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Book 4b Chapter 8 - Logarithmic Functions Compressed

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Book 4b Chapter 8 - Logarithmic Functions Compressed

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Logarithmic Functions =< 8.1 Meaning of Logarithms =< 8.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs S< 8.3 Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equations 2< 8.4 Applications of Logarithms History of Logarithm Tables and Slide Rules Understand the defiition und properties of logarithms (including the change of base) Understand the properties of logarithmic functions an their graphs. Solve exponential equations and logarithmic equations. Apply logarithmic functions to solve different Kinds of real-life problems, Recognize the development of the concepts of logarithms. Pea hes aa 16 26 35 a An earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred in the north-eastern part of Japan on 1] March, 2011. It triggered a massive tsunami which caused the Fukushima nuclear disaster, It was the largest earthquake recorded in Japan, In 1923, another earthquake of magnitude 8.3 on the Richter seale occurred in Japan, The table below shows some information about these (wo earthquakes: Great Kant5 Earthquake | Great East Japan Earthguake Date | September, 1923 1 March, 2011 Magnitude on the Richter scale 83 | 9.0 Duration of the earthquake | Around 4to 10 minutes | Around 5 10 6 minutes Number of deaths > 100 000) > 15 000% (Th deaths were mainly ase by the tom.) We can measure the amplitude (A units) of seismic waves produced by an earthquake and its logarithms (expressed in terms of log) to calculate the magnitude (M) of the earthquake on the Richter scale. In this chapter, we wil ke out of ort Q&A The magnitude (4) on the Richter scale is given by M where K is a constant. This formula ean be converted into i mathematica notion, un he log + K, en According to A= 10", how many times was the amplitude of the Great Bast Japan Barthguake as large as that of the Great Kanto Earthquake? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) tsunami eK Great Kanto Earthquake MRA Grest Fact Japan Earthquake 28 KR Logarithmic Functions | O anda # 1 If we change the subject of x = a’ to y, then y can be written as log, called the logarithm of x with base a. Ix =a then y = logax. o=3? 2 is the logarithm of 9 with base 3, ie. 2 = logs9. Conversely, the above relation is also true. eg. If y = loge, then x = a The following are some examples of the conversion between the ‘exponential form x = a? and the logarithmic form y = tog... Txponeniiatjorm | Togeritie Exponential form Logarithmic form ~ Za + 0= logst xed y= lon logy 10 000 t___+ at 2= lett = en = los 3p logarichm 34 EDD cms If-x = 10, then y = logiox. We call a logarithm of x with base 10 the common logarithm of x. logy: can be simply written as log. Note: When a > 0, % 1 and.x > 0, log,x is meaningful eg. log-s5, log) 7 and log; (—3) are meaningless. ‘Complete the following tables. Logarithmic fal | Logarithmic ‘form ‘form O= tog; 2 = logy81 L tosis 15 = logan [Find tne value ofa logarithm trom its dstinion| Find the value of each of the following logarithms. (@) log8 (b) lossdy (€) loga73 Solution Find the value ofeach ofthe following logarithms. (@ toni (©) ogss5 (6) los}? common logarithm #72 $8 Logarithmic Functions | [Find the unknown ina logaritim from is dentin) FED Pe oe vate tine fe ving {a) logs =3 (©) loge 10} Solution @ (b) = 10 or 10 (rejected) “Te Base of logarithm eanot he - negative. =P instant Drill Find the value of x in each of the following, {a) loss (©) 109,16 = 4 coum 2) Properties of Logarithms Let a > 0 and a + 1, According to the definition, if y then x = logsy. When we replace y by a" in x = logey, we have loga’ = x Substituting x = 0 and x = 1 into log, a‘ = x respectively, we have log, 1 = 0. «®t logua = 1 In fact, for any x, » > 0, we have some more properties of logarithms as follows a) m» (2) logexy = log.x + logey Joss = log, — logey | Toga! = klog,x, where & is any real number (3) HEED cms a @ loass*= Gi) toget = 0 (i) togs8 = 1 (iv) logs(2 ¥ 5)=logs2 + logsS ——< leayay= lear + ony (W) log: 3 = logs 3 — logs7 loge — ley (wi) Logs? logs? 4 ogat!= heat Objective: To prove the properties (1), (2) and (3) of logarithms 1 Then x= a and y = Let logo = p and loge, 1. wade x» 1 Togaxy = logaxy = log, ( )+ log ) loge =p logat = kloza( ) Besides the properties of logarithms discussed before, we also have the formula for change of base”. This formula can convert 4 logaritiun with base a to another logarithm with base b. togethers Functions QS Let a, b> id a, b # 1, For any x > 0, Formula for change of base Joan logex = $e + Pro: Let logy = pand logs [Use the properties oflogaritams to find the values of expressions] FRR Bon te et ot entre atoning {a) log2 + log0.5 {b) log: 6 — logs 48 leas (©) ope Solution (a) log? + log 0.5 = log(2 x 0.5) = log] 0 (b) log26 — log: 48 = loss ay + ops! = 2 logiS __loges pais = 85 Joni5 Floss toga = bloga Smpimstant rt Find the value of each of the following. (a) log3 + oxs2 —(b) loz9 ~ log90 (ey EES Tosi? HED cores Dos and Don'ts In Example 3, the following mistakes should be avoided inealelation. Coneet Tacorect ° - mT Tou + kg 0.3 = Wow Wlog0) heel Ipelis=lael X05] (i) 1og2 + log 0.5 = log(2 + 0.5) tb) = he= Set Ioge6 —logs48 = ops $ |. Hats — Nome = cas (0) 0606 ~ 1g 48 = len(6~ 48) © wens wees 5 Taatts ~ TS toms" Joga 5* = (logs 5)" [simpity logarithmic expressions with variables] FRR Sines te rotowiagexresion, were a 21 > 0 and a,a,9 #1 toe? — lope} ON ae (B) (log.yX(log,°) Soiwion (a) EB foga” — loge} _ logex® ~ logos logax™ Dlogaie ~ (-1logex Flogax Biogas tiog.x Hogs: (B) (log.yi(log,x°) = (ogsy3 logy) ~ (REX) 3 (0) gare’ © plify the following expressions, where a, x,y > Oanda,x,y #1 sowed logy Vx pres logy in tems of loge M88 tere Teena weer ae foe ad fog 1. a) togethers Functions CE Note: In Example 4(b), when we use the formula for change of base, it is not necessary to use 10 as the base, If other positive numbers not equal to | (e.g. 2 oF 3) are used as the base, the same result will be obtained. [Use variables o express he logarithm of a number] PRR net = eaten = expt own inom of aand b, (@) logis, () loss (6) log:03 , 7 . Key Solution) log 18 =tog(2 x 3°) ra visa pastoral log? + log? log2 + 21033 a+2 = log X10 (b) tog 15 = tog 3510 Jog3 + log 10 ~ log? btlna + topea (©) 10g20.3 = ery = Pip = Toad = '083 ~ lo 10 = eg? Let log? = @ and log7 = b. Express the following in terms of a and 6, {a) log28 (b) 1080.35 (©) los yy na BERD cores Finding the Values of Logarithms Using a Calculator We can use the (fa) key of a calculator to find the values of logarithms with base 10 (ie. common logarithms) [Fing the values of logarithms using @ calculator] ‘Use a ealelator to find the value of each of the following, u correct to 3 significant figures. (a) 10g 76.2 (b) Io =} calculator Keying sequences: Solution (@) 1076.2 = 1.88, cor. to 3 sig. Js. oe &) COCO IL (b) tory = =0.667, cor. to 3 sig. ig 10 0B Use a ealeulator to find the value of each of the following, correct to 3 significant figures. {@) 1020.27 {b) loz 7 Se For logarithms with base not equal to 10 (eg. logs 4 und logy 7), we can use the formula lon = THB for change of base and take b = 10. Then the (og) key of a calculator can be used. [Find the values oflogaritims with base not equal to 10 using @ calculator] FED es cnet te ae of ech fe aon correct to 3 decimal places. (@) loss (©) Joes? (©) tox} Solution (a) Jog;4 = ae Calculator Keying secenees: = 1262, cor. to 3 dp. Cee sess (a) (on) 4 Jom) = ©) 7) oe (0) logo? = 55 eye = 0.886, cor. to 3d.p. Bea tog (©) lose} = opt 208, cor. to 3 dp. Logethric Futons SE Use a calculator to find the value of each of the following, correct to 3 decimal places. (2) lozs9 ©) Io236 (©) loz} 12 Em» Note: In general, we can also use a ealeulator to find the unknown in a logarithm. logsx = 1.262 ee teers 1262 x Keying soouence: 4.00, cor. to 3 sig. fig 35) 126 (BD) 1. Which of the following can be the value of a such that log, 10 is meaningful? 2 Without using a calculator, match the following. 1 3*= 2, thenx= ° +2 Wlogsx = 3, then x= * +2 log l= * log, 49 = logs4 + logs5 = * logs42 — loge? = * 0 logit . logs 27 a 3. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and.x * 1 9) SES @) logs? ~ 2togx © fee (2) (logsxtog.3) 4. Let og} = a and log4 = b. Express the following in terms ofa and b (@) tog12() ton} (©) op120—) toga BED owes x Exercise Objective Level) Level 2 Formulae Station Comeraon Between exorena mane lgarttme yg x= 2, then y= logs Evaluate loganthms or logartnmic expression. a Fn the uninown value in alogarthm. 4 a ‘Simply logarithmic expressions with varabies. 8 18.19 Use variables t express lagartthms ot logartheie a0 |eoee expressions, Use the properties oflogarthme to exprass the reation ” between two variables. er Convert each of the following expressions to logarithmic form, (@ 25<5 wees | far Mond’ > (e) 10° on) (9) 497 =7 7 2. Convert each of the following expressions into exponential form (a) 2 = Iog39 (b) 5= 09:32 (e) “1 = 090.1 (@) 1=Iog,5 (@) loss64=3 (flow =0 (9) tows? =f Ch) to 3. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following logarithms. (2) logs27 = S201 (b) log 36 (©) 1og10.000 (A) logia (e) tom? ) loys (9) loa (hy os 4. In each of the following, find the value of x. (@) loge (@) lozsx = 6 (b) lossx=4$ (0) logs: ‘= barwle2 (©) lo t6=2 — f) lox.7 (9) los. ror (hy loge Logarithmic Functions | Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. [Nos. 5-7] 8. (a) logs2 + loge = Sane id (©) loan $ + lo (©) 10950 + los? (4) og4 + 1082.8 (0) 109518 + lope (9) 2p + bosch 6. (a) log:6 — log23 = tomple 3) (b) logs 45 — log, 5 (c) lop 400 — log4 (a) log? — log 70 (©) 1025375 — lozs3 (9) logs6 ~ Jog224 tog tog27 togs216 7 (0) jogo meee) ky (0) fe towed log: 64 Jog 10 (2) joa4286 (9) joss6 9) fows0t 8. Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and.x # 1 log? lossx . @ (2 (e) og? — Stogx (0) Jog. $ + logae (e) (logx)(log.10) (1) (logsx)(loge3) ©. If log2 = a, express the following in terms of a (0) loos (©) oe} {e) toed (€) 10920 (6) loas (9) logs10 10. If 1og2 = m and log3 = n, express the Following in terms of m und (@) loa} (b) logs (©) logs3 (a) logs4 Use a calculator to find the values of the following, correct to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 11-12] At, (a) log 24 = Ganplee (b) log3 000 {e) log 0.05 (A) lov ghey (e) log v485 () loa(ig) 42. (a) lons5 =towie? (b) logs? (©) loa () fons.20 BED cms 13, Without using a calculator, state which part is wrong in each of the following calculations and find the correct answer. a) 23100 = box0" = eee og 10)? (©) logs 16 ~ love (@) 0353 + logs9 = logs (16 ~ 8) = (lozs3Xl0g39) = logs x2 3 x 14, (0) Show thst agar = liz, where x > Dan as # 1 (b) Given that 1og36 561 = 8, use the result of (a) to find the value of loge ss 3. Without using a calculator, find the values of the following. [Nos. 1517] 15. @) } 16. @) © (e) @ 7. @) te) e logs log ¥1007 logv0 — log v2 lop(2 +57) — log st log IS + logs — log 12 logy? + loss 40 = loz, fog 14 — tog2 Tog loss Wo 3 log VR ogi 6 (&) @) ) @ o (O} ©) () o logs ¥27 log, V27 + loge v3 togs2? + Hogs Slog’ + 2log — log 6 logs 2 ~ logs 6 ~ logs log2vF Jog3 + 2iog2 log, 10)(1oz6) )(logs1 000) 18, 19. 20. a. 22. 23. 24. Logarithmic Functions | Simplify the following expressions, where x > 0 and.x #1 loga* ~ 2logx eax” @ (a eloe= Test logs v @) osx tons 0) aad + boner log + logs — oe () 2iogex ~ log oy (oeedowe (ozs: Simplify the following expressions, where a, x,y > O and a,x, #1 logax? (@) Siegal Moa! + Hones ) Toast If log2 = p and logs (a) ox 12 (A) logs v3 Ir log (a) ozs = wand logs (4) ops 25) ‘= Senplet(b) (oy Pel + aa? ope Ja Wet (6) (ox, 1oa,9°) © Wee 4, express the following in terms of p and q. (b) lo260 (ce) log,8 ©) we Won es +, express the following in terms of a and b. (b) low 135 (©) loev75. (e) 108306 ©) 1083; If loge = a and logy = b, express the following in terms of a and b, where x, y > 0 and not (a) log(10xy) (a) tog In each ofthe following, exp (@) logx = 2bogy (0) Logr = 2+ togy (b) Joe (©) toate? Jy) (@) os. 5 loge ¥2 ss x in terms of y. (b) Logix) = (©) logy = logx= 1 (@) logsx — logsy () loge(x — 29) Use @ calculator to find the value of x in each of the following. correct to 3 significant figures, (@) lope = 0.47 (A) loxsx = 2.6 (b) lope = =1.35 (©) lopx = (©) logis = 09 loge HEED cms 0), there is one (and only one) “ins! Pace corresponding value of y. Hence, y is a funetion of x. y = logox Is called + ty tis fnetion, » is a dependent a logarithmic function with base 2. In general, vlad an Independent let x and y be variables, a be a constant, where a > Q and a #1 ‘Then y = log,.* is called a logarithmic function wit activity Use software (2.8. GeoGebr Graphmaticn or Winplot) plot the geaphs of y= logex for Adferent values ofa (wtere > 1) fon the same screen. Then observe their properties such as he shapes, seintercpes, te base a. Note: The domains of logarithmic functions are all positive real numbers. By the above (able, the graph of y = logsx can be obtained as follows: Ynlomss Jon Tutor ict gp Mat tor an ‘card oering Oe purl noi Fenton sot Tet ‘Transformations a Tecting 450) From the above figure, we can observe some properties of the graph of y = logs x. Property of the graph Value of x and the corresponding value of y (a) | The graph does not cut the y- the right of the y is. It lies on | The domain of the function is all positive real xis. numbers, ie. > 0. The valve of y ean be any real umber. (b) | The graph cuts the x-axis at the point (1,0). | When 1, the graph lies above the x-axis. _| When x > 1, y > 0. (©) | ‘The graph slopes upward from left to right. | When the value of x inereases, the value of » increases and the rate of increase of y decreases. Tablet fonction #5 logarithm Logethmic Futons QS (Glass Activity Objective: To explore common properties of the graphs of the Functions y = logax and y = logax. Consider the logarithmic function y = logex: 1. Complete the following table. xfo2jos[1)2[alale]a » aixenaen BE (Give the values of y correct to I decimal place if necessary.) 2. In the figure given, plot the graph of y = logy. : poles 3. According to the graph of y= logs, answer the following questions, (@) Does the graph cut the y-axis? Yes, the graph cuts the y-axis at No (b) Does the graph lie on the right of the y-axis? Yes No (6) Does the graph intersect the x-axis? Yes, the graph cuts the x-axis at No (d) Does the graph slope upward from left to right? ‘Yes. When the value of x increases, the value of y (increases J decreases) and the rate of increase of y (increases / decreases) No 4, Do the graphs of the functions y = logya and y = logzx have common properties? Yes No From the above class activity, we find that the graphs of y = logsx and y = logax have the properties in Table 1 on the previous page. In general, the graphs of the functions y = logax (a > 1) have these properties. HEED owes Now let's take the function y = logix as an example to explore the properties of logarithmic functions with bases less than 1, ‘The table below shows some corresponding values of x and y for y= log! x |o2}os| i] 2/3 |4/]6 | 8 y [23] 1 | 0 =16 26 1 docimal pee if necessary By the above table, the graph of y= logLx can be obtained as follows: e From the figure on the previous page, we can observe some properties of the graph of y = logix Property of the graph Value of x and the corresponding value of y (@) | The graph does not cut the y-axis. It lies on | The domain of the function is all positive real the right of the y-axis, numbers, ie. x > 0, The value of y can be any real numiber. (©) | ‘The graph cuts the x-axis at the point (1,0). | When 0 0. When x < 1, the graph lies above the x-axis. | When.x = 1, y= 0. When x > 1, the graph lies below the x-axis, | When.x > 1, y < 0. (€) | The graph slopes downward from left to right. | When the value of x increases, the value of y decreases and so does the rate of decrease of y In general, the graphs of the functions y = logox (0 < a <1) have the above properties. From the above figure, we observe that the graph of y = logix is the image of the graph of y = log>x when reflected in the x-axis. In fact, for a > Dand a + 1, the graphs of logi.x and y = log, x are the images of each other when reflected in the x-axis, Logethnic Futons SER [Sows a problem on he graphs of logan ucts] PRGA te ie, te sap of» = ty se in raph of y= log, when reflected in the sais, where @ ern and 6 are constants. If the sum of a and 6 is greater than 6, suggest a pait of possible values of a and b. Explain your < The answers to this question are not unigue. We cam take another reasonable value of @ to write dwn the eomesponding value of b answer. x Solution > From the graph, a > 1. ‘The graphs of y = logex and y= logy are symmetrical about the x-axis, bel Find the relationship between the values of and b. Its given that a +b > 6. > Take a pair of possible values of a and b. Check whether atb>6. Step > +. The required pair of possible Write down the conclusion. In the figure, the graph of y = logy is the image of the graph of y = log,x when reflected in the x-axis, where a and & are constants. Suggest a pair of possible values of @ and b. Explain your answer. S01 BED cms Compare the graphs of y = 2" and y = logs in the rectangular coordinate plane. If we swap the a-coordinates and y-coordinates of every point on the < eg Change (1, 2910.2 1 graph of y = 2", the curve formed is the graph of y = logax. Hence, the Change (3.8) to(8 3) graph of y = logy is the image of the graph of y = 2* when reflected in the line y = x, In general, fora > 0 anda * 1, the graphs of y = a" and y images of each other when reflected in the line y =x. log.x are the eg. a> iractivity (Observe how the erphs of » = and y = logex are affected as the ‘value ofthe base a changes in the following website. hhupiiwww eds wocakdvmverpiog oO Whenx > 1,y > 0. When x > ly <0. pipe ‘The graph slopes upward from left | 2. The graph slopes downward from afferent . properties to right. left to right. 3. When the value of x increases, the value of y decreases and so does the rate of decrease of y. below for reference: ‘The graphs of exponential functions anc! logarithmie functions are shown Graphs of exponential functions Graphs of logarithmic functions a>l Ot o Fo igs " Th . 7 VA yoke HED cms 1. The graph of each of the following logarithmic functions cuts the 2eaxis at the point Q. Find the coordinates of Q. @ { () ye toms 2, The figure shows the graphs of y = logn.t, y = logx and y = loge, where m and 1 are constants. (a) Determine whether the value of m is greater than or less than 6, (b) If the graphs of y = logex and y = loggx are symmetrical about the x-axis, find the value of n. 3. Write down the corresponding function for each of the jae ta graphs, [1.3% tosasx, losis, 03°] we LB Ban) Eerie Chiari S tevelt bevel? (sie copes of some figs SoWve robles elated to he graphs ot kaart or are given in the "Figure soouralucen eet Ho Duplicates” on PAALI-A2) + © | @eestons 6-8, 13, 18. Seton he grapne of agerthmic or exponental unetons. 8 \“ J Open-ended Questions 10.11 Logarithmic Functions | 1. Each of the following graphs of functions is reflected in the x-axis. What is the function represented by each graph obtained”? (@) y=loex (y= toalx y= loaox loax Each of the following graphs of functions is reflected in the line y = x. What is the function represented by each graph obtained? (Nos. 2-3] 2. (@) y= () y= 0.2 @ »=(4) (@) y= 3" 3. (a) y= lowe (b) y= logsx —(@) y=lozoax —(d) y= lows 4. ‘The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic x functions y= loax and y = logs: “ (2) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C\ and C e. (©) Cyan Cs eut the reaxis at a point. Find the coordinates of that point 5 5. The two cures inthe Figure represent the graphs ofthe logarith i funetions y = logex and y = logos. (2) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for Cs and Cy e (©) Cy and Cy cut the x-axis at a point. Find the coordinates of that point ‘ a . According to the graph given in each of the following, sketch the graph of the required function in the same given graph. [Nos. 6-8] 6 (@ y (b) y= logsx ED cores 7. (a) y=6" (b) y= 06" 8. (a) » logs (b) y= logs 9. The three curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic Functions y = logos, y = logy and y = log, {a) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for C,, Co sand C3, (b) ©, Cz and Cs intersect at a point. Find the coordinates of that point. 10. In the figure, the graph of y = lousx is the image of the graph of x SEER y = Jog, when reflected in the x-axis, where @ and b are constants. sere If the difference between a and b is greater than 4, suggest a pair of possible values of a and . Explain your answer. © baries 11. The figure shows the graphs of y = log, y = logsx and y = lope. where a and b are constants. The graph of y = logax is the image of the graph of y= log x when reflected in the x-axis (@) Find the value of a 2888 (b) Write down two possible values of b. Explain your answer, 12, In the figure, C is the image of the graph of » inthe line y =x. logy when reflected (a) Write down the corresponding funetion for C. (b) It is given that the x-coordinate of the point R is 2, and the point Sis the image of & when reflected in the line y = x. Find the coordinates of S, 13, (a) According to the graph of y = 8°, sketcl the graph of lomee in the same given graph. (b) Write down the x-intercept of the graph of y = logs. (©) Using the result of (a). sketch the graph of y in the same given geaph. (4) Write down the intercept of the graph of y 14. (0) Acconting to the grap of y = (4)', sketch the graph of Jog. inthe same given graph, (©) From the graph of y = lop.x obtained, write down the range of values of y when @ 0 1 (6) Using the result of (a), sketch the graph of y = logy Jn the same given graph Logethmic Futons EES Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equations £4 Exponential Equations ‘An equation involving unknown index (indices) is called an exponential ‘equation, ea. 2 Band 3°? 5, 3° * are exponential equations, “Special types of exponential re i i equations will be discussed in To solve a simple exponential equation algebraically, we ean change both fou sk Chapter 1 sides of the equation to powers of the same base and use the following property: Ifa’ =a", where a > O anda + 1, then x= y. [SoWve exponential aqustions] Solve the following exponential equations. fst Solution (a) 4 When a > Oaada% 1, wean btain x= from a =a Key Rewrite /27 as a power of 3. (b) aka tobe ¢ Solve the following exponential equations. <3 gl @ 6 ET ss. 0,2) Logarithmic Functions | [S0Wve exponential equations) PRD ste serra Solution sies't!=30 S459 =30 key (0) Rewrin Sas 55 (W),Take ot the comma ac SL +5)=30 S156 = 30 Stas Solve the following exponential equations. fa) a+ 4"*'=80 (b) 3°**-3"=24 ‘When it is difficult to change both sides ofthe equation to powers of the same base, we con use logarithms to solve the exponential equation [SoWe exponent equations using logarthms} PRRRD sa 6 = 1 rt sete anne cores 13 sete figures. Solution 6 = 12 log 6* = log 12 “+ Take common logarithms on both sides of the equation, -rlog6 = log 12 + logy = hott log tg Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures. (7-4 © (4) RED cms {Solve exponential equations using ogatims} FRIED sete te totoning exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures fa) =a"! {b) 702") = 3" Solution (a) seat! log3" = log a'*! xlog3= (0+ 1logd xlog3 = xlog4 + log xrlog3 ~ xlog4 = lod x(log3 ~ log) = log ‘calculator ioe Keying square: *= [og = lows Gms) = =4.82. cor. t0 3 si. fi (e) ra!) = 3 log (42!) log7 + log2'~** 4 lopaxy = loner + logey log7 + (1 = 3x)log2 = 2xlog3 log7 + log 2 ~ 3x log? = 2xlog3 log? + log? = 3xlog2 + 2xlog3 Jog? + log2 = x(3log2 + 2log3) log7 + log? Slog? + Zing 0.617, cor. to 3sig. fig. Bainstant De 2 Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to 3 significant figures, (a) 8 '= 7" EES 3035 [Solve an application problem related o exponential equation] FREE Me creer ers $400 a tk ot an nr ate of 6% pa. compounded yearly. At least how many years wngandfater will she receive an amount more than $7 0007 Solution ‘Suppose she will receive an amount of $7 000 after m years. ny 4.000 X (1 +6%)"=7 000 1 the principal is SP, the interest 4 rate is 7 pa and the interest is 1.06" ‘compounded year. the ammount afte m Sears SSP Ltrs Logethmis Functions EEE los 106" = op? ng 1.06 = oe leat "Tox 1.06 60, ear. 102 dp. She will receive an amount more than $7 000 at least 10 years later. Louis deposits $30 000 in @ bank at an interest rate of 5% p.a. compounded yearly. At least how many years later will he receive an amount more than twice the principal?” mn «6 1 Logarithmic Equations An equation involving unknowns in logarithms is called a logarithmic equation. 6. logx = 1, logostx ~ 1) = 0 and logsx + logex = 7 are logarithmic equations. < Special types of logarithmic ‘Thete are two basic techniques in solving a logarithmic equation: wpestines wlll be Sees be ook 5A Chapter (@ Rewrite the equation in the form log,x = y, where y is @ constant. ® ‘Then we have x =a" from the definition of logarithms. (i) Change both sides of the equation to logarithms with the same base ‘and use the following property: If logax = logay, then Ins [SoWv—e logarithmic equations) sant be rested as logs (8) Ee Solve the following logarithmic equations. sikaoatsioatse: fa) Qogx-3=0 (b) logs(r +1) his method, 8 logs? Solution (a) 2logax — logax BED owes (b)logsGr + = lows + 1) 4 loge logy? xt 47 op = tay ae3 heey Solve the following logarithmic equations. (@) 3logex+2=0 (b) loze(x— 1) = Floged [Solve logarithmic equations) FRE Soho 8 eerie anion (@) logsx + logax = 6 (b) log (3x — 1) = 1 + logtx + 2) Solution (@)-—logax + logax= 6 l logax + (Ge 16 {b)log(Sx~ 1) = 1 + Logi + 2) Jog (3x ~ 1) = log 10 + log (x + 2) Jog(3x~ 1) = logl10(x + 21 3r-1 3r-1 Ix 3 (rejected) ‘The equation has no real solutions. Note: We must check the answer after solving a logarithmic equation to censure that every logarithm in the equation is meaningful. ogi +3) = logs i sx ‘What's wang with the above cealeketion? Why? ES 1-18 logo = 1 ones + lop, = loa < Whenx =-3, log (32 — 1) = og(—10) and logtx + 2) logé1) are meaningless Solve the following logarithmic equations. (a) loggx + logarx + 4=0 (b) log(x — 10) = logis — 1) +1 [Soh an appcaon problem related 1 loarmi equation] PRS ori de> Dotan exert te mer of bacteria in a spe be represented by the following formula N= 100 0001ogr It is given that the number of bacteria on the th day is increased by 10 000 when compared with that on the previous day. (a) Find the value of #, correct to the nearest integer. {b) After 10 days of experiment, will the number of bacteria per day be mote than 100 000? Explain your answer, Solution (a). Number of bacteria on the rth day = 100 000 loge Logarithmic Functions | Number of bacteria on the (+ ~ 1)-th day = 100 000 log(r ~ 1) 100 000log¢ ~ 100 0001og4 ~ 1) = 10 000 logit logit = 1) = 0.1 los phy = 10!" t= 10D = 101 — 10 10's 1= 10" ao” = 1) = 10" 10"! 10" = 1 = 5, cor. 10 the nearest integer (b) When > 10, loge > I and N= 100 0001og¢ > 100.000 x 1 = 100.000 After 10 days of experiment, the number of bacteria per day will be more than 100 000. toga ~ logy = Jone Keying soouence: rol Joa JCC 10 Qaucnes ‘Wheaf > 10, 9 > log, ie loge > 1 HEED ome ‘The number N of tourists visiting a certain city in the Mth year after 2010 can be represented by the following formula: N= 114.000 + 100 0001og(¢ + 1) It is given that the number of tourists in the f-th year is increased by 8 000 wher compared with that in the previous year. (a) Find the value of 1, correct to the nearest integer. (b) Will the number of tourists visiting the city per year be more than 214 000 after 20197 Explain your answer, aa 4. Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations PAP GAME) tee 2. Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct to, 3 significant figures. (a) 2°=10 (b) o! (e) 8-4" 3. Sole the following logarithmie equations (a) log:3x = 0 (b) logix + 1) = 2log3. (©) logax = logyx +2 (@) log Sx = log(2e + 5) + 1 4. Inan experiment, the temperature °C of a certain chemical can be represented by the following formula 1=10logit ‘where t minutes is the time elapsed since the beginning of the experiment and > (2) Find the temperature of the chemical after the experiment begins for 2 minutes. fos (b) If the experiment is conducted for more than 4 minutes, will the temperature of the chemical be higher than ~20°C afterwards? Explain your answer. =z Solve exponential equations. Solve egarihic equations Solve application problems related 1 exponential or logarithmic equations togethers Futons EER [Level 1 | ‘Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [NoS. 1-6] 1 ae 4 10" = V0 52a V3 Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correct 10 8 significant figutes. (Nos. 7-12] 7. 2°26 econett 8 400" ®& Ls'=15 10, 8-1 = 4. st! =70 12, = v2 Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 19-18] 13. logtx + 51 1 14, Dlogox — Bale Alog3 17. logs(6~x) =0 15, logs(2x-+ 3)=0 16. logtx- 1 Jose 18, ger ~ Hogs 19, The relation between the surface area A em? and the volume V cm’ of a sphere can be represented by the following formula: A= 4.8360", where 7 is a constant I is given that the surface area and the volume of a sphere are 1.000 cm? and 2.974 cm respectively. Find the value of n by using logarithms, correct to 3 significant figures 20. Suppose the population of the earth in year ¥(Y > 1 905) is increased 35logP ueS! + 1905. Find the population of the earth in year 2016, correct to 2 significant figures. to PX 10°, where ¥- ie Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 21-29] Gye ae 25, 4'+8 28. 4 ED cms Solve the following exponential equations and give the answers correet to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 30-85] 30. GTS 11 Seamer gt, haat 32. 4 33, ois) =9°*! 34,307 a5. = 200.5") Solve the following logarithmic equations, (Nos. 36-43] 36. lozigox — logx = | = Soames 87. lowyx + logex = 3 38. logy — logoe = 39. logasx — logsz —1= 0 40. logix + 3)— 1 = loge 41. Jog(2x) + 1 = log(sx — 10) 42. loga(x 15) = logex +2 43. logs (x + 5) — 3 = logs(4 — 2) 44, ‘The value of a machine is $450 000 now. Its value depreciates by 20% every year, At least how many years Later will ils value be less than $100 0007 barrie 45, Mr Chan borrows $10 000 from a bank at an interest rate of 12% pa. compounded monthly. For at most how many months can Mr Chan, borrow the money so that the total repayment to the bank will not exceed $11 000? 46. In an experiment, the number N of a certain kind of cells at the fth hhour (1 2 2) can be represented by the following formula: N= 300logr Itis given that the number of cells at the (-th hour is increased by 90 ‘when compared with that 8 hours ago. (@) Find the value of «, correct to the nearest integer {ube (b) After 10 hours of experiment, will the number of eetls per hour be less than 300? Explain your answer. = barpie16 47. After a theme park has been in operation, the number Q of visits per Week in the th week (2 1) can be estimated by the following formula = + 2.000 logst, where k is a constant Its Known that the number of Visits per week in the Ist week is 100 000. (a) Find the value of & {wlan (b) Will the number of visits per week exceed 102 000 after the 2nd week? Explain your answer. (©) The number of visits per week in the m-th week (m > 3) is inereased by 2 000 when compared with that wvo weeks ago. Find the value of m. = 8.4 | Applications of Logarithms EX Richter Scale The power of an earthquake is commonly measured by the Richter scale. I is.a quantitative measure invented by an American seismologist Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985) in 1935, The magnitudes of earthquakes are measured according to the amplitudes of seismic waves produced and are classified into different grades. Magnitude M on the Richter scale = logA + K \here A units represents the amplitude of the seismic wave measured and Kis a constant. [Solve @ probiem related to the Richter scale) PRED 2 creat caret a tor sey A and city 2 The amplitudes recorded were $0 units and 500 units respectively. What was the difference in the magnitudes of| the earthquakes in these two cities? Solution Magnitude of the earthquake in city A= log 50 + K Magnitude of the earthquake in city B = log 500 + K Difference in the magnitudes of the earthquakes in these wo cities (log 500 + K) ~ (log 50+ K) log $00 + K~ log s0 — K = log 500 — tog 50 In a region, the amplitudes recorded in the first and the second earthquakes were 21 units and 2 100 units respectively. What was the difference in the magnitudes of the two earthquakes? From Example 17, when the amplitude of an earthquake increases to 10 times the original, the magnitude will inerease by 1 Logarithmic Functions | D ster to tain More information about earthquakes ean be found in the website of the Hong Kong Obscrvators: Inpro gow deduction tga earnquake «hm Richter scale 8.2.48 HEED owes [Svea probe elated ote ier sale FRGBEP Beare carte sor in world istry wa oe Great Chilean Earthquake on 22 May, 1960 with magne 9.5 on the Richer seale. In Chinese history, the largest one was recorded in Tibet on 15 August, 1950 with magnitude £6, How many times was the amplitude ofthe Great Chilean Earthquake as large as that of the Tibetan Earthquake? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) Solution Let the amplitude of the Tibetan Earthquake be A units. 6 =logA+K Let the required times be x: ‘The magnitude of the Great Chilean Earthquake can be expressed as: 9.5 = logxA + K S=logx + log +K Keying sequence: w= 09 . cor. to the nearest integer ‘The amplitude of the Great Chilean Earthquake was 8 times as large as that of the Tibetan Earthquake. Alternative Method 1. Let the amplitudes of the Great Chilean Earthquake and the Tibetan Earthquake be A, units and A3 units respectively. According tothe question, write down two logarithmic equations. 2. Using logx ~ logy = log, find the value of 4. o 8. Write down the required times. a ‘The magnitude of an earthquake in an area was recorded to be 8.5 on the Richter scale. A few hours later, an aftershock of magnitude 6.7 occurred in the same area. How many times was the amplitude of the first earthquake as large as that of the aftershock? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) Ba 2s) 1 intensity Level of Sound In Physics, the unit of the intensity of sound is Wim’. Since the intensity of sound may vary greatly in order of magnitude (from 10°? Wim? to 100 W/m’), we often use another method to express the loudness of sound: the intensity level. For a sound of intensity /, its intensity level D decibels (4B) is defined as follows: pa t0kef where represents the intensity of the sound that we ean just hear (the so-called threshold of hearing) and fg = 10"? Wim?. eg. If the intensity of a certain sound is 10”* W/m, then the intensity level of the sound = 10log12— ap, = 10log 10°“ a 1D log 107 dB 10-748 = 1008 ‘Note: The intensity level of the sound that we can just hear = log? dB = log | dB = 0 dB [SoWva a problem relat to the intansity level of sound] jean ‘The intensity level of a sound produced by an electric fan is 48 dB. Find the intensity of the sound, correct to 3 significant figures, Solution Let the intensity of the sound be 1 W/m?, 48 = 10 log: = 631 X 10", cor. 0 3 sig. fig ‘The intensity of the sound is 6.31% 107" Wem. Logarithmic Functions | [E) mathematics in Use Lode of diferent sand ue aoa ihisper Quiet steer [50a Noma [60a Lov singing | 75a Busy trafic [90 Disco [100 a Thunder | 120 ab Aeroplane [130 More information about noise can be Fouad in the website of the Environmental Protection Deparment. upto. go. dept noise edacaion Intensity of sound HR inersity level BED ome Pinstant Drill 19 ‘The intensity level of sound produced by an aeroplane when taking off is 130 dB. Find the intensity of the sound. [Solve a problem relate to the intone level of ound) FR Te nent snd ote yan sume 67 Winey After the intensity level of the sound is increased by 10 dB, (ir ts 10 mes 2 thea d= 108, will the new intensity of the sound be 10 times the original?” Explain your answer. Solution si D Let the new intensity of the sound be J’ W/m?, Lethe ae intensity | 10togf” ~ 10lopf = 10 ofthe sound be : 1” Wint. Find the tool ined value of According to the question, state whether I" = 107 is correct. > 2. The new intensity of the sound will be Write down the 10 times the original conclusion. ‘The intensity level of a sound produced by a machine is increased by 5 dB. Will the new intensity of the sound be 5 times the original? Explain your answer. Em From Example 20, when the intensity level of a sound is increased by 10 dB, the new intensity of the sound is 10 times the original [More to Learn Among the numbers 1 111°, 2 222° and 3 333°, which one is the largest? Let's use Jog] T° = 340 log 1 HIE = 1036 Jog2 222” = 300Hog2 222 = 1 004 Jog! 111 > tog3 335° > log? 222° We can compare the values of 2 LLL fs he largest one the mumbers bythe values of thei ‘Amnong 900°, 800°" and 700-9, hich one isthe smallest? logarithms Logethnic Futons EER © Instant Drill Comer 85 1. An earthquake occurred in both city A and city B. The amplitudes recorded were 60 units and 480 units respectively. What was the difference in the magnitudes of the earthquakes in these two cities? (Give the answer correct to I decimal place.) 2. The magnitudes of the earthquakes that occurred in city A and city B were 6.8 and 5.5 respectively. How many times was the amplitude of the earthquake in city A as large as that in city 8? (Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.) 3, The intensity level of a sound produced by a radio is 79 dB. Find the intensity of the sound, correct {to 3 significant figures. 4. The intensity level of a sound produced by the engine of an aeroplane is decreased by 20 dB. Is the original intensity of the sound 100 times the new one? Explain your answer. —————_{ Oanda + 1 (@) Ifx=a", then y = logax. (b) Ify = logy, then x= a’. (©) logjox (or log) represents the common logarithm of x. Note: log. is meaningful only when x > 0. Exponential form Logarithmic form Properties of Logarithms Let a,b > 0,a,b Landx, y > 0. (a) log,a'=% — (b) log,1 = 0. (©) log,a=1 (d) log,xy = log,x + log, y (0) logs % = logax—losey () loger* = Alog,x (tis any real number) (@) loz.x = 7222: (formula for change of base) Logarithmic Functions Let a be a constant, where a > 0 anda + 1. y= loge is called a logarithmic function with base a and its domain is all positive real ‘numbers, The value of y can be any real number. Graphs of Logarithmic Functions {@) ‘The graph does not cut the y-axis, It lies on the right of the y-axis. (b) The graph cuts the x-axis at the point (1 , 0). () logs§ + leas = loas(5° 7) = (@ 03230 ~1op56 = loge 32 fogs v3 ii) Ss (iv) log,2 = loge is « logarithmie function with base 2 ‘The figure shows the graphs of y = 4", y = log, and y = logs. The graphs of y = 4° and y = log, fre the images of each other when reflected in the line y = x. Note Example (6) The graphs of y = logix and y = log,x are the images of each other when reflected in the x-axis (@) The graphs of y = a and y= logs x are the images of each other when refleeted in the line y = x e) When the value of x increases, the value of y 4° 1 J increases and che rate of increase of y decreases, When the value of x increases, the value of y decreases and so does the rate of decrease of y. O 1 Ounda # 1. (@) An equation involving unknown index (indices) is called an exponential equation. ( Ifa" =’, then x =. (i he’ logy ioga (b) An equation involving unknowns in logarithms Tflogax (W) togax = log.y = called a logarithmic equation, then x =, log,9; then x ‘Applications of Logarithms (2) The magnitude Af on the Richier scale and the amplitude A units of the seismic wave measured: M= log + K, whore Kis a constant, (©) The intensity of sound 1 (W/m?) and its intensity level D ( 0 and.x # 1 topes" © ber (©) logs + logy (©) logo ~ loner (@) (lox, 100131082) If log = k, express the following in terms of k, (0) top125, ) tow, (0) gs (@) 1035100 If log2 = p and log7 = g, express the following in terms of p and g. (a) logit (b) og3.5 (6) logs (@) ogi 2 ‘The two curves in the figure represent the graphs of the logarithmic y funetions y= logx and y= log (@) Write down the corresponding logarithmic functions for Cy and Cy. (b) C; and C, cut the x-axis at a point. Find the coordinates of that point According to the graph given in each of the following, sketch the graph of the required function Jn the same given graph. [Nos. 11-12] 1". (a) y= loxsx (b) y= logex Logarithmic Functions | 12, (a) y=9" (b) y= lopaax 13. Without using logarithms, solve the following exponential equations. (@) = (b) 38-'=9 M5 @ ut © 14, Solve the following exponential equations. (@) 30° = 654 (b) 12.5" (9 45-50 (@ 257 = 800 16. Solve the following logarithmic equations, (@) }toei-x) =1 (b) logs = lostx +1) (©) lozs(15x ~ 2) ~108:7 (0) logi2x + 1) + lord 16. Anthony deposits 2 sum of money in a bank. The amount SA that he ean receive after n years is given by the following formula: A=2000 * 1.07" At least how many years later ean Anthony seceive an amount mote than 82-800? 17. The profit P Gin million dollars) in the mth year (n > 1) after a company has been set up can be represented by the following formula: P=2+logsn (@) Find the profit in the 3rd year after the company has been set up. i (b) Is it possible that the profit of the company per year is less than 2 million dollars? Explain your answer, 18, kes occurred in an area, The magnitude of the first earthquake was 6.4 and the amplitude recorded was 250 units. The ‘amplitude of the second earthquake was 1 250 units. Find the magnitude of the second earthquake, correct to | decimal place. 19, ‘The intensity level of the sound at a concert is 92 dB. What is the intensity of the sound at the concert? (Give the answer correct 102 significant figures.) eH Without using a calculator, find the values ofthe following. (Nos. 20-21] 20, (a) lossv2° (©) los: V64 (©) los¥0.1° (@) loss4 21, (a) lous + 2lon’S (b) $ 10827 — log90 1 fog9 + 310g fe) Flogs8} ~ toes 12 — logs3 ees (©) Hlogz8! — log: te @ ood (0) (log, 4X 1og24 O og.4 ~ BEG 22. Simplify the following expressions, where x, y > O and x,y # 1 logs + logs! logex = logsx* © met Slog + Slog & logay = og (0) Sted — slope OO) logs. s* og,» (ey exbe aq teeesiless ory Sey? 23. If 1og3 =p and log7 = a, express the values of the following in terms of p and 4 (a) loz 210 (b) toe 8} (0) 1ogs63 (d) log, 147 24, If log? = x and log3 = y, express the values of the following in terms of x and y. (@) lox is (0) lox 15 (2) lose 25. In each of the following, express x in terms of y (2) logs(3~ 4y) = 2 (©) loa, /% + logsy =2 *(@) logs’ = 1 + log Sy Logarithmic Functions | z 26, In the figure, the graph of y = logox is the image of the graph of Joba EE y= fogs whion reflected in the x-axis, where @ und 6 are constants If 4 > 16, suggest a pair of possible values of « and b. Explain your ee 27. In the figure, the graphs of y = (+)° and y = logs are the images of each other when reflected in the line y= x. The graphs of y= logs and logy. cut the s-axis at a point P. (@) Find the value of a. (b) Find the coordinates of P. (c) Find the range of possible values of b. 28. (a) According to the graph of y = 2.5%, sketch the raph of y = log: sx in the same given graph. (b) () Write down the coordinates of the point at which the graph of y = log2 «x cuts the x-axis, (i) For the function y = logz x, when the value of x increases, will the value of y increase or decrease? ‘When 0 B) are the two roots of the equation x° — 3x + 1 46. a7. aa, find the values of the following expressions (a) loga + log (0) 42-2 (6) toast (Leave the radical sign * {in the answers if necessary.) ‘The figure shows the graphs of C: y = logs and L: y= x + 2. C cuts, the x-axis at a point A. B and D are points on Z and C respectively such that AB L BD and AB 4 the x-axis, (@) Find the coordinates of 4, B and D. (b) £; is the perpendicular biseetor of the line segment joining A and D. 1 cuts the y-axis at a point F. (Find the equation of 1, {aula (MIs AODE an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer. (a) By taking logarithms on both sides of x = py’, show that logex = logsp + ylogsq. (b) The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between y and logos. If x= pq’, find the values of p and q. Ina research, the number y of a certain kind of baeteria on the a-th day (x 2 0) can be modelled by the following formula: ‘aby, where a and b are constants, [A researchor uses the data from the rescarch to sketch a straight line raph of logsy against x, (@) Find the values of « and b. (b) If the number of bacteria on the rth day is increased by 458 752 \when compared with that on the previous day, find the value of ¢ (©) At least how many days later will the number of bacteria exceed (600 000 since the start of the research? ons a.) Multiple-choice Questions 49, Ifx= 100" A. 100° = B. »- 100 ©. y= 2logx. 50. fx and y ate positive numbers with x + 1, then Jos, A. 2Ulogx)itogy) B. 2logx + logy. Cee 56, p, Zea , Fe. 51. Find the value of (log, 9(log92), correct to 2 decimal places. A, 0.23 B. 0.29 ¢. 0.39 D. 258 52, If 107 = 2 and 10° = 7, then log 4? A. ap+i-a. wr B. 2p+10—g. ©. p+ 10-4. a4 p, et 59. Which of the following can be the sraph of the togethers Functions EE 54, Let a and b be non-zero integers, 116" A 64, then a: b= 1 B. 2 Ga D. 4: 55, If 2 —logs(x— K) = 0, then x= function y = lop3x? A 3 men Al A. 100+K, B.o4K cos ny rk The intensity of a rol of thunder is 0.2 Wim®. By using the formula relating the intensity / (Wm) of sound and its intensity level D (dB): D = 1oiog4., where y = 10°! Wim, find the intensity level of the thunder, correct to the dearest integer. A. 938 B. 103.03 ©. 11308 D. 1234R i —> wer ‘The graph in the figure shows the lineur relation between loggp and logyy. fy = kp, then @ A 0. a ce D8 coer Public Exam Questions 58. [HKCEE 09 (A1)] ve the equation 4°** 59, [HKDSE Sample Paper (B)] ‘A researcher defined Seale A and Seale 8 to represent the magnitude of 61. an explosion as showin in the following table: Seale | Formula A M = lowe B N= loge (3 marks) It is given that M and are the magnitudes of an explosion on Scale A gy released by the explosion. If the magnitude of an explosion is 6.4 on Scale 8, find the and magnitude of the explosion on Seale A. INKCEE 99 (A)) If 4" = a, then 16" A. 4a. Ba cat Deez eB 4 INKCEE 99 (8) + logs, then i Hlogy AL y= Vide, 100+ (10 +27 lox? 10087, IHKCEE 09 (A)] 27?” and x, y are non-zero integers, then pomp sale B respectively while £ is the relative e 63. (5 marks) IHKCEE 04 (5) 2 Hf = 10" and 7= 1 A b-a-1. B. b-asl a a IHKCEE 05 (8)) If @ and b are positive integers, then log ab") = A. ablog(ab), B. ablloga){logb) ©. (a+ dilogia +b). D. bloga + alogs, IHKCEE 08 (8) Let « and b be positive numbers. If log, = 2logb, then a AL 10% B. 200. c. B+ 10, D. 2+ 10. or. IHKCEE 11 (8)) 70. Which of the following is the least? A. 123418" B, 2345!" ©. 3456! D. 78904" IHKDSE Sample Paper (8) The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between x and logsy. If y= ab", then a = Al tome a B. 2 coms, D, 25. 5 " [HKOSE Practice Paper (8)] Let b > 1.1fa=lognb then d A. art B. tons!2 ©. bein 1 & Tog, 12 IHKOSE Practice Paper (B)] The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log,t and logy. Ifx = kr", then k= 1 loee 8) B. si 4 . fas 3 es p=! 4 LogetiricFuntone CEES [HKDSE 12 (8)) ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between x and logsy: If y= mn, then [HKDSE 13 (8)) Ne ‘The figure above shows the graph of y = ab", where a and b are constants. Which of the following graphs may represent the relation between x and logyy? A leer A. . ' oan vary X * a Conventional Questions (11. marks) 41. Solve the equation 9! -* = 27. 8 rnacks) 2. Let 2 = 10* and 6 = 10". Express log 180 in terms of a and b. (3 marks) 3. An engineer defined Scale X and Scale ¥ to represent the magnitude of a chemical reaction as shown in the following table: Seale Formula Xx | A= lope ¥ | Be toa 6e A and B are the magnitudes of a chemical reaction on Scale X and Scale ¥ respectively while & is the ‘eneruy released by the chemical reaction. If the magnitude of a chemical reaction is 4.8 on Seale X, find te magnitude of the chemical reaction on Scale ¥. (5 marks) Multiple-choice Questions (B marks, 2 marks each) 42a then y= logs — x. x= loge oe xk pe 1. Which of the following is the greatest? A. 400" ‘The graph in the figure shows the linear relation B. soo” between logy and logy. If y= kp", then k= cc. 600%” A. 1000. . 700” . Lety > 1 tog 4. Qe A(ra2) Smes Instant Dril rao os @- 20) 4 46 (©) los.) 5@ wtb wo ® © (a) ~0509 () 507 7 (@) 1385 ) 0921 () ~3585 8 a=4,6=+ (or other reasonable answers) oe) o4 m2 ®: 11 136 -199 12 @ -130 (0) 004 19 15a ned o> " (0) rea sali was or a? 18 6s mas Instant Drill Corner 8.1 (P4) 4=loni6 2. 2= loss36 Logarithmic Functions | Instant Drill Corner 8.2 (P11) hw 2 ster ueere 2 Itlogyx= 3. then +2 opt toas20 tons49= tons2 toes + oss 4 ens42~ log? ° am sit af) 5 (©) lors (@) 8 @. A wave be (aroet Exercise 8A (P12) 1. (a) 2= g28 (0) 405581 © (5-15 © (9 Om oest @ leas 20 zs @ uae © 3)5 @o ° w= 4) F100 of oF we ms Bt wo 2 1 oe 2 eat we @2 os 72 wt a oF > mot Bs 2 eo 16. v. 8 1%. 2. (asi (man @ 13 (@ ~206 (@ 232 (@) ee = ous (©) ns wo - wos wine Ome OL w™ to 348 @ -130 (o) 134 30 (09%) -129, 279 ties 10) (ey tog: 16 ~ logs + logs(16 8), 1 (€) 102334 lops9 (ors 3ii0gs 9) 3 os w-} © @! @! @? © Cy @ © o @ Os @ § @ Isard @ a-0 oo om w 3 oo we ot werent @ ® @ S-4 oto mare @ gre 452 W) 1-630 met @urd ort oF ase ma @ x= (x= 10 000" © © x=60+2 24 (a) 295) OMT fe) 0187 Te oases Instant Drill Corner 8.3 (122) 4) 0.0) oa. LG eink HE 3 (@) Hains ©) 03" ow (@ tess Exercise 6B (P22) 4. a) v= bets 0) y= tees (0) y= logs (@) y= gg 2 (0) y= bs y= baee (9 y= lps (0) y= bees ta) 2 wm o-G) v= lor, Cry = logs lost Ce¥= loose lors. Cx y= lass, Coy = lopare 10, a= 4,55 foroterresomble sven) ae (0) 15,2 rotor reascmble vce) Rayne ©) 6,2) 21 1 4) y>0 sca Instant Drill Corer 8.4 432) Lao wd 2 (232) 209 ws {€) 0 real sltions 10°C (o) wo Logethnic Futons EEE Exercise 8C (P92 Supplementary Exercise 8 (P45) a4 2A as 1) -2=Im001 J =bou27 a s oa © 2 tose (9 6 =e 7. 258 8. 0183 % 668 20) Tao = 10" (@) 16 = 256% 10. 226 Huo 2. a9 © ns 13 18-1 , ee we a6 we @} 18, 0667 evo a0" 2h A@r wes © in 2 2.6 ae 52 2 a2 m4 ms e@o7 wa ae a2 20. 591 nas wo ©) 2. e361 mosis ma 348 toe ww a4 033s won wool we re karte eer © : 40. @) Coys gis Coy tts wad 4, 9 isin wuo 1, moral soluion. 48.3 6 sc Bt 7. ¢ at fo. “ BB > 6a. Bo c E Unit Test (° +56) a0 @ocrct @ ene aye ot ot ws 0 Oo | wer 1 038 ot 4 os (0) orcs 1 2 > (0) 83000 © 2m oe © 204 (©) 154m 808 (68 eas 19.D=18,3) 4-0 Hw Bic A se sc 5.96 eo oA wc om me ome a att 236 seo

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