International Code of Nomenclature for algae,
fungi, and plants
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Linnaeus' garden at Uppsala
Title page of Species Plantarum, 1753
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the
set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are
given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally
treated as algae, fungi, or plants".[1]:Preamble, para. 8 It was formerly called the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN); the name was changed at
the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 as part of
the Melbourne Code[2] which replaced the Vienna Code of 2005.
The current version of the code is the Shenzhen Code adopted by the International
Botanical Congress held in Shenzhen, China, in July 2017. As with previous codes, it
took effect as soon as it was ratified by the congress (on 29 July 2017), but the
documentation of the code in its final form was not published until 26 June 2018.
The name of the Code is partly capitalized and partly not. The lower-case for "algae,
fungi, and plants" indicates that these terms are not formal names of clades, but
indicate groups of organisms that were historically known by these names and
traditionally studied by phycologists, mycologists, and botanists. This includes blue-
green algae (Cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime
moulds; photosynthetic protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic
groups. There are special provisions in the ICN for some of these groups, as there
are for fossils.
The ICN can only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with
the International Association for Plant Taxonomy providing the supporting
infrastructure. Each new edition supersedes the earlier editions and is retroactive
back to 1753, except where different starting dates are specified. [1]:Principle VI
For the naming of cultivated plants there is a separate code, the International Code
of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, which gives rules and recommendations that
supplement the ICN.
Contents
1Principles
2History
3Versions
4See also
5References
Principles[edit]
Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological,
bacteriological, and viral nomenclature
(see Nomenclature codes).
A botanical name is fixed to a taxon by a type.[1]:Article 7 This
is almost invariably dried plant material and is usually
deposited and preserved in a herbarium, although it
may also be an image or a preserved culture. Some
type collections can be viewed online at the websites of
the herbaria in question.
A guiding principle in botanical nomenclature is priority,
the first publication of a name for a taxon. [1]:Principle III The
formal starting date for purposes of priority is 1 May
1753, the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus.
However, to avoid undesirable (destabilizing) effects of
strict enforcement of priority, conservation of family,
genus, and species names is possible.
The intent of the Code is that each taxonomic group
("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct
name that is accepted worldwide, provided that it has
the same circumscription, position and rank.[1]:Principle IV The
value of a scientific name is that it is an identifier; it is
not necessarily of descriptive value.
Names of taxa are treated as Latin.
The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless there
is an explicit statement that this does not apply.
History[edit]
Main article: International Botanical Congress
The rules governing botanical nomenclature have a long and tumultuous history,
dating back to dissatisfaction with rules that were established in 1843 to govern
zoological nomenclature.[3] The first set of international rules was the Lois de la
nomenclature botanique ("Laws of botanical nomenclature") that was adopted as the
"best guide to follow for botanical nomenclature" [3] at an "International Botanical
Congress" convened in Paris in 1867.[4][5] Unlike modern Codes, it contained
recommendations for naming to serve as the basis for discussions on the
controversial points of nomenclature, rather than obligatory rules for validly published
and legitimate names within the Code.[6] It was organized as six sections with 68
articles in total.
Multiple attempts to bring more "expedient" or more equitable practice to botanical
nomenclature resulted in several competing codes, which finally reached a
compromise with the 1930 congress.[3] In the meantime, the second edition of the
international rules followed the Vienna congress in 1905. These rules were published
as the Règles internationales de la Nomenclature botanique adoptées par le
Congrès International de Botanique de Vienne 1905 (or in English, International
rules of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Conference
of Vienna 1905). Informally they are referred to as the Vienna Rules (not to be
confused with the Vienna Code of 2006).
Some but not all subsequent meetings of the International Botanical Congress have
produced revised versions of these Rules, later called the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature, and then International Code of Nomenclature for algae,
fungi, and plants.
The Nomenclature Section of the 18th International Botanical Congress in
Melbourne, Australia (2011) made major changes: [2][7][8][9]
The Code now permits electronic-only publication of
names of new taxa; no longer will it be a requirement to
deposit some paper copies in libraries.
The requirement for a Latin validating diagnosis or
description was changed to allow either English or Latin
for these essential components of the publication of a
new name (Article 39).
"One fungus, one name" and "one fossil, one name" are
important changes; the concepts
of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi)
and morphotaxa (for fossils) have been eliminated.
As an experiment with "registration of names", new
fungal descriptions require the use of an identifier from
"a recognized repository"; there are two recognized
repositories so far, Index Fungorum[10] and MycoBank.
Versions[edit]
Some important versions are listed below.
Year of
Informal name
adoption
1867 Laws of botanical nomenclature
1905 Vienna Rules (2nd ed., 1912)
1935 Cambridge Rules
1952 Stockholm Code
1969 Seattle Code
1975 Leningrad Code
1981 Sydney Code
1987 Berlin Code
1993 Tokyo Code
1999 St Louis Code, The Black Code
2005 Vienna Code
2011 Melbourne Code
2017 Shenzhen Code (current, blue cover)
See also[edit]
Specific to botany
Author citation (botany)
Botanical name
Botanical nomenclature
o International Association for Plant Taxonomy
o International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated
Plants
o International Plant Names Index
Correct name (botany)
Infraspecific name (botany)
Hybrid name (botany)
More general
Glossary of scientific naming
Binomial nomenclature
Nomenclature codes
Scientific classification
Undescribed species
References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to: Turland, N.J.; et al., eds. (2018). International
a b c d e
Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen
Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress
Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten:
International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2018-06-
27..
2. ^ Jump up to:a b McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2012). International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code),
Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress
Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 (electronic ed.). Bratislava:
International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2012-12-
20..
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c Nicolson, D.H. (1991). "A History of Botanical
Nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1):
33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.
4. ^ Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (1867). Lois de la nomenclature
botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique
tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de
l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la
rédaction préparatoire présentée au congrès. Genève et Bâle: J.-
B. Baillière et fils.
5. ^ Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (1868). Laws of Botanical
Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress
held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical
Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle,
Translated from the French. translated by Hugh Algernon
Weddell. London: L. Reeve and Co.
6. ^ Nicolson, Dan H. (1991). "A History of Botanical
Nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1):
33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.
7. ^ Miller JS, Funk VA, Wagner WL, Barrie F, Hoch PC, Herendeen
P (2011). "Outcomes of the 2011 Botanical Nomenclature Section
at the XVIII International Botanical Congress". PhytoKeys. 5 (5):
1–3. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.5.1850. PMC 3174450. PMID 22171
188.
8. ^ John McNeill, 2011. Important decisions of the Nomenclature
Section of the XVIII International Botanical Congress, Melbourne,
18–22 July 2011. Botanical Electronic News, ISSN 1188-
603X, 441
9. ^ Botanists finally ditch Latin and paper, enter 21st century,
Hannah Waters, Scientific American blog, December 28, 2011
10. ^ "Index Fungorum Registration".
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