AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Gururaj R Deshpande
Asst. Professor
A.G. Patil Institute of Technology,
Solapur
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 Automobile Engineering

Objectives
To develop understanding about various
automobile components and systems

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 What is an ‘Automobile’??
A vehicle producing power within itself for its propulsion is known
•
as a Self propelled vehicle.

Eg. Moped, Scooter, motorcycle, Car, jeep, truck, tractor,

•
ships, aircrafts, rocket etc.

A self propelled vehicle used for transportation of goods

•
& passengers on the ground is called an Automobile.

Different from Aeronautical vehicles (planes, helicopters, rockets) &

•
marine vehicles (ships, boats, submarines)

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History of Automobiles

Invention of Wheel is
major milestone in
human history after fire

4
History–1869 Captain Nicholas Cugnot (French) build first Automobile

2.5mph (4.02 Kmph) in 15 minutes – 3 Wheeler

1769 Cugnot Steamer

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Captain Nicholas Joseph Cugnot – French Army – built the first self
propelled vehicle in 1768-70
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 First Automobile

Cugnot Steam Trolley, Steam Engine powered, 1768

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 Richard threvithrick – First Steam Carriage
Trevithick was born in 1771 in a mining village in Cornwall, England.
He was a terrible student, his teachers thought he was a “disobedient,
slow, obstinate and spoiled boy” who would never amount to anything,
and in fact he was basically illiterate his entire life, but he loved to tinker
with tools and machines.
1885 – Benz Motors in Germany developed first Vehicle propelled
with IC Engine

videoplayback.mp4

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 Karl Benz

Inventor of the first gasoline powered automobile, 1886

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Benz Patent Motorwagen – 1886 – first production car
powered by an IC Engine – 954 cc, 2/3 hp or 0.5 kW at
250 rpm 11
12
Flocken Elektrowagen – 1888 – World’s first electric
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car
Henry Ford, American Industrialist – Ford Motor Company –
founder of the first affordable Motorcar
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•1897 – Mr.Foster from Crompton greaves, borrowed first
motor car in india
•1901 - Mr.Jamshed Ji TATA wasthe first INDIAN to own a
motor car .

Sir Jamshed Ji TATA 8

 Classification Of Automobiles

1. Based on Purpose
1. Passenger Vehicles – Car, Bus, Motorcycle
2. Goods Vehicles – Lorry, truck, Pick up

2. Based on Capacity
1. Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) – large trucks, Buses, Tractor
2. Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) – Cars, Jeep, Motor cycles
3. Medium Vehicle – Small trucks, Minibus, Tempo

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 Classification Of Automobiles
3. Based on Fuel Source
1. Petrol Engine 2. Diesel Engine
3. Gas Vehicles 4. Solar Vehicles
5. Hydrogen Vehicles 6. Electric Vehicles
7. Steam Engine vehicles
8. Hybrid Vehicles
9. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
4. Based on Type of Transmission
1. Automatic transmission vehicles – mostly American
2. Conventional transmission vehicles – Most Indian Vehicles
3. Semi - Automatic transmission vehicles – mostly British

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 Classification Of Automobiles

5. Based on Make
1. MARUTI SUZUKI 2. HINDUSTAN MOTORS

3. TATA MOTORS 4. MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA

5. TVS MOTORS 6. HERO MOTOCORP

7. ASHOK LEYLAND 8. EICHER MOTORS

9. FORCE MOTORS 10. BAJAJ AUTO LTD

11. ROYAL ENFIELD

12. VOLVO, VOLKSWAGEN,
MERC BENZ, BMW,
CATERPILLAR, BENTLEY,
AUDI etc.
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 Classification Of Automobiles

6. With respect to the drive

1. Left Hand Drive 2. Right Hand Drive
3. Fluid Drive 4. Front Wheel Drive
5. Rear Wheel Drive 6. All Wheel Drive (AWD or
4WD)

7. With respect to the Suspension

1. Conventional – Leaf Spring
2. Independent – Coil, Torsion bar, MacPherson Strut

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 Classification Of Automobiles

8. With respect to the Type of Engine

1. Reciprocating – Piston Engines
2. Rotary – Wankel Engine, Gas turbine

9. With respect to the body & doors

1. Sedan
2. Hatchback
3. Station Wagon
4. Convertible
5. Sports utility vehicle
6. Multi Utility Vehicle (MUV or MPV)
7. Delivery Vans etc

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 Classification Of Automobiles

10. Based on no. of wheels

1. Two wheeler
2. Three wheeler
3. Four
4. Six

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 COMPONENTSOFANAUTOMOBILE

1. The Basic structure

2. The Engine

3. The Transmission system

4. The Auxiliaries

5. The Controls

6. The Superstructure

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 COMPONENTSOFANAUTOMOBILE

1. The Basic Structure:

It consists of the frame, the suspension system, axles, wheels
and tyres.

1. The Engine:
It provides the motive power for all various functions which
the vehicle or any part of it, may be required to perform. The
engine for automotive use is IC type.

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ENGI
NE

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 COMPONENTSOFANAUTOMOBILE

3. The Transmission System:

It consists of a Clutch, a gear box giving four, five or even
more different ratios of torque output to torque input, a
propeller shaft to transmit the torque output from the gear box
to the rear axle and a differential gear to distribute the final
torque equally between the driving wheels.

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Transmission System

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 COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

4. The Auxiliaries:

The Electrical systems.

5. The Controls:

They consists of steering systems and brakes

6. The Super Structure:

In those cases where frameless construction
is
adopted there must be super structure i.e, the body. not

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 Engine Systems
1. Cooling System

2. Fuel System

3. Lubrication System

4. Ignition System

5. Electrical System

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Indian Automakers

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European Automakers

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Japanese Automakers

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American Automakers

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Italian Automakers

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French Automakers

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Swedish Automakers

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German Automakers

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 This is a list of the 10 largest
manufacturers by production in
2015
Rank Group Country Vehicles
1 Toyota Japan 10,083,831
2 Volkswagen Germany 9,872,424
3 Hyundai South Korea 7,988,479
4 General Motors United States 7,485,587
5 Ford United States 6,396,369
6 Nissan Japan 5,170,074
7 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy/ United States 4,865,233
8 Honda Japan 4,543,838
9 Suzuki Japan 3,034,081
10 Renault France 3,032,652

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 The Transmission system

General layout of transmission system of an automobile

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 Functions of transmission system
1. To disconnect the engine from the road wheels when required.

2. To connect the engine to the driving wheels without shock

3. To vary the leverage between the engine and driving wheels.

4. To reduce the engine speed permanently in a fixed ratio

5. To turn the drive through a right angle.

6. To make provision such that the driving wheels may rotate at
different speeds while taking turns.

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 Various components of transmission
system
1) Clutch

2) Gearbox

3) Universal joints

4) Differential

5) Wheels

6) Front and rear axles

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¬
.
Clutch : Its purpose is to enable the driver to disconnect the
drive from the road wheels instantaneously and to engage
drive from the engine to the road wheels gradually while
moving the vehicle from rest.

¬ Gearbox : The gear box or the transmission provides the

necessary leverage variation between the engine and road
wheels.

¬ Differential : While taking turns, the driving wheels must at

different speeds. This is done with the help of differential.

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 Automobile Chassis

• Chassis – French term used to denote the main structure of a vehicle

It’s the backbone of the vehicle – made of steel.
•

• All moving parts are fitted to it.

• To give it extra strength it is provided with bolted, riveted or welded

cross pieces.
All major units required to propel the vehicle, direct its motion,
•
stop it as well as permit to run smoothly over varying road surface
is known as chassis.

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 Automobile Chassis
• The power unit is connected with the transmission.
The structural frame fitted to the axles through the
•
suspension system carries the power train.

For an automobile to propel safely on the road, the engine, the

•
transmission system, suspension, steering & brakes are included to
the basic frame. These units combined together – Chassis.

The body or Cabin is jointed to the cabin by means of bolts & nuts
•
or by welding.

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 Chassis Components
• Frame
• Front Suspension
• Steering Mechanism
• Wheels, Tyres and axles – rear & front springs & shock absorbers
• Engine, Clutch & Gearbox
• Propeller shaft
• Radiator
• Differential, half shaft & universal joint
• Brakes & Braking system
• Fuel tanks, pipes & connecting fuel lines.
• Battery & electrical system
• Silencer
• Car Body
• Car Body accessories like lights, radio, wiper, mirrors etc.
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 Desired qualities of a Chassis
Fast pick up
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• Strength & Safety
Durability
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• Dependability
Ease of control
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• Quietness
Speed
•
• Power accessibility
• Low centre of gravity
• Simplicity of lubrication
• Economy of operation.
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 Key component of Chassis is Frame
Frame have 3 different types
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral Frame
3. Semi Integral Frame
Functions of Frame
•To support chassis components & body
•Withstand the static & dynamic load of different components of
chassis
•To withstand load of the body
•To carry load 4
7

•To withstand stresses caused due to uneven road conditions.

•To withstand force caused due to turning of the vehicles &
sudden braking or acceleration.
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 Articulated vehicle
An articulated vehicle is a vehicle which has a permanent or
semi-permanent pivot joint in its construction, allowing the
vehicle to turn more sharply.
There are many kinds of articulated vehicles, from heavy
equipment to buses, trams and trains. Steam locomotives were
sometimes articulated in that the driving wheels could pivot
around.
In a broader sense, any vehicle towing
a trailer or semi-trailer could be described as articulated (the word
articulated comes from the Latin articulus : small joint).
In the UK, the term "articulated lorry" refers to the combination of
a tractor and a trailer, abbreviated to "artic".
In the U.S., this is called a semi-trailer truck, "tractor-trailer" or
"semi-truck" and would not necessarily be called articulated.
Types of Chassis

•According to layout
•Conventional
•Forward
•Semi forward
•According to mounting of engine and transmission
•Engine at front
•Engine fitted in front but crosswise
•Engine fitted at the center of the chassis
•Engine fitted at the back
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According to mounting of Component of Chassis

•Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive

•Front Engine Front Wheel Drive
•Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive
•All Wheel Drive

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Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive (Conventional Chassis)

Affects visibility of driver

Engine is fitted in front of the driver cabin or driver seat such as in
cars.
Chassis portion can not be utilized for carrying passengers and
goods
Heavy Engine can be fitted, which can used to give more power
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3
 Semi Forward Chassis

• Half portion of the engine is in the driver cabin & and remaining
half is outside the cabin such as in Tata trucks / Tempos
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• In this arrangement a part of the chassis is utilized for carrying
4

extra passengers
 Forward Chassis

• Complete engine is mounted inside the driver cabin, Driver seat

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is just above the front wheel. 5

• More Boot Space Available as full utilization of chassis

 Engine at front
•Conventionally the engines are fitted at front & drive is given to the
wheels from the “rear”
•Advantages
•Enough space is available for luggage behind the rear seat
•The weight of vehicles is well balance
•Increased efficiency of cooling system

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 Engine fitted in front but crosswise

• This front engine layout requires very small space to fit the engine.
• Hence, most compact cars use this layout which has very small space to
accommodate the engine.
• Design is more complicated as compared to the longitudinally placed engine.
• This is because it does not leave enough space for accessories.

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 Engine is mounted at center
• Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive format can be considered the original
layout of automobiles.
• Drive is given to the rear.
• Equal Distribution of weight.
• Largest drawback of mid-engine cars is restricted rear passenger space;
• Consequently most mid-engine vehicles are two-seat vehicles.
• The engine in effect pushes the passenger compartment forward
towards the front axle (if engine is behind driver).

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 Engine Fitted at back
•Flat floor is available since long propeller shafts are eliminated
•With elimination of propeller shaft the center of gravity lowered
giving stable driving
•Better adhesion on road specially when climbing hill

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TYPES OF CHASSIS LAYOUT

Front engine rear wheel drive

Rear engine rear wheel drive
Front engine front wheel drive
Four wheel drive
In this layout a front mounted engine-clutch-gear box unit
drives a beam type rear axle suspended on leaf springs through a
propeller shaft with two universal joints.
With the help of coil springs, the front wheels are independently
sprung.
This layout is one of the oldest layouts which remained
unchanged for many years.
Some of the advantages provided by this system are:
 ADVANTAGES
❖ Better handling : - Accelerating force is applied to the rear wheels, on which the
down force increases, due to load transfer in acceleration, making the rear tires
better able to take simultaneous acceleration and curving than the front tires on dry
road only
❖ Reasonably balanced weight distribution between the front and the rear wheels
providing good handling characteristics
❖ For easy front wheel steering movement engine occupies the reduced width between
the arches. As no complicated drive shaft joints are required at the front wheels, it is
possible to turn them further than would be possible using front wheel drive,
resulting in a smaller steering radius.
❖ Behind the rear seats, large luggage space is available providing increased carrying
capacity as well as space for easy body movement
❖ Accessibility to various components like engine, gear box and rear axle is better in
comparison to other layouts
❖ The control linkages such as accelerator, choke, clutch and gear box are short and
simple.
❖ Full benefits of the natural air stream created by vehicles movement is taken by the
forward facing radiator in reduced power losses from a large fan.
 Disadvantages
• Decreased interior space – This isn't an issue in a vehicle with a ladder
frame like a pickup truck, where the space used by the drive line is
unusable for passengers or cargo.
• But in a passenger car, rear wheel drive means:
• Less front leg room (the transmission tunnel takes up a lot of space between
the driver and front passenger),
• Less leg room for center rear passengers (due to the tunnel needed for the
drive shaft), and
• sometimes less trunk space (since there is also more hardware that must be
placed underneath the trunk).
• The drive shaft, which connects the engine at the front to the drive axle in
the back, adds weight.
• There is extra sheet metal to form the transmission tunnel. A6 rear wheel
4
drive car will weigh slightly more than a comparable front wheel drive car,
but less than four wheel drive.
• Due to the added cost of materials, rear wheel drive is typically slightly
more expensive to purchase than a comparable front wheel drive vehicle.
Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive

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This arrangement eliminates the necessity for a propeller shaft when the
engine is mounted adjacent to the driven wheels.
The engine-clutch-gearbox-final drive form a single unit in this layout.
In order to reduce the ‘overhang’ distance between the wheel centres
and the front of the engine, the final drive is generally placed between
the clutch and the gear box.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
It has a simpler drives shaft layout in comparison to front wheel drive.
The weight of rear engine on the riving wheels provides excellent
traction and grip especially on steep hills as well as when
accelerating.
Effective rear wheel braking is possible with this layout.
Due to the absence of the propeller shaft the obstructed floor space is
reduced.
The front of the vehicle can be designed for good visibility and
smooth air flow.
The exhaust gases, fumes, engine heat and noises are carried away
from the passengers.
This drive arrangement results in compact layout and short car.
Weight over rear wheels, increased traction while accelerating.
Front axle construction is simplified.
Absence of propeller shaft results in decrease of floor height.
Engine components mounted at rear of rear axle hence more space is
available.
Disadvantages
It has a restricted luggage compartment due to narrow front,
which houses the fuel tank also.
Natural air cooling is not possible, it requires a powerful fan.
Separate cooling mechanism is needed for effective cooling of
the engine as the engine is mounted at rear.
Long linkages are required for the engine, clutch and gear box
controls.
The rearward concentration of weight causes the vehicle to be
more affected by side winds at high speeds.
This makes the vehicle unstable resulting in oversteering and
turning very sharply into a curve.
No propeller shaft is used in front engine front wheel drive and
differentials are included in the same assembly.
This layout provides optimum body-luggage space and a flat
front line resulting in a transverse longitudinal engine position.
Good road adhesion is provided by the large proportion of the
vehicles’ weight acting on the driven wheels.
The power flows from engine to front axle.
Thistype of arrangement have additional sub type i.e. front
mounted cross engine.
Advantages
Under steady conditions generally preferred by many drivers are
promoted by this type of drive.
Lower flat floor line is provided due to dispensing with the propeller
shaft resulting in lowering of centre of gravity.
This provides a more comfortable drive due to final drive spring.
Since the powertrain is a single unit contained in the engine
compartment of the vehicle, there is no need to devote interior space for
a driveshaft tunnel or rear differential, increasing the volume available
for passengers and cargo.
Slippery-surface traction with Good road adhesion: placing the mass of
the drivetrain over the driven wheels improves traction on wet, snowy,
or icy surfaces. This is faster and safer travelling due to good road
holding.
The direct connection between engine and transaxle (clutch, Gearbox
and Differential) reduce the mass and mechanical inertia of the
drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine
and transmission, allowing greater fuel economy which Improves drive
train efficiency
Disadvantages
Due to the combination of steered and driven wheels with short shafts,
special universal joints and a more complicated assembly are required.
To prevent the rear wheels from skidding under heavy break, the
required weight at the rear usually necessitates special arrangement.
The tractive effort which most needed on steep gradients and during
acceleration is reduced.
Less Turning Radius
The drive shafts may limit the amount by which the front wheels can
turn, they are generally unable to make the.
More Weight on front results in rapid wear of front tires.

Front-wheel drive has worse acceleration than rear-wheel drive, which

is why most sporty and race cars use rear-wheel drive.
To increase maneuverability of the vehicle required to travel on rough
unconstructed roads and trucks another arrangement known as
Four-wheel drive is provided.
Due to all the four wheels getting driven, whole weight of the vehicle is
available for traction.
But this advantage is not worthy as the additional cost on good road
surfaces.
The system is provided in jeeps which are known as 4 x 4 wheel drive
vehicles.
 Advantages

4WD improves traction in dangerous driving conditions, such as

snow, ice, rocks, and other scenarios that can make control
difficult. By engaging both sets of wheels, traction and control
improves.
Additional weight contributes to better grip on the road.
4WD is great for those who like off-roading.

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 Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of 4WD is added cost for purchase,

maintenance, and fuel. The extra equipment (differentials,
transfer case, etc.) adds complexity and weight to the vehicle,
increasing initial market value, tire wear, and the cost of repairs
and maintenance.
The added power and weight of 4WD and AWD systems require
more fuel, making them less efficient than their 2WD
counterparts.
Added weight improves traction and control, but it also7 increases
the braking distance required to make a complete stop.8
Lighter vehicles can avoid collision easier than heavier vehicles.
 Engine-cylinder arrangements
There are three arrangements which may be used for an engine.
In-line engine
The cylinders are arranged in a single row, one behind the
other.
They may be vertical, as in most modern light vehicles,
horizontal as used in coaches where the engine is
positioned under the floor, or inclined at an angle to allow
for a lower bonnet line.
Vee engine
The cylinders are arranged in two rows at an angle to one
another.
The angle for two-, four- and eight-cylinder engines is usually
90.
For six- and twelve-cylinder engines the angle is usually 60 .
This is illustrated in Fig.
Opposed piston or cylinder engine
This is where the cylinders are at an angle of 180 apart and
usually positioned horizontally (see Fig.).
 Power for Propulsion

The motion of a vehicle moving on a road is resisted by

aerodynamic forces, known as wind or air resistance, and road
resistance which is generally termed as rolling resistance.
In addition to these two types of resistances, the vehicle has to
overcome grade resistance when it moves up on a gradient,
because the weight of the vehicle is to be lifted through a vertical
distance.
Hence, the power required to propel a vehicle is proportional to
the total resistance to its motion and the speed.
The calculation of engine power takes into account the losses
in transmission. Hence required engine power,
 Air Resistance
This is the resistance offered by air to the movement of a vehicle.
The air resistance has an influence on the performance, ride and
stability of the vehicle and depends upon the size and shape of the
body of the vehicle, its speed and the wind velocity.
The last term should be taken into account when indicated,
otherwise it can be neglected.
Hence in general, air resistance,
 Rolling Resistance
The magnitude of rolling resistance depends mainly on
(a) the nature of road surface,
(b) the types of tyre viz. pneumatic or solid rubber type,
(c) the weight of the vehicle, and
(d) the speed of the vehicle.
The rolling resistance is expressed as

where W = total weight of the vehicle, N

and K = constant of rolling resistance and depends on the nature of road
surface and types of tyres
K = 0.0059 for good roads
= 0.18 for loose sand roads
= 0.015, a representative value.
A more widely accepted expression for the rolling resistance is given by

where V = speed of the vehicle, km/hr.

Mean values of a and b are 0.015 and 0.00016 respectively.
 Grade Resistance
The component of the weight of the vehicle parallel to the gradient
or the slope on which it moves is termed as ‘grade resistance’.
Thus it depends upon the steepness of the grade.
If the gradient is expressed as 1 in 5, it means that for every 5 metres
the vehicle moves, it is lifted up by 1 metre.
Hence, grade resistance is expressed as
 Traction and Tractive Effort
The force available at the contact between the drive wheel tyres and road
is known as ‘tractive effort’.
The ability of the drive wheels to transmit this effort without slipping is
known as ‘traction’.
Hence usable tractive effort never exceeds traction.
The tractive effort relate to engine power as follows.
 Road Performance Curves: Acceleration, Gradability and
Drawbar Pull
Passenger car performance is based on acceleration, ability to go up a
slope, top speed, fuel economy, noise level, and durability.
Transmission gearing is designed to provide maximum acceleration at low
speed by holding the driving wheel torque output at the point of
impending wheel spin.
As wheel spin occurs, the acceleration decreases from the maximum. Also
the gear is designed for maximum fuel economy when the engine is
developing 80% of its maximum torque as the automobile is moving at a
constant speed.
This gives 20% additional torque for acceleration.
The power required to drive an automobile increases as the cube of the
speed i.e. it takes eight times the power to double the speed.
When the power available matches the power required to push the vehicle,
the speed becomes constant.
Excess power is required for acceleration and hill climbing.
Maximum speed is reached when there is no excess power remaining.
Figure illustrates the variation of full-throttle power available at the
wheels for four gear ratios with road speed.
A curve, showing the power required by vehicle at various road
speeds is also presented.
At any speed, the difference of ordinates of power available and
power required by vehicle gives the surplus power, which can be
utilized either for acceleration or for drawbar pull or for hill
climbing, or else the surplus power may be shared by all the three
items as and when required.

Road speed vs power available at wheels

 Road speed vs tractive effort..
The power available as indicated in Fig. Road speed vs power
available at wheels can be converted into tractive effort.
Hence tractive effort performance curves for four gear ratios can be
plotted against road speed as in Fig.
In this figure a road resistance curve is also presented.
The difference between the ordinates of tractive effort and road
resistance at any road speed gives the surplus tractive effort, which
is utilized for acceleration, drawbar pull and hill climbing.