
Some of them are:
• Dial-up Access – It is the method of connecting Internet
using an existing telephone line by dialing the ISPs
number. It provides slow speed of maximum 56Kbps.
• Leased Line – It is dedicated phone line that connects a
computer to the Internet using special kind of modem. It
provides reliable and high speed internet access.
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) – It is a
service that can transmit voice, data and other information
over an existing telephone line. It provides faster speed
than the dial-up access. Nowadays, ISDN is being
replaced by high speed broadband connections.
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) – It is a broadband
connection that allows connection to Internet over the
existing telephone lines. It provides always on connection.
DSL can be ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
and SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line).
• Cable Modem – Internet can also be connected via a
cable modem through cable television. It allows
transmission of data, audio and video over the same
cable at a same time.
Client/Server Technology
• Client/Server technology contains two different
types of system, server and the client.
• Server is a special system that provides some
service to the client.
• Client receives service from the server.
• Internet is based on client/server technology.
Internet as Client/Server Technology
• Internet is based on client/server technology.
• Web pages and web services are provided by the
server.
• User access the webpage and web services from the
client.
• While accessing a webpage client sends HTTP
REQUEST to the server and the server responds
using HTTP RESPONSE.
Electronic Mail (email)
• It the service of Internet used for transmitting digital
messages.
• It is the popular communication medium at present.
• It is based on stored and forward concept.
• It uses protocols like POP, SMTP, IMAP.
Features of email
• A message can be sent to one or more recipients at the
same time.
• It can be used to send text, image, audio and video.
• It is easier to use, faster and cheaper communication
media.
• The recipient can receive the mail, when he/she is
connected to the mail server.
Email Address
• An e-mail address identifies a person and the computer
for the purpose of exchanging electronic mail messages.
• The basic structure of an e-mail address is
[email protected] level-domain.
Types of E-Mail
• Webmail:
It is accessed on the Internet using Web Browser. Emails
are stored on the email server. gmail, yahoomail, hotmail
are the common webmail services.
• Client-based email:
It is accessed through the email client software. Emails are
stored on the individuals computer. Some of the popular
email client software are: Microsoft windows mail,
Thunderbird, Kmail, Opera Mail.
Video-Conferencing
• A video conference is a live, visual connection between two or
more people residing in separate locations for the purpose of
communication.
• In the simple form, video conferencing provides transmission of
static images and text between two locations.
• In the complex form, it provides transmission of full-motion
video images and high-quality audio between multiple
locations.
• Some common video conferencing tools: Apple's FaceTime,
Google's Hangouts, Microsoft's Skype.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that
provides services for accessing, using, or participating in
the Internet.
• Internet service providers may be organized in various
forms, such as commercial, community owned, non-profit,
or otherwise privately owned.
Functions of ISP
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include
• Internet access
• Internet transit (allows network traffic to cross or "transit" a
computer network)
• Domain name registration
• Web hosting
• Collocation (provides facility of space, power, cooling, and
physical security for the server, storage, and networking
equipment of other firms—and connect them to a variety
of telecommunications and network service providers—
with a minimum of cost and complexity)
Internet Address
• Internet address is used to identify people, computers and
resources in the Internet.
• It includes:
IP address
Domain Name
Email Address
URL
Domain Name Server
• A domain name is the text name used to identify and
locate computers connected to the Internet.
• No two organizations can have same domain name.
• Examples of domain name are microsoft.com,
stlawrance.edu, ntc.net.np
• The last portion of domain name is the top-level domain
name and describes the type of organization and country
codes.
Domain Names (contd..)
• Major categories for top level domain names are: com,
edu, org, net, gov, mil, biz, info, tv
• Country codes represent a particular country like np for
nepal, in for india, uk for united kingdom.
• Domain names are used as they are easier for the users.
However, computers are connected by using IP Address.
So, Domain Name Servers are used to translate domain
name into corresponding IP address.
Internet Address (IP Address)
• IP address is a unique number used to identify a particular
computer in a network.
• All computers connected in a network contains unique IP
address and it is global and standardized.
• It has two versions: IPV4 and IPV6
• IPV4 is the older version that uses 32-bit IP address.
• IPV6 is the newer version that uses 128-bit IP address.
Internet Protocols
• A internet protocol is a set of rules for communication
between computing devices in the Internet.
• It governs format, timing, sequencing, and error control.
• A protocol defines how computers identify one another in
a network, the format of the data during transmission, and
how data is processed once it reaches its final
destination.
TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• It is a protocol suite used to interconnect computing devices on
the Internet.
• TCP defines how applications can create channels of
communication across a network. It also manages how a
message is divided into smaller packets before they are then
transmitted over the internet and assembled in the right order
at the destination address.
• IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure
it reaches the right destination. Each gateway computer on the
network checks this IP address to determine where to forward
the message.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP - provides a standard for Web browsers and
servers to communicate.
• It is a technical specification of a network protocol that
software (browsers, server side software) must implement
while communicating.
• It is an application layer network protocol built on top of
TCP. HTTP clients (such as Web browsers) and servers
communicate via HTTP request and response messages.
• It utilizes TCP port 80 by default.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• It is a part of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
• It is a set of rules, which enables files to be transferred
between computers.
• It works on client/server principle. A client program
enables the user to interact with a server in order to
access information and services on the server computer.
• It uses port 20 by default.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
• SMTP is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving
e-mail.
• It uses store and forward concept. SMTP moves email on
and across network.
• However, since it is limited in its ability to queue
messages at the receiving end it is commonly used
sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-
mail.
• It uses port 25 by default.
POP (Post Office Protocol)
• It is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used
by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail server.
• It is used to fetch and receive email.
• POP version 3 (POP3) is commonly used at present.
• Most POP3 clients have an option to leave mail on server
after download, they generally connect, retrieve all
messages, store them on the client system, and delete
them from the server.
Telnet (Telecommunication Network)
• It allows to connect to remote computers (called hosts)
over a TCP/IP network (such as the Internet).
• Using telnet client software on a computer, we can make
a connection to a telnet server (i.e., the remote host).
• Once telnet client establishes a connection to the remote
host, client becomes a virtual terminal, allowing to
communicate with the remote host.
• It uses port 23 by default.
Gopher
• It is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for
distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the
Internet.
• It is designed to access a web server or database via the
Internet.
• It is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the
World Wide Web (WWW).
• It is replaced by WWW’s HTTP.
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers)
• It is an Internet system in which specialized subject
databases are created at multiple server locations.
• It is kept track of by a directory of servers at one location,
and made accessible for searching by users with WAIS
client programs.
• The user of WAIS is provided a list of distributed
databases.
• The user can search for a selected database and the
client then accesses all the servers on which the
database is distributed.
Introduction to Intranet
• Intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol
technology to share information, operational systems, or
computing services within an organization.
• It is a private network.
• It can be used only by the permitted users within the
organization.
• It is used to provide connectivity to offices and to
employees from any where in the world at a least cost for
better management and coordination.
Characteristics of Intranet
• Openness: Open architecture based on Internet.
• Ease of Use: It is supported by WWW.
• Low Cost: Low cost of operation.
• Flexibility: Can be easily customized.
• Scalability: Easy to scale up and down.
• Innovation: Easy to accommodate new technology.
Advantages of Intranet
• Low cost access to information from anywhere.
• Sharing of resources, data and skill from anywhere.
• Reduced documents and working cost.
• Availability of updated information.
• Collaborative and group working.
• Platform independent system.
• Low administrative and maintenance cost.
• It can handle all types of data including multimedia data.
Disadvantages of Intranet
• Experts are required to develop and administer Intranet
information within the organization.
• Security of Intranet becomes an issue.
• Information overload may occur if it is not controlled well.
• Performance limitations
Extranet
• It is an intranet that can be accessed by the permitted
users over the Internet in a secure way.
• It is a controlled private network that allows access to
partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of
customers – normally to a subset of the information
accessible from an organization's intranet.
• It can be used for Inter-organization services like
suppliers, buyers and distribution management.
Internet vs Intranet
Internet Intranet
It is a public network. It is a private network.
it is not owned by particular it is owned by a particular organization
organization. or group of organizations.
It connects large number of computers It connects limited number of
worldwide. computers owned by an organization
or group of organizations.
It can be used by any user. It can be used only by the permitted
used such as employee, customer of
the organization.
It contains data and information It contains data and information
targeted for all the users. targeted only to the users of the
organization.
The security is usually low. The security is usually higher.
WWW (World Wide Web)
• WWW is one of the service provided by Internet.
• It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are
accessed via the Internet.
• It is a collection of internet resources such as FTP, telnet,
Usenet, hyperlinked text, audio and video files that can be
accessed and searched by browsers based on standards
such as HTTP and TCP/IP.
Evolution of WWW
• WWW was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at
CERN in Geneva.
• World Wide Web came into existence as a proposal by
him, to allow researchers to work together effectively
and efficiently at CERN. Eventually it became WWW.
Architecture of Web
The internet architecture contains:
• Client at the lowest level of hierarchy.
• Local ISP is at the next higher level.
• Regional ISP is next in the hierarchy. The local ISP is
connected to regional ISP.
• Backbone is at the top of the hierarchy. Backbone operators
are the large corporations which have their own server .
• NAP (Network Access Points) connects different backbones.
URL (Uniform Resource Locater)
• URL identifies a particular Internet resources like
webpage, an image or a text file.
• URL represents a standardization addressing scheme for
Internet resources and helps the user to locate these
resources by indicating exactly where they are.
• The basic structure of URL is: protocol://server-
name.domain-name.top-level-
domain:port/directory/filename.
• Example: http://www.bridgewater.com.np/home.html
Web Page
• A web page is an HTML based document that is available
via the WWW.
• It is document that contains information like text, image,
animation , sound, hyperlink in the Internet.
• A webpage is accessed by using web browser.
• A webpage can be static webpage or dynamic webpage.
Browser (Web Browser)
• Web browser is a client based software used for
accessing the web pages or the HTML documents.
• A browser contacts the web server and sends a request
for information.
• It receives the information and then displays it on the
user’s computer.
• It can be graphical or text based.
• Example: google chrome, Internet Explorer, Netscape,
Opera, Safari, Lynx (text based).
Internet Explorer
• Internet Explorer is a series of graphical web browsers
developed by Microsoft.
• It is included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating
systems, starting in 1995.
Netscape Navigator
• The Netscape web browser is the general name for a
series of web browsers formerly produced by Netscape
Communications Corporation.
• Today, Netscape is a brand name owned by Verizon
Media, a subsidiary of Verizon Communications.
Opera
• Opera is a freeware web browser for Microsoft Windows,
Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux operating systems,
developed by Opera Software.
Mozilla Firefox
• Mozilla Firefox, or simply Firefox, is a free and open-
source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation
and its subsidiary, Mozilla Corporation.
Chrome
• Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser
developed by Google.
• It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, and
was later ported to Linux, Mac OS, iOS, and Android.
Search Engine
• It is an interactive tool to help user locate information
available via the WWW.
• It is a database that contains references to thousands of
resources and its contents.
• User can search the required web pages by providing the
key words. Search engine search the contents containing
the keyword and provides the links to access those web
pages.
• Example: google.com, bing.com, ask.com, altavista.com,
search.yahoo.com
Web Server
• A web server is server software, or hardware dedicated to
running web pages, that can satisfy client requests on the
World Wide Web.
• A web server can, in general, contain one or more
websites.
• A web server processes incoming network requests over
HTTP and several other related protocols.
Example:
• Apache HTTP Server, Apache Tomcat
• Internet Information Service (IIS)
• Nginx
• Lite Speed Web Server
IIS
• Internet Information Services.
• It is an extensible web server created by Microsoft for use
with the Windows NT family.
• IIS supports HTTP, HTTP/2, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP
and NNTP.
• It has been an integral part of the Windows NT family
since Windows NT 4.0, though it may be absent from
some editions (e.g. Windows XP Home edition), and is not
active by default.
Apache
• The Apache HTTP Server, also called Apache, is a free
and open-source cross-platform web server software,
released under the terms of Apache License 2.0.
• Apache is developed and maintained by an open
community of developers under the auspices of the
Apache Software Foundation.
• Apache Tomcat is an open-source implementation of the
Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression
Language and WebSocket technologies.
Proxy Servers
• In computer networking, a proxy server is a server application
or appliance that acts as an intermediary for requests from
clients seeking resources from servers that provide those
resources.
• A proxy server thus functions on behalf of the client when
requesting service, potentially masking the true origin of the
request to the resource server.
• Instead of connecting directly to a server that can fulfill a
requested resource, such as a file or web page for example,
the client directs the request to the proxy server, which
evaluates the request and performs the required network
transactions.
• This serves as a method to simplify or control the complexity of
the request, or provide additional benefits such as load
balancing, privacy, or security.
