Introduction to

Flowcharting
Grade 10- ICT
 START

What is a Flowchart? Display message

“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
• A flowchart is a year

diagram that depicts Display message

the “flow” of a “Enter your year

of birth”

program. Read Year of

• The figure shown here birth

is a flowchart for Age = Present

year – Year of

calculating the age.

birth

Display Age

END
 Rounded
START Rectangle

Basic Flowchart Symbols Display message

“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
• Notice there are three year

types of symbols in this Display message

flowchart: “Enter your year

of birth”
Parallelogram

– rounded rectangles
Read Year of

– parallelograms birth

– a rectangle Age = Present

year – Year of
Rectangle birth
• Each symbol represents
a different type of Display Age
Rounded
operation. Rectangle
END
 Terminal

Basic Flowchart Symbols

START

Display message
“Enter the
present year”

• Terminals Read Present

year

– represented by rounded Display message

rectangles “Enter your year
of birth”

– indicate a starting or
ending point Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
year – Year of
START birth

Display Age

END Terminal
END
Basic Flowchart Symbols
START

Display message
“Enter the
present year”

• Input/Output Operations Read Present

year

– represented by Display message

parallelograms “Enter your year
of birth”
Input/Output
Operation
– indicate an input or
output operation Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
year – Year of
birth
Enter Present
year Display Age
Display Age

END
Basic Flowchart Symbols
START

Display message
“Enter the
present year”

• Processes Read Present

year

– represented by rectangles Display message

– indicates a process such as “Enter your year

of birth”

a mathematical
computation or variable Read Year of
birth

assignment
Age = Present
year – Year of
Process birth
Age = Present
Year- Year of
Birth Display Age

END
 Stepping
Stepping Through
Through START
Output
Operation
the Flowchart
Display message

the Flowchart
“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
Enter the year
present
year:
Display message
“Enter your year
of birth”

Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
year – Year of
birth
Variable Contents:
Present Year: ? Display Age
Year of Birth: ?
Age: ? END
Variable - a data item that may take on more than one value
during the runtime of a program.
 Stepping
Stepping Through
Through START

the Flowchart
Display message

the Flowchart
“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
Enter the
Input Operation year
Present (User types 2016)
Year: 2016
Display message
“Enter your year
of birth”

Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
year – Year of
birth
Variable Contents:
Present Year: 2016 Display Age
Year of Birth: ?
Age: ? END
Variable - a data item that may take on more than one value
during the runtime of a program.
 Stepping
Stepping Through
Through START

the Flowchart
Display message

the Flowchart
“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
Enter your year
Year of
birth:
Display message
Output “Enter your year
Operation of birth”

Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
year – Year of
birth
Variable Contents:
Present Year: 2016 Display Age
Year of Birth: ?
Age: ? END
Variable - a data item that may take on more than one value
during the runtime of a program.
 Stepping
Stepping Through
Through START

the Flowchart
Display message

the Flowchart
“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
Enter your year
Year of
Birth: 1990
Display message
“Enter your year
of birth”

Input Operation Read Year of

birth
(User types 1990)
Age = Present
year – Year of
birth
Variable Contents:
Present Year: 2016 Display Age
Year of Birth: 1990
Age: ? END
Variable - a data item that may take on more than one value
during the runtime of a program.
 Stepping Through the START

Display message

Flowchart “Enter the

present year”

Read Present
Enter your year
Year of
Birth: 1990
Display message
“Enter your year
of birth”

Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
Process: The year – Year of
birth
difference of
Variable Contents: 2016 and
Present Year: 2016 1990 is 26
which is Display Age
Year of Birth: 1990 stored as Age

Age: 26 END
Variable - a data item that may take on more than one value
during the runtime of a program.
 Stepping Through START

the Flowchart
Display message
“Enter the
present year”

Read Present
year
Age is 26

Display message
“Enter your year
of birth”

Read Year of
birth

Age = Present
year – Year of
birth
Variable Contents:
Present Year: 2016 Output Display Age
Year of Birth: 1990 Operation

Age: 26 END
Variable - a data item that may take on more than one value
during the runtime of a program.
 Sample Problems:
1. Create a flowchart that will get the sum of two integers.

2. Create a flowchart that will convert a peso to dollar.

Exchange rate is $. 1.00 = Php. 45.00 (fixed)
 Exercise Problems:
1. Create a flowchart that will convert a Celsius value to
Fahrenheit.
F= C * 9/5 +32

2. Create a flowchart that will get the Average of three

integers.
 Four Flowchart Structures
• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case
 Sequence Structure
• a series of actions are performed in sequence
• The pay-calculating example was a sequence
flowchart.
 Decision Structure
• One of two possible actions is taken, depending on a
condition.
 Decision Structure
• A new symbol, the diamond, indicates a yes/no question. If
the answer to the question is yes, the flow follows one path.
If the answer is no, the flow follows another path

NO YES
 Decision Structure
• In the flowchart segment below, the question “is x < y?” is
asked. If the answer is no, then process A is performed. If the
answer is yes, then process B is performed.

NO YES
Is
x < y?

Process A Process B
 Sample Problem
1. A flowchart that will identify the grade
entered by the user. If the grade is 75 and
above, system will display "You Passed", if not,
system will display "You Failed".
 Sample Problem
2. Create a flowchart that will ask for the total
price purchased by a customer from a
department store. If the total price is Php500
and above, customer is entitled for a 30%
discount which will also be computed and
displayed on the system, otherwise "You are not
entitled for the discount" message should be
displayed.
 Practice Exercise
1. A flowchart that will ask for a password of the computer. The correct
password is "Tamaraw". If the password is correct, "Welcome to Grade
10-Tamaraw" will be displayed, otherwise, "Access Denied".

2. There are only two kinds of employee in a company "Full Time" and "Part
Time". Create a flowchart that will compute for the weekly salary of an
employee.
For "Full Time" employees:
weekly salary = monthly salary / 4

For "Part Time" employees:

weekly salary = hourly rate * 25
 Decision Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows how a decision structure
is expressed in C++ as an if/else statement.

Flowchart C++ Code

NO YES if (x < y)
x < y? a = x * 2;
else
Calculate a Calculate a a = x + y;
as x plus y. as x times 2.
 Decision Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a decision structure with
only one action to perform. It is expressed as an if statement
in C++ code.

Flowchart C++ Code

NO YES if (x < y)
x < y? a = x * 2;

Calculate a
as x times 2.
 Repetition Structure
• A repetition structure represents part of the program that
repeats. This type of structure is commonly known as a loop.
 Repetition Structure
• Notice the use of the diamond symbol. A loop tests a
condition, and if the condition exists, it performs an action.
Then it tests the condition again. If the condition still exists,
the action is repeated. This continues until the condition no
longer exists.
 Repetition Structure
• In the flowchart segment, the question “is x < y?” is asked. If
the answer is yes, then Process A is performed. The question
“is x < y?” is asked again. Process A is repeated as long as x is
less than y. When x is no longer less than y, the repetition
stops and the structure is exited.

YES
x < y? Process A
 Repetition Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a repetition structure
expressed in C++ as a while loop.

Flowchart C++ Code

while (x < y)

YES x++;
x < y? Add 1 to x
 Controlling a Repetition Structure
• The action performed by a repetition structure must
eventually cause the loop to terminate. Otherwise, an infinite
loop is created.
• In this flowchart segment, x is never changed. Once the loop
starts, it will never end.
• QUESTION: How can this
flowchart be modified so
YES
it is no longer an infinite x < y? Display x
loop?
 Controlling a Repetition Structure
• ANSWER: By adding an action within the repetition that
changes the value of x.

YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
 Sample Problem
1. A flowchart that will identify the grade
entered by the user. If the grade is 75 and
above, system will display "You Passed", if not,
system will display "You Failed".
 Sample Problem
2. Create a flowchart that will ask for the total
price purchased by a customer from a
department store. If the total price is Php500
and above, customer is entitled for a 30%
discount which will also be computed and
displayed on the system, otherwise "You are not
entitled for the discount" message should be
displayed.
 Practice Exercise
1. A flowchart that will ask for a password of the computer. The correct
password is "Tamaraw". If the password is correct, "Welcome to Grade
10-Tamaraw" will be displayed, otherwise, "Access Denied".

2. There are only two kinds of employee in a company "Full Time" and "Part
Time". Create a flowchart that will compute for the weekly salary of an
employee.
For "Full Time" employees:
weekly salary = monthly salary / 4

For "Part Time" employees:

weekly salary = hourly rate * 25
 A Pre-Test Repetition Structure
• This type of structure is known as a pre-test repetition
structure. The condition is tested BEFORE any actions are
performed.

YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
 A Pre-Test Repetition Structure
• In a pre-test repetition structure, if the condition does not
exist, the loop will never begin.

YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
 A Post-Test Repetition Structure
• This flowchart segment shows a post-test
repetition structure.
• The condition is tested AFTER the actions
are performed. Display x
• A post-test repetition structure always
performs its actions at least once. Add 1 to x

YES
x < y?
 A Post-Test Repetition Structure
• The flowchart segment below shows a post-test repetition
structure expressed in C++ as a do-while loop.

C++ Code
Display x
do
{
Flowchart Add 1 to x
cout << x << endl;
x++;
} while (x < y);

YES
x < y?
 Case Structure

• One of several possible actions is taken, depending

on the contents of a variable.
 Case Structure

• The structure below indicates actions to perform

depending on the value in years_employed.

CASE
years_employed

1 2 3 Other

bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800

 Case Structure

If years_employed = 2, If years_employed = 3,
bonus is set to 200 bonus is set to 400
If years_employed = 1, If years_employed is
CASE
bonus is set to 100 years_employed any other value, bonus
is set to 800

1 2 3 Other

bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800

 Connectors
• Sometimes a flowchart will not fit on one
page.
• A connector (represented by a small circle)
allows you to connect two flowchart
segments.

A
 Connectors

•The “A” connector

indicates that the second START A

flowchart segment begins

where the first segment
ends.

END
A
 Modules
• A program module (such as a function in C++)
is represented by a special symbol.
 Modules

START
•The position of the module
symbol indicates the point the Read Input.
module is executed.
•A separate flowchart can be Call calc_pay
function.
constructed for the module.
Display results.

END
 Combining Structures
• Structures are commonly combined to create more complex
algorithms.
• The flowchart segment below combines a decision structure
with a sequence structure.

YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x
 Combining Structures
• This flowchart segment
shows two decision
structures combined. NO YES
x > min?

Display “x is NO YES
outside the limits.”
x < max?

Display “x is Display “x is
outside the limits.” within limits.”
 Review

• What do each of the following symbols

represent?

(Answer on next slide)

 Answer

• What do each of the following symbols

represent?
Decision
Terminal

Input/Output
Operation Connector

Process Module
 Review

• Name the four flowchart structures.

(Answer on next slide)

 Answer

• Sequence
• Decision
• Repetition
• Case
 Review
• What type of structure is this?

(Answer on next slide)

 Answer

• Repetition
 Review
• What type of structure is this?

(Answer on next slide)

 Answer

• Sequence
 Review
• What type of structure is this?

(Answer on next slide)

 Answer

• Case
 Review
• What type of structure is this?

(Answer on next slide)

 Answer

• Decision