Scribd
Upload
62 views2 pages

Frequency Modulation Explained

Frequency modulation (FM) represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. The carrier frequency varies in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input signal. When there is no message signal, the carrier wave is at its center frequency, but when a message exists, the carrier frequency varies above and below the center frequency. The frequency modulation index is equal to the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. FM and AM waveforms look different in the time domain but produce similar changes in the frequency domain, translating a low-frequency spectrum around the carrier frequency.

Uploaded by

Gopolang Jerome Taeyele
Copyright
© Public Domain
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views2 pages

Frequency Modulation Explained

Frequency modulation (FM) represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. The carrier frequency varies in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input signal. When there is no message signal, the carrier wave is at its center frequency, but when a message exists, the carrier frequency varies above and below the center frequency. The frequency modulation index is equal to the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. FM and AM waveforms look different in the time domain but produce similar changes in the frequency domain, translating a low-frequency spectrum around the carrier frequency.

Uploaded by

Gopolang Jerome Taeyele
Copyright
© Public Domain
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction

Frequency modulation is a form of modulation, which represents information as variations in


the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. In analog applications, the carrier frequency is
varied in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input signal. FM is given by:
t
s ( t ) =A c cos ⁡[2 π f c t +2 π k f ∫ m ( t ) dt]
0

When there is no message or the message signal is zero, the carrier wave is at its center
frequency, fc. When a message signal exists, the instantaneous frequency of the output signal
varies above and below the center [Link] frequency is given by:

f i ( t )=f c + k f m(t )
t
¿ 2 π f c t +2 π k f ∫ m( t) dt
0

¿ 2 π f c t +2 π k f m( t)

The maximum deviation of Fc (which represents the max. shift away from Fc in one direction) is
given by;

∆ f =k f Am =k f m( t) max

The frequency modulation index is the equivalent of the modulation index for AM , but
obviously related to FM. In view of the differences between the two forms of modulation, the
FM modulation index is measured in a different [Link] FM modulation index is equal to the
ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating [Link] is therefore diven by;

∆f
m=
fm

A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal.
AM and FM time-domain waveforms for the same baseband and carrier signals look very
different but produce similar changes in the frequency domain. Narrowband FM involves a
limited modulating bandwidth and allows for easier analysis. In both cases a low-frequency
spectrum ,including the negative frequencies is translated to a band that extends above and
below the carrier frequency. With AM, the baseband spectrum itself is shifted upwards while
with FM, it is the spectrum of the integral of the baseband signal that appears in the band
surrounding the carrier frequency.

You might also like