CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL:

India is one of the emerging markets in the global economy. Since

liberalization, the country has witnessed growth at unprecedented rate. With
reforms in almost all the sectors, the country has seen growth in infrastructure,
capital markets, banking, insurance, etc. This advancement has given rise to a
new sector in the country in the form of retail industry. With growth of industry,
the employment levels have increased and that has led to the increase of
disposable income of the common consumer. Every decade calls upon company
management to think freshly about its objectives, strategies, and diplomacy.

(i). Foundation (ii) Plinth and (iii) Super structure

(i) Foundation:

The foundation as applied to buildings and bridges and bridges

considered as the lowest artificial build part of a structure,upon which these
directly rests. The foundation supports the weight of the structures, the
foundation is device provided at the base of a structure to transmit the load to
the soils an which is rests. The foundation works generally includes the
excavation to, and the preparation of the subsoil and the pacing of concrete,
stone bricks or others. Footing their on.

(ii) Plinth:

The build-up covered area measured at the floor level of the basement or
of any story.

1
(iii) Super structure:

The part of structure constructed above the plinth level (ofground floor
level) is termed as superstructure`

1.2 CONCEPT OF FRAMED STRUCTURES:

Framed structure is comprised of series of frames. This frames or formed

beams at floors levels. Within this frames, walls are constructed. A wall is an
ember whose length and height are larger than thickness.

Walls subjected to vertical loads other than their own weight, such as
pane or enclose wall, are called non-bearing walls. Walls with a primary
function of resisting horizontal load of floors, roofs, and panel walls are
supported by the beams which transmit these loads to the column.

Light framed structures are constructed of materials like wood, steel,

R.C.C on the other hand multi stored framed structures are constructed of mild
steel, R.C.C non-bearing reinforced concrete wall, frequently classified panes,
or cast in place. Panels serving merely as an interior cladding, when precast are
used attached to the columns or floors a frames, supported on the grade beams
and walls. Cast in place cross walls are most common as substructures.

The panels’ wall can be replaced by cladding panes. Cladding is a team

which is general enclosed the frame work the cladding can be of asbestos
cement sheets panels of glass of wood, tiles etc.,

Some of the framed structures given

1. Timber framed buildings.

2. Steel framed buildings.

3. R.C.C framed buildings.

2
1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project to acess the building by students

with safety manner. The objective is achieved by conducting following
steps:

1. To plan the Auditorium building using Auto cadd software

2. To analyze the auditorium building using stadd pro.
3. To design the auditorium building using limit state method as
per IS 456 code.
4. To estimate the auditorium building.

1.4 SCOPE OF AUDITORIUM BUILDING

[Link] provide most economical project.

[Link] auditorium building design as per IS code and support the extra

activities of the student.

[Link] costruction of auditorium building at Arulmurugan college of

engineering in Thennilai is acess road for transportation.

4. Is should be easily acceptable by all students in college.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Investigation carried by various researchers in the area of design

building are stated as below.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Design of R.C.C building By S. Mohmadsabeer

In,Journal Of Innovative research in advanced (21st century)

In 21st century , owing headed for massive inhabitants the number of

area sin units are diminishing gradually .few year sponsor the populations
were not so vast as a result they used to stay in horizontal co-ordination system
(due to large area available per person).however at the present a day ‘s people
preferring vertical coordination system (high rise building due to deficiency of
area). In high rise building , we should concern about all the forces that take
action on a building , it’s have weight. As well as the soil demeanour or
comportment capacity. For external forces that perform on there edifice beam,
column, and reinforcement supposed to be good enough to contract these forces
lucratively. The soil ought to be superior enough to distributing the load
effectively preferred deep foundation (pile) . calculation for a high rise
construction manually then it will take extra time in addition to human
individual errors possibly will be occurred.

4
Title:“durability of normal strength self compacting concrete and their
impact”. By [Link] et al (2013). In construction and building
materials of Journals
Sccusually show improved durability as compared to normal vibrated
concrete with same w/c ratio. The durability properties such as water
absorption,carbonation resistance and chloride induced corrosion resistance.
Eight mixtures of different w/c ratio are used for experimental investigations
from [Link] shows better results in durability properties for the w/c ratio
as 0.42.
’sulphateresistance of self compacting concrete’.
By:Authors,bertiieperson(2003).In,Journal:cementand concrete composites
Inthis paper the sulphate resistance and internal fundamental frequency
was measured and compared with normal concrete. The objective of the
research was to compare the performance of SCC under the influence of a
solution of a sodium sulphate. The significant decrease of weight was observed
for SCC when exposed to 18 g/l of sodium sulphate distilled water. So the
limestone filter is added to the mix. If content of sulphate is not know, SCC is
not suitable to use with large amount of limestone powder

5
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

PLANNING

ANALYSING

STRUCTURAL DESIGNING

DESIGN OF SLAB

DESIGN OF BEAM

DESIGN OF COLUMN

DESIGN OF FOOTING

DESIGN OF LINTEL

DESIGN OF SUNSHADE

DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

ESTIMATION

CONCLUSION

6
 CHAPTER 4
SPECIFICATION
1. Cleaning the site:
All the rubbish materials including stones, plants should be
removed from the proposed are for the conveyance.
2. Earthwork excavation:
After cleaning the site, centre lines and foundation lines are
marked. Then the earth is excavated up to a required depth. The safe
bearing capacity of soil is260 KN/m2
3. Foundation:
Foundation for the entire column will be taken when hard gravel
soil of soft rock seen in the ground foundation is stopped. Concrete beds
consists of C.C of [Link]
4. Column footing:
Cement concrete mix in footing is provided with M20 concrete and
Fe415 steel.
5. Basement filling:
The basement will be filled with excavated soil and river
sand.
6. Flooring:
Flooring will be of cement C.C of [Link] mix and plastering with
C.M 1:5

7. Super structure:

All walls in super structure will be of first class bricks in C.M 1:5. The
height of roof if 6m from floor level. All load bearing walls are 300mm
thick. Partition walls are 115mm thick.

7
8. Lintels:
The lintels are R.C.C M20 with sufficient depth as per design. The
bearing for lintels is 300mm on both ends.
9. Sunshade:
The sunshades are combined with lintel both from the edges of the
wall. The reinforcement is provided as per design.
10. Beams:
Beams are designed as per IS 456-2000 using M20 concrete and Fe
415 steel reinforcement.
11. Roofing:
The roofing slab for all rooms and passages is R.C.C M20 mix. It
will be provided with necessary reinforcement as per design.
12. Plastering:
The interior and exterior face of wall will be plastered with C.M
1:5 and rendered smooth.
13. White washing and colour washing:
Exterior face walls is colour washed with two coats over one coat
of white wash. The interior face coat of walls will have one coat of white
wash and two coats of emulsion paints.
14. Septic tank:
To provide a satisfactory disposal of sewage received from
buildings. Septic tank is provided as per IS specification.
15. Water supply arrangements:
In our building the water connection is taken from the main pipe
line connecting all the interior connection for every room and water deserts.

8
 CHAPTER 5
PLAN DRAWING

9
 CHAPTER 6
ANALYSING REPORT
6.1 JOB INFORMATION

10
6.2 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT

6.3 BENDING MOMENT

11
6.4 SHEAR FORCE

6.5 DISPLACEMENT

12
6.5 AXIAL FORCE

6.7 TORSION

13
6.8 BEAM STRESS

14
 CHAPTER 7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

7.1 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB:

GENERAL
Reinforced concrete slabs constitute the most comments type of students
elements used to cover floor and roofs for buildings.
ONE WAY SLAB
Reinforcement concrete slabs supported on all the four edges with the
ratio of short span not exceeding 2 are referred to as two way slabs. In this type
the loads are transmitted to the supports in both direction with main
reinforcements provided in perpendicular direction.

LOADS ON SLABS
In the slabs two types of loads are taken. There are,
1. Live load
2. Dead load

15
7.2DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

GIVEN DATA:

LX = 8770 mm

LY = 4000 mm

Fck = 20 N/mm2
FY = 415 N/mm2

Live load = 5kN/mm2

Wall thickness = 230 mm

TO FIND TYPE OF SECTON:

(LY/ LX) = (8.77/4)

= 2.17>2

This is one way slab

TO FIND EFFECTIVE DEPTH PROVIDED:

d = span/25x1.5

= 4000/25x1.5

d = 160 mm

Assume 20mm cover @ 16mm Φ

D = (160+15+(10/2))

D =180 mm

TO FIND EFFECTIVE LENGTH:

16
Shorter span:

Le = clear span +effective depth

= 4000+160

= 4160 mm

Le = clear span + one wall thick

= 4000+230

= 4230 mm

Take whichever is less

Effective length = 4160 mm

Longer span:
Le = clear span +effective depth

= 8770+160

= 8930 mm

Le = clear span + one wall thick

= 8770+230

= 9000 mm

Take whichever is less

Effective length = 8930 mm

LOAD CALCULATON:

17
Self weight = b x D x unit weight of concrete

= 1x0.18x25

= 4.5kN/m

Floor finish = 0.75kN/m

Live load = 5kN/m2

= 5x1=5kN/m

Total load = 11.25kN/m

Design load = 11.25x1.5

= 15.875kN/m

BENDING MOMENT:

Mu = (Wu/lex2) / 8

= (15.875x4.162) /8

= 36.50kN.m

SHEAR FORCE:

Vu = (Wu/lex) / 2

= (16.875x4.16) /2

= 35 KN

LIMITING MOMENT:
Mu = 0.138 xfckxbxd2

36.50x106 = 0.138x20x1000xd2

d = 111.10 mm
111.10<160 (Hence Safe)
AREA OF REINFORCED SECTION:

18
Mu = [Link].d.(1-(( Ast .fy)/(fck b d)

= 0.87x415x160x(1-(Astx415)/(20x1000x160))

Ast = 650 mm2

SPACING:

= (1000(π/4)x102) /650

= 120 mm

Provide 10mm Φ bar @ 120 mm C/C distance

DISTRIBUSTION REINFORCEMENT:

Minimum area of reinforcement = 0.12% of b D

= (0.12/100)x 1000x180

= 216 mm2
SPACING:
S = (π/4x82)x1000/216

S = 230 mm

Provide 8 mm Φ bar @ 230 mm C/C distance

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

τv = (Vu/bd)

= (35x103/1000x160)

= 0.218 N/mm2

Adopt 50% of reinforcement for shear

pt = (100x0.5x650)/(1000x160)

pt = 0.203

τc = 0.34 N/mm2
19
 Permissible shear stress in slab

k.τc = (1.27x0.34)

= 0.43 N/mm2> 0.28 N/mm2

Hence,the shear stress are with in safe permissible limits.

Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 6 mm diameter two-legged stirrups

at a spacing of

Sv = (Ast0.87fy/0.4b)

= (2x28x0.87x415/0.4x160)

= 315.9 mm

But,
Sv> 0.75 d (0.75x160) = 120 mm

Adopt spacing of stirrups as 120 mm center.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x Kt x Kc x Kf

= (20x1.25x1x1)

= 25

(L/d)actual = (4160/160)

= 25

Since,

(L/d)actual = (L/d)max, deflection control is satisfactory.

DETAILS:

20
Length = 4000 mm

Breath = 8770 mm

Slab thickness = 180 mm

Wall thickness = 230 mm

Main Reinforcement 10 mm Φ @ 120 mm C/C

Distribution Reinforcement 10 mm Φ @ 230mm C/C

21
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

22
[Link] OF TWO WAY SLAB
GIVEN DATA:

LX = 4000mm

LY = 6000mm

Fck = 20 N/mm2
FY = 415 N/mm2

Live load = 5kN/mm2

TO FIND TYPE OF SECTON:

(LY/ LX) = (6000/4000)

= 1.5<2

This is two way slab

TO FIND EFFECTIVE DEPTH PROVIDED:

d = span/25x1.5

= 4000/28

d = 150 mm

Assume 20mm cover @ 12mm Φ

D = 150+20+12/2

D = 180 mm

TO FIND EFFECTIVE LENGTH:

Le = clear span +effective depth

= 4000+150

= 4150 mm

23
Le = clear span + one wall thick

= 4000+230

= 4230 mm

Tack whichever is less

Effective length = 4150 mm

LOAD CALCULATON:

Self weight = b x D x unit weight of concrete

= 1x0.18x25

= 4.5kN/m

Weathering coarse = 1kN/m2

= 1x1 =1kN/m

Floor finish = 0.75kN/m

Live load = 5kN/m2

= 5x1=5kN/m

Total load = 11.25kN/m

Design load = 11.25x1.5

= 16.87kN/m

BENDING MOMENT AND SHER FORCES:

Mux = αxxwuxlx2

= 0.104x16.87x4.152

= 30.21KN.m

24
Muy = αyxwuxly2

= 0.046x16.87x4.152

= 13.36KN.m

Vux = 0.5xwuxlx

= 0.5x16.87x4.15

= 35kN

CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:

Mu = 0.138x fckxbxd2

30.21x106 = 0.138x20x1000xd2

D = 104.62 mm

d(reg)< d(pro)

104.62<150 mm

Hence,safe

LIMITING MOMENT:

Mu,limt = 0.138 fckxbxd2

= 0.138x20x1000x1502

= 61.14kN.m

Since, Mu<Mu,limt , Section is under reinforced section

AREA OF REONFORCED SECTION:

25
Mu = [Link].d.(1-(( Astxfy)/(fckxbxd)

30.21x106 = 0.87x415x Astx150x(1-(Astx415)/(20x1000x150)

Ast = 610 mm2

provide 12 mm Φ bar @ 180mm c/c

SPACING:
= (ast/Ast)b

= (113.09/610)x1000

= 180 mm

Mu2 = [Link].d.(1-(( Astxfy)/(fckxbxd)

13.36x106 =0.87x415x Astx150x(1-(Astx415)/(20x1000x150))

Ast = 255.77 mm2

provide 10 mm Φ bar @ 250 mm c/c

SPACING:
= (ast/ Ast)b

= (78.53/255.77)x1000

= 250 mm

provide 10 mm Φ bar @ 250mm c/c

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENTS:

Ast min = 0.12% of b D

= (0.12/100)x 1000x180

= 216mm2

Ast min <Ast pro

231.6<660.23 mm2

Hence safe
26
CHECK FOR SHEAR:

τv = (Vu/bd)

Vu = (wl/2)

= (16.87 x4 .15)/2 = 35 KN

= (35x103/1000x150)

=0.30N/mm2

Adopt 50% of reinforcement for shear

pt = (100x0.5x610)/(1000x160)

pt = 0.19

τc = 0.2 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress in slab

kτc = (1.27x0.2)

= 0.25 N/mm2>τv

Hence,the shear stress are with in safe permissible limits.

CURTAILMENT:
0.1 x Length

0.1 x 4.15

0.4615 m

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

(L/d)max = 20

Pt = 0.19 ,kt = 1.5

27
 (L/d)max = (20x 1.6)

= 32

(L/d)act = 4150/150
= 28

28 < 32

Hence deflection control is satisfied

DETAILS:

Length = 4000 mm

Breath = 6000 mm

Slab thickness = 180 mm

Wall thicknes = 230 mm

Main Reinforcement 12 mm Φ @ 180 mm C/C

Distribution Reinforcement 10 mm Φ @ 250 mm C/C

28
29
7.2. DESIGN OF BEAMS
GENERAL
Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system
of external loads such as walls and slabs of roofs and floor systems. The cross
section dimensions are generally assumed based on service ability requirements.
The width is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of reinforcement
and the depth is selected to control deflections with in safe permissible limits.
The reinforcement in beam is designed for flexural and shear force along the
length of the beam based on structural analysis.

TYPES OF BEAM
[Link] reinforcement beam
[Link] reinforcement beam
[Link]- beam
4.L-Beam
[Link]
[Link] Beam

30
DOUBLEY REINFORCED BEAM
GIVEN DATA:
Clear span = 6.3 m
Live load = 3 kN/m2
b = 300 mm
d = 400 mm
Effective cover = 50 mm
M20 and Fe415
Effective depth provided
D = 400 mm
D = d+50
= 400+50
D = 450 mm
Load calculation
Live load = 3kN/m
Self weight = 11.25 kN/m
Floor finish = 0.75kN/m
Total load = 15kN/m
Design load = 15x1.5
= 22.5 KN.m
Ultimate moment

31
 Mu = Wul2/8
= (22.5x6.32)/8 = 111.63 KN.m
Shear force
Vu = wl/2
= (22.5 x 6.3)/2
= 70.875 KN
Main reinforcement
Mu,lim = 0.138 fckbd2
= 0.138 x 20 x 300 x 4002
Mu,lim = 101.5 KN.m
Since Mu>Mu,lim , design a doubly reinforced section.
(Mu- Mu,lim) = (111.63 – 101.5) = 10.13 KN.m
fsc = ((0.0035(xu,max– d`)/(xu,max))Es
= ((0.0035(0.48 x 400) -50)/(0.48 x 400)) 2x105
= 517 N/mm2
But fsc not greater than 0.87 fy = (0.87 x 415 ) = 361 N/mm2
Asc = ((Mu- Mu,lim)/ (fsc(d-d`))
= (10.13 x 106)/(361 x 350 )
= 280 mm2
Provide 2 bars of 16 mm diameter (Asc=402 mm2)
Ast2 = (Ascfsc)/(0.8fy)
= (280 x 361)/(0.87 x 415 )
= 300 mm2
Ast1 = (0.36fscb xu,lim)/(0.8fy)
= 771 mm2
Total tension reinforcement Ast = (Ast1 + Ast2 )
= 771 + 300

32
 = 1071 mm2
Provide 3 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ast = 1473 mm2)
Shear reinforcement
τv = (Vu/bd)
= (70.875 x 103)/ (230 x 400 )
= 0.77 N/mm2
pt = (100x1071)/(230x400)
= 1.16
τc = 0.40 N/mm2
Since τv>τc ,shear reinforcement are required.
Vus = (Vu – (τc b d )
= ( 70.875 – (0.40 x 230 x 350 ))
Vus = 19.25 KN
Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups :
Sv = ( 0.87fyAsvd )/ Vus
= (0.87 x 415 x 2 x 50 x 400 ) / 19.25x103
= 750 mm
Sv> 0.75 d = (0.75x400) = 300 mm
Adopt a spacing of 200 mm near support gradually increasing to 300 mm
toward the center of span .
Check for deflection :
(L/d)actual = ( 6300/ 400 ) = 15.75
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x Ktx Kc x Kf
= 20 x 0.93 x 1.10 x 1000 = 20.46
(L/d)actual< (L/d)max
Hence , deflection control is satisfied.
DETAILS :

33
Length = 6300 mm
Breath = 300 mm
Depth = 400 mm
Wall thickness = 300 mm

34
7.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
GENERAL
A column is generally a compression member supporting beams and slabs
in a structural system and having an effective length exceeding three times and
the least lateral dimensions.
If the ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension exceeds 12,the
column is considered as long or slender for design purpose The effective length
Leff is according to IS 456-2000.
TYPES OF COLUMN

Based upon the column

[Link] column
[Link] column
Based upon loading conditions
[Link] loaded column
[Link] loaded column
LOADED ON COLUMNS
These are three types of columns ,these are given below
1. Live loads on the floor supported by column
2. Dead weight of floor and beams
3. Self weight of the column
If the Structure is more than two storey winds load should be included for the
Indian conditions.

35
RECTANGULAR COLUMN
GIVEN DATA:
COLOUM SIZE = 300 X 450 mm
Pu = 1295.65 KN
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2

Assume % of Asc = 2.5 % Ag

= 0.025 Ag
Area of concrete Ac = Ag - Asc= 0.025 Ag
Longitudinal reinforcement :
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fyAsc
1.94 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.975Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.025 Ag
Ag = 131.51 x 103 mm2
Pu = 0.4 fck 0.99Ag + 0.67 fyAsc
Asc = 131.51 x 103 – (0.4x20x0.99x87.5x103)/(0.67x415)
Asc = 1.86x 103 mm2
Provide 20 mm Φ bars
[Link] rod = (Ast/ast)
= (1860/ π/4x 202)
= 6 Nos of bars

36
 Actual Asc = π x Φ 2 x [Link] bars
= 1884.95mm2
% of reinforcement = (100Ast / ast)
= (100 x 1.86x 103 / 300 x 450 )
= 1.41
Hence safe
To design lateral ties :
Φ of ties = (1/4) x Φ
= (1/4) x20
= 5 mm
Which ever is more
Spacing of ties :
1. 48 x Φ of ties = 48 x 20

= 960mm
2. 16 x Φ of longitudinal reinforcement = 16 x 20
= 320 mm
3. 300 mm
4. Least lateral dimension

DETAILS :
Column size = 300 x 450 mm
Main rod = Provide 6nos of 20 mm Φ bar @ 150 mm C/C
Stirupps = Provide 8 mm Φ bar @ 300 mm C/C

37
38
[Link] OF FOOTING
GENERAL

Reinforced concrete footing are designed to resist the design factored

moments and shear force due to imposed load . The area of footings should be
such that the bearing pressure developed at the basics of footing the does not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

In the plain concrete footing the thickness at the edges should be at least
150 mm for footing soils and not less than 300mm above the top the piles for
footings on piles.

TYPES OF FOOTING
I. Isolated footing
[Link] footing
[Link] footing
[Link] footing

39
7.4 DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING
GIVEN DATA
Size = 300 x 450 mm
Pu = 1295.65 KN
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
SBC = 250 KN/m2
Size of footing
Weight of the footing 10 % of column load
= (10/100) 1295.65
= 129.56 KN
Total load = 1295.65+129.56
= 1425.21 KN
Area of footing = (Total load /SBC)
= (1425.21/250)
= 5.7 m2
Area of footing = bxd
Length of footing = 1.5 x b2
b = 1.65 m
L = 5.7/1.65
L = 2.5m
Size of footing = 2.5 x 2.25 m

40
TO FIND NET UPWARD PRESSURE :
W = (column load / actual load )
= ( 1425.21 / 3.5x1.5 )
= 270 KN/m2

TO FIND BENDING MOMENT :

X = ( 3.5-0.4)/2
= 1.55 m
Moment @ XX = wl2/2
= 270 x 1.552 / 2
= 324.33KN.m
Y = (1.5 -0.3)/2
= 0.6 m
Moment @ YY = wl2/2
= 270 x 0.62 / 2
= 48.6 KN m
TO FIND DEPTH OF FOOTING :
M = Q x b x d2
324.33x106 = 0.27 x 1000 x d2
d = 220 mm

Consider effective of shear

Effective depth = 220 x 2
= 440 mm
To find over all depth
Assume 16 mm Φ bar with NC 50 mm
D = 440+(16/2)+16+50

41
 = 514 mm
To find Ast :
For longer span
Mu = [Link].d.(1-((Ast .fy)/(fck b d)
324.33x106 = 0.87x415xAstx440(1-((Astx415)/(20x1000x440)
Ast = 910 mm2
Minimum Ast = 0.12% x b x D
= (0.12/100) x1000x514
= 617 mm2
For shorter span
Mu = [Link].d.(1-((Ast .fy)/(fck b d)
50.40x106 = 0.87x415xAstx440(1-((Astx415)/(20x1000x440)
Ast = 322 mm2
CHECK FOR SHEAR
τv = (Vu/bd)
Vu = Wu/2

= 936 /2
= 468 KN
τv = 468 x 103 / (230x400)
= 0.29 N/ mm2
pt = 100Ast /bd
= 100x617 / 300x450 = 0.45
τc = 0.33 N/mm2
τv < τc
Hence safe
DETAILS :

42
 Footing size = 2.5m x 2.25m
Safe bearing capacity = 250 KN/m2

43
7.5 DESIGN OF LINTEL
GIVEN DATA:
Size of lintel = 230 x 150 mm
Using 8mm Φ with a Nominal Cover of 20mm
d = 150 -20-8/2
d = 126 mm
C/C of Bearings = 2+0.2
= 2.2 m
Clear Span Effective Depth(d) = 22+0.126
= 2.326 m
Height of equilateral Triangle = 0.866 x 2.326
= 2m
Height of wall above the lintel = 2.3-0.15
= 215 m
2.15 m > 2 m
WEIGHT OF TRIANGULAR POSITION OF MASDNIEY:

(Assume weight of masonry) = 19 KN/m

= 2.326x0.23x 19000
= 10.16 KN

WEIGHT OF SUNSHADE:
(assume sunshade depth 60mm)

44
 Self weight = 2.326 x 0.6 x 0.06 x 25000
= 2093.4 N
Imposed Load = 2.326x0.6x900
= 1256.04 N
Self-weight of Lintel = 0.23x0.15x2.326x25000
= 2006.12 N
Total UDL = 2093.4+1256.04+2006.12
= 5355.56 N
MAX BM @ MID SPAN:
M = 4512.49 N.m
Mu = l4512.49 x 1.5
= 6768.74KN.m
To find Ast :
6768.74 x10 3= 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 x(1-
(Astx415)/(20x1000x165))
Ast = 170 mm2
Ast min = 0.15 % b x d
= 0.0015 x 230 x 126
Ast min = 43.47 mm2
To find no of bar:
Assume 8 mm Φ bar
ast = π.d2/4
= 0.785 x 82
= 50.26 mm
No of bars = (170/50.26)
= 4 Nos
Provide 2 Nos of 8 mm Φ bar Fe415 steel bar @ bottom & 2 Nos of 8
mm Φ bar @ top.

45
DETASLS:
Length = 2000 mm
Breath = 230 mm
Depth = 150 mm
Main Reinforcement :
Top = Provide 2Nos of 8 mm Φ bar Fe415 steel bar
Bottom = Provide 2Nos of 8 mm Φ barFe415 steel bar
Strupps = 10nos of Provide 6 mm Φ bar @ 300c/ c.
7.6 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE
GIVEN DATA:
projection = 600 mm
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 N/mm2
Imposed load = 0.9kN/m2
TO FIND EFFECTIVE DEPTH PROVIDED:
Assume 20 mm N.C and 8mm dia bar
d = D-(N.C+Φ/2)
d = (80-20+8/2)
d = 64mm

LOAD CALCULATION:
Self weight = l x b x D x unit weight of concrete
= 1 x 0.6 x 0.15 x 25
= 2.25 KN
Imposed load = 0.9kN/m
Total load = 3.15
design load = 1.44 x 1.5
= 2.16 kN
BENDING MOMENT:
Bm = (wu x le)/2
46
 = (2.16 x 1.5)/2
Bm = 0.648 kN/m
SHEAR FORCE:
Vu = Wu
= 81.8kN

CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2
0.648 x 106 = 0.138x20x1000x d2
d = 15 mm
d(reg) < d(pro)
15 < 36
Hence safe.
AREA OF REINFORCED SECTION:
Mu = [Link].d.(1-(( Ast .fy)/(fck b d)
0.648 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 36 x (1-(( Astx415)/(20x1000x36)
Ast = 51.36 mm
Assume 8 mm Φ bar
ast = (π/4) x d2
= (π/4) x 82
= 50.26 mm2

Minimum area of reinforcement is 0.12 % of b d

Spacing:
(i) = 3xd

= 3 x 36
= 108 mm
(ii) = 300mm

47
 Provide 8 mm Φ bar @ 108 mm c/c distance.

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
Assume 8 mm Φ bar
ast = (π/4) x d2
ast = (π/4) x 82
= 50.26 mm2
spacing:
(i) = 5xd

= 5 x 40
= 200 mm
(ii) = 400 mm

Provide 8 mm Φ bar @ 200 mm m c/c distance.

CURTAILMENT:
= 300(OR) 45 x Φ of bar
= 300(OR) 45 x 8
= 300mm (OR) 360mm.
Take maximum value of 360mm.
DETAILS:
Breath = 1730mm
Length = 600mm
Thickness of slab = 80mm
Main reinforcement = 14 nos of 8mm Φ @200mm C/C.
Distributor = 8nos of 6mm Φ @ 300mm C/C.
48
49
7.7 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
GENERAL:

50
 Stair and cases generally provided connecting successive floors of a
building and in small building.
They are only means of access between the floors The landings provided
between the floor levels.

TYPES OF STAIRCASES:
 Dog legged stairs
 Circular stairs
 Slab stairs
 Open well stairs
 Straight stairs
 Quartered turn stairs
 Half turn stairs

7.7 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

GIVEN DATA :
51
 Rise = 150mm
Tread = 300mm
fck = 20 N/ mm
fy = 415 N/ mm2
TO FIND NO OF STEP:
= Height of roof / 2
= 4/2
= 2m
= 2 / rise
= 2/ 0.15
= 13.33 ~ 14 nos
No of step = 14 step per flight
Width of landing = 2000 mm
TO FIND EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Le = (14X 300)+230+2000
= 6430 mm ~ 6500 mm
THICKNESS OF WAIST SLAB
D = 6500/25
D = 260 mm
depth = d-cover
= 260-20
= 240mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
weight of waist slab for sloped area
ws √ R2 +T ²
W=
T

Ws = D x 1 x unit wt of concrete
= 0.24 x 1 x 25

52
 = 6 KN /m
6 √0.152 +0.30 ²
W=
0.30

W = 3.3 KN/m
Dead load on step = ½ x R x T x unit wt of concrete
= ½ x 0.30 x 0.15 x 25
= 0.562kN/m
Dead load on steps per length = (0.5625 x 1)/0.35
= 1.60 KN/m
Live load = 5 kN/m
Floor finishers = 0.60kN/m
Total load = 10.5 kN/m
Design load = 1.5 x 10.5
= 15.75 kN/m
BENDING MOMENT:
Mu = Wul2/8he
= (15.75 x 62)/8
= 70.87 kNm
CHECK FOR EFFEVTIVE DEPTH:
Mu = Mu lim
70.87x106 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 xd2
d = 168.5 mm ~ 170 mm
d(req) < d(pro)
140 < 170
Hence safe .

AREA OF REINFORCED SECTI ION:

Mu = [Link].d.(1-(( Ast .fy)/(fck b d)

53
70.87 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 xAst x 140 x (1-(( Astx415)/(20x1000x140)
Ast = 1800 mm2
SPACING:
Assume12 mm Φ bar

= (ast/Ast)x1000

= (113.09/1800)x1000

= 120mm ~ 150 mm

Provide 12 mm Φ bar @ 150 mmc/c

Minimum area of reinforcement is 0.12 % of b. D

= (0.12/100) x 1000 x260
= 312 mm.
Spacing for distribution reinforcement
S = (1000 x ast )/ Ast (use 8 mm dia)
= (50.26/312) x 1000
S = 161.08mm ~ 200 mm
Provides 8 mm a bar @ 200mm c/c distance.
DETAILS:
No. of steps = 14 nos
Tread = 300 mm
Rise = 150 mm
Depth = 160 mm
Main rod = 16mm Φ bar @ 150 mm c/c
Distribution rod = 8mm Φ bars @ 200 mm c/c.

54
55
7.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
Assume that whole quantity
The flow of sewage per day = (100 x10)/1000
= 10m3 /d
Assume a detention period of 8 hours
Tank capacity required = 100x8/24
= 3.33m3
Sludge storage at 0.0708 m3 /capita [for a cleaning period of 2years)
= 1700 x 0.0708
= 120.36m3
Space required = 0.01m3/capita
= 0.01x1700
= 17m3
Space required sludge = 1700 x 0.03
= 51 m3
Add 25% extra for future expansion = (25/100) x 34.16
= 8.54 m3
Total design capacity = 192.52m3
Let depth of liquid be 1.7m
Plan area of the tank = 192.52/1.7
= 113.25 m2
Provide tank of dimensions = 3xB
LxB = A
3B2 = 113.25
B = 6.1 m
L = 10 x 2 = 20 m
Allow a free board 0.5 m = 1.7+0.5 = 2.2 m
Adopt = 3m

56
 Tank Size = 20x 10 x 3m
= 600 m3
DESIGN OF SOAK PIT:

Soak pit or seepage pit could be used instead of dispersion trench. This is
simpler in construction and would be more suitable for rural areas.
Flow of sewage per day = 10m3
Extra flow taken for future expansion = 2.15 m3
Assume the percolating capacity of Filter media of the pit as 1.25 m3/m2 / day
Volume of pit required = 12.5/1.25
= 7.088 m3
Assume the depth of pit 2.5 m below the invert level the inlet pipe.
Area required = 7.088/2.5
= 2.83 m2
D = 3m
A seepage pit of 2m diameter and 3m deep below the inverted level of the
inlet pipe may be provided.

DETAIL:
Tank Size = 20m x 10m x 3m

57
 CHAPTER 8
ESTIMATION
[Link] Description Nos Length Breadth Depth Quantity Remarks
M m m Cu.m

1 Earthwork
Excavation
Column 41 2.73 1.82 2.5 305.56

Long wall 5 18.85 1.2 1.5 169.65

Short wall 1 110.55 1.2 1.5 198.99

150mm

For 300mm 1 14.41 1.2 1.5 25,938

wall
Plinth beam 1 171.16 0.4 0.5 34.232
(wall around)

Steps 1 4.28 1.05 0.6 2.696

Total 737.06cu.m

2 Sand filling
Foundation
Column 41 2.73 1.82 0.15 30.55

Long wall 5 18.85 1.2 0.15 16.95

Short wall 1 110.55 1.2 0.15 19.89

150mm

For 150mm 1 14.41 1.2 0.15 2.59

wall
Plinth beam 1 171.16 0.4 0.15 10.26
(wall around)

58
 Steps 1 4.28 1.05 0.15 0.674

Total 80.914cu.m

[Link] Description Nos Length m Breadth Depth Quantitycu.m Remarks

M m m
3 P.C.C [Link]

Column 41 2.73 1.82 0.15 30.55

Long wall 5 18.85 1.2 0.15 16.95

Short wall 1 110.55 1.2 0.15 19.89

150mm
For 300mm 1 14.41 1.2 0.15 2.59
wall
Plinth beam 1 171.16 0.4 0.15 10.26
(wall around)
Steps 1 4.28 1.05 0.15 0.674

Total 80.914cu.m

4 Basement

Dressing room 2 35.07 8.62 0.3 181.59

Dressing room 1 35.07 17.85 0.3 187.79

2
Librarian room 1 6.01 4.2 0.3 7.68

Stair 1 5.85 3.85 0.3 6.75

Total 468.87 cu.m

5 R.C.C
[Link] MIX
column 41 0.23 0.37 2.2 7.77
( below G.L)

59
 Column 41 0.23 0.37 12 42.435
( above G.L)
Footing flat 41 2.73 1.82 0.3 61.11
portion
Footing slope 41 1 1.28 1 52.48
portion
Plinth beam 1 1 413.58 0.2 1.91
R.C.C beam 3 413.58 0.23 0.5 142.68
[Link] Description Nos Length Breadth Depth Quantity Remarks
R.C.C slab
(a) Ground 3 35.68 33.92 0.2 721.15
floor
front side 1 6.46 4.65 0.2 6.007
Ground room
Total 1035.54 cu.m

6 Lintel 1 410.55 0.23 0.15 14.16

(Ground floor
all wall)
Lintel 2 100.91 0.23 0.15 6.96

(auditorium)
Sunshade
(library G+1 )
W1 52 2.26 0.6 0.075 5.39
W 9 1.66 0.6 0.075 0.672

Total 1117.19 cu.m

7 Brick work
1:6
( 300mm
thick)
(a)Wall around 1 334.58 0.23 4 307.8
ground floor
(b) Wall 2 134.84 0.23 4 248.10
around 1nd
floor
Brick work
1:5

60
 ( 150mm
thick)
(a) Ground 1 75 0.15 4 45
floor
(b) Dressing 1 21.62 0.15 26 8.43
room
Stair 3 20 0.23 4 55.2
(Ground floor
1)
Brick work 1st 2 30 0.15 4 36
floor (150
mm thick)

First floor 2 17.43 0.23 4 32.04

Front side

Entrance wall 1 17.4 0.23 4 16.008

Deduction for
300 mm wall

D 3 3.98 0.23 2.1 5.76

D1 1 3.7 0.23 2.1 1.78

D2 15 0.9 0.23 2.1 6.52

W 53 1.8 0.23 1.4 30.71

W1 9 1.2 0.23 0.9 2.23

V 9 0.9 0.23 0.6 1.17

RS 1 3.1 o.23 2.1 1.49

8 Deduction
for
150 mm wall
D2 27 0.9 0.15 2.15 7.65

Parpet wall 1 138.28 0,23 0.6 139.11

Total 798.28-49.67-
300 20.85=727.76
mm
wall

61
 Total 89.43-7.65
150 =81.78
mm
wall

9 Inner wall
plastering
Stage area 1 53 4

Dressing room 1 34 4
Librarian room 1 34 4
Book store 1 4
room
Computer 1 28 4
room
4
10 External
Plastering
Ground 1 173.5 ---- 4 694
floor
First 1 173.5+173.5= ---- 4 1388
&second 347
floor
Total 694+1388
=2082cu.m

11 Celling
Plastering
Working 1 15 8 ---- 120
area
Stage area 1 9 8 ---- 72
Book 1 9 8 ---- 72
storage
room
Library hall 1 8 8.77 ---- 70.16
Librarian 1 6 6 ---- 36
room
Computer 1 5 6 ---- 30
room
Auditorium 1 4.42 4.48 ---- 19.80
seating area
1 Flooring

62
2 with c.c
[Link],100
mm thick
Working 1 15 8 ---- 120
area
Stage area 1 9 8 ---- 72

Book 1 9 8 ---- 72
storage area

Librarian 1 8 8.77 ---- 70.16

hall
Librarian 1 6 6 ---- 36
room
computer 1 5 6 ---- 30
room
Auditorium 1 3.85 6 ---- 23.1
seating area
Dining 1 4.42 4.48 ---- 19.80
room
toilet 3 3.4 3.85 ---- 13.09

686.3+1373.66
Total =2059.4 cu.m
1 Finishing
3 the floor
with mosic
tiles in cm
1:3
Working 1 15 8 ---- 120
area
Stage area 1 9 8 ---- 72

Book 1 9 8 ---- 72
storage area

63
 Waiting hall 1 8 8.77 ---- 70.16

Librarian 1 6 6 ---- 36
room
Computer 1 5 6 ---- 30
room
Auditorium 1 3.85 6 ---- 23.1
area
toilet 1 4 2 ---- 8

Stair case 1 3.3 2 ---- 6.6

686.3

First ---- 1373.66

floor cu.m
686.3+1373.66
Total =2059.4 cu.m

4 Concrete
using
broken
brick jelly
in time
morter and 1 33.46 35.4 0.075 88.83
finshing
with one
course of
machine
pressed
tiles in
15 Painting
new doors
window,and
ventilators
two coasts
over one
Plastering 1 ---- ---- ---- 49236.7
area 3

64
 ceiling 1 ---- ---- ---- 2059.4
D 3 3.98 --- 2.1 25.074
D1 1 3.7 --- 2.1 7.7

D2 15 0.9 --- 2.1 28.35

W 53 1.8 --- 1.4 133.56

W1 9 1.2 --- 0.9 9.72

V 9 0.9 --- 0.6 4.86

Total 51505.3
9cu.m

ABSTRACT ESTIMATE

Building Area of building Cost Total cost

(sq.m)
Ground floor 600 11000 6600000
First floor 598.93 11000 6588230

Total building cost = Rs 13188230 /-

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The attitude of students towards auditorium depends on various
performance. Among them, convenience, quantity of seating arrangements etc
are more important. Any problem related to these aspects can build negative
attitude towards the auditorium . So, the management of the auditorium should
try to monitor these aspects and take correct measures whenever something
goes wrong. The research findings presented in this paper can provide in-depth
understanding about the variables that affect the students attitude towards
auditorium in Arulmurugan college of Engineering at Thennilai .The

65
auditorium interior items with a acoustic material it is a good resist to sound and
echo’s are designed

REFERENCES

1.) Ashoke,[Link] ,”reinforcement concrete

2.) Dutta.B.N.,“Estimating and casting civil engineering “, UBS publisher
&Distributors .Design aids for reinforced concrete IS 456:2000, SP-16,
Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi . Indian standard code of practice for
plain and reinforced concrete, IS-456:2000
3.) Krishna raju N, “Design of RC structures” , CBS publication and
Distributors, New Delhi, 2006.

66
4.) Kosmos [Link] (2013). “Durability Of normal strength self compacting
concrete and their impact”. Construction and building materials
Vol.41,pp.491-497. National building codes. Structures ,” Voll II, Laxmi
publications, New Delhi,2000.
5.) Mahmad sabeer in the journal International Journal of Innovative Research
in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN:2349-21631Issue 8, Volume 2
(August 2015) .

67