THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26

DEF: a two dimensional vector is an order pair of real no. (x,y) , such that the no. x, y
is called the components of the vector .
ex: (1,3) , (-1,2) , (4,0)
note : the vector in 3 -space contain three components (x,y,z) .
ex: (-1,0,3) , (0,-1,2) , (0,4,0)
The zero vector :
the vector (0,0,0) , all components are equal to zero and is denoted by O .
The negative vector :
the negative of a vector a=(a1,a2,a3) is –a=( -a1,-a2,-a3).
ex:
the negative vector of u=(3,-2,1) is -u=(-3,2,-1) .
Equal two Vectors :
a vector u=(u1,u2,u3) and v=(v1,v2,v3) is said to be equal iff u1= v1 , u2 = v2 , u3 = v3 .
ex:
(a,b,c)=(1,-4,2) »»» a=1 , b=-4 , c=2 .
(a,-6,c)=(11,b,3) »»» a=11 , b=-6 , c=3 .

The Distance in 2&3 -space :

The distance between two points in 3-space P1(x1,y1,z1) , P2(x2,y2,z2) is given as :
d ( p1 , p 2 )  (x 2  x 1 )2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2  (z 2  z 1 ) 2
and in 2 – space :
d ( p1 , p 2 )  (x 2  x 1 )2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2
EXAM :
Find the distance d between points p1(2,3,-1) , p2(4,-1,3) .
d  (4  2) 2  (1  3) 2  (3  1) 2  36  6
THEOREM :
if v=(v1,v2) , w=(w1,w2) are vectors in 2-space and k is any scalar then :
v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 )  in 3  space  v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 ,v 3  w 3 )
v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 )  in 3  space  v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 ,v 3  w 3 )
kv  (kv 1 , kv 2 )  in 3  space  kv  (kv 1 , kv 2 , kv 3 )
ex: if v = (-2,0,1) , w = (3,5,-4) then find
v + w = (-2,0,1) + (3,5,-4) = (-5,-5,5).
v - w = (-2,0,1) - (3,5,-4) = (1,5,-3).
3v = 3(-2,0,1)=(-6,0,3).
w-2v = (3,5,-4)- (-4,0,2) = (7,5,-6).
THEOREM : for any vectors u,v,w and scalars k,L then :
1 u v  v  u 4 u  (u )  O
2 (u  v )  w  u  (v  w ) 5 k (u  v )  ku  kv
3 u O  O u  u 6 (k  L )u  ku  Lu

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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
EXAM :
Let u = (1,3) , v = (2,1) , w = (4,-1) , Find the vector x that satisfies 2u-v+x=7x+w.
Let x  (x 1 , x 2 )
2u  v  w  6x
2(1,3)  (2,1)  (4, 1)  6(x 1 , x 2 )  (2,6)  (2,1)  (4, 1)  (6x 1 ,6x 2 )
(4,6)  (6x 1 ,6x 2 )
2
6x 1  4  x 1  & 6x 2  6  x 2  1
3
2
x  ( ,1)
3
EXAM :
Find u&v if u+v=2i-3j , 3u+2v=-i+2j .
u v  2i  3 j (1)
3u  2v  i  2 j (2)
v  7i  11 j  v  (7, 11)
 u  (5,8)

The Norm of the vector :

the norm of any vector v = (v1,v2) in 2-space is given by :
v  v 12  v 22
and the norm of v = (v1,v2,v3) in 3- space :
v  v 12  v 22  v 32
EXAM :
Find the norm of v = (-2 , 3) , w = (2,3,6)
v  (2)2  (3)2  13
w  (2)2  (3)2  (6)2  49  7
NOTE :
The norm of kv  k . v , k is scalar
in above exam :

3 v  3 v  3 13
 2 w  2 w  2(7)  14
 w  1 w  7

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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
EXAM :
if u  (1,5,4) , v  (3, 2,0) , Find u v , 2 u  3v
u  v  (4,3,4)
u  v  16  9  16  41
2u  3v  (2,10,8)  (9, 6,0)  (7,16,8)
2u  3v  49  256  64  369

THE UNIT VECTOR :

for any nonzero vector v , we can define the unit vector u in the same direction as :-
v
u
v
Note : for any unit vector , u  1
EXAM :
Find the unit vector that has the same direction as v  2i  2 j  k
v  4  4 1  3
so the unit vector is :
v 2i  2 j  k 2 2 1
u   i j k
v 3 3 3 3
4 4 1 9
u     1
9 9 9 9

THE DOT PRODUCT :

if u = (u1,u2) , v = (v1,v2) , are two vectors in 2-space then the dot product of u and v is
written as u.v and is define as :

u v  u1v 1  u 2v 2  in 3  space  u v  u 1v 1  u 2v 2  u 3v 3

THEOREM :
for any vectors u,v,w in 2 or 3-space and scalars k , then :
1 u v v u
2 u (v  w )  u v  u w
3 k (u v )  (ku ) v  u (kv )
4 v v  v
2

5 v O O v O

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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
EXAM :
(3,5).(-1,2)=3(-1)+5(2)=7
(2,3).(-3,2)=2(-3)+3(2)=0
(i+3j).(-i-4j)=1(-1)+3(-4)=-13
(1,-3,4).(1,5,2)=1(1)-3(5)+4(2)=-6
(3i+4j-k).(-2i-2j+3k)=3(-2)+4(-2)-1(3)=-17

THEOREM :
if u,v are nonzero vectors in 2or 3-space , and is the angle between u,v then : 
u v
cos 
u v
EXAM :
Find the angle between the vector
u = i-2j+2k and :
a) v = -3i+6j+2k
b) w = 2i+7j+6k
c) z = -3i+6j-6k
Sol :
u v 11 11
a cos   
u v 3(7) 21
  cos 1 ( 2111)    121.6
u w 0
b cos   0
u w u w

 , the vectors are perpendicular (orthogonal ).
2
u z 27
c cos    1
u z 3(9)
   , the vectors are parrallel
EXAM :
Show that if v = ai+bj is a vector in 2-space , then the vectors :
v1 = -bi+aj , v2 = bi-aj are orthogonal to v .
Sol :
v v 1  ab  ab  0  v 1  v
v v 2  ab  ab  0  v 2  v

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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
THE CROSS PRODUCT :
if u = (u1,u2,u3) , v = (v1,v2,v3) , are two vectors in 3-space then the cross product u×v
is a vector define as :

i j k
u 2 u3 u u u u
u v  u 1 u 2 u 3  i 1 3 j 1 2k
v2 v3 v1 v 3 v1 v 2
v1 v 2 v 3

EXAM :
Let u = (1,2,-2) , v = (3,0,1)
Find u×v , v×u

i j k
2 2 1 2 1 2
u v  1 2 2  i j k
0 1 3 1 3 0
3 0 1
 2i  7 j  6k
v  u  (u v )  2i  7 j  6k
THEOREM :
for any vectors u,v,w and scalars k , then :
1 u u O
2 u  v  (v  u )
3 u  (v  w )  (u  v )  (u  w )
4 (u  v ) w  (u  w )  (v  w )
5 k (u  v )  (ku ) v  u  (kv )
6 u O  O u  O

THEOREM :
is the angle between u,v then  if u,v are nonzero vectors in 3-space, and
u v
sin  
u v

Note :
if u v  0  u &v are parrallel vectors

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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26

GRADIENT , DIVERGENT , CURL AND LAPLACIAN

DEF:
Consider the vector operator  (Del ) , defined by :
  
i j k
x y z
Then if  (x , y , z ) , A (x , y , z ) having continous 2nd derivative in a reigon such that 
is a function and A is vector function , then we can defined :
1) Gradient 
the gradient of function  (x , y , z ) is defined by :
  
grad     ( i j k )
x y z
  
  i j k
x y z
2) Divergent
the divergent of a vector A (x , y , z ) is defined by :
  
div A    A  ( i j k )  (A1i  A 2 j  A 3k )
x y z
A1 A 2 A 3
divA   
x y z
3) Curl
the Curl of a vector A (x , y , z ) is defined by :
  
curl A    A  ( i j k )  (A1i  A 2 j  A 3k )
x y z
i j k
  
curl A 
x y z
A1 A2 A3
4) Laplacian operator
 (x , y , z ) is defined by :
the laplacian operator of function
     
 2    ( )  ( i  j k )( i  j k)
x y z x y z
 2  2  2
 2 2 2
2
x y z
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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
Formulas involving del
if u&v are fun. , A&B are vectors then :
1) (u  v )  u  v
2) div (A  B )  div (A )  div (B )
3) curl (A  B )  curl ( A )  curl ( B )
4)   (uA )  (u )  A  u (  A )
5)   (uA )  (u )  A  u (  A )
6)   (A  B )  B  (  A )  A (  B )
7)   u  O
8)   (  A )  O
9)   (  A )  (  A )   2 A
10) (uv )  u v  v u
11) (u n )  nu n 1u
u 1
12) ( )  2 (v u  u v )
v v
13)  2 (uv )  v  2u  2u v  u  2v
The proof is H W
.
Examples:
Find Gradient to :
1) (x , y , z )  Ln (xy )  z 2
  
  i j k
x y z
y x 1 1
  i j  2zk  i  j  2zk
xy xy x y
2) (x , y , z )  Sin (xyz )
  
  i j k
x y z
  yzCos (xyz )i  xzCos (xyz ) j  xyCos (xyz )k
3) (x , y , z )  x 2e yz
  
  i j k
x y z
  2xe yz i  x 2 ze yz j  x 2 ye yz k
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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
Examples:
Find divergent to :
1)A (x , y , z )  3x 2 yi  4x 2 y 2 z 2 j  7zk
A1 A 2 A 3
divA   
x y z
divA  6xy  8x 2 yz 2  7
2)A (x , y , z )  Cosx i  sin y j  Cosh (x  z )k
divA  Sinx  Cosy  Sinh (x  z )
3)A (x , y , z )  e xyz i  Ln (x  yz ) j  Logz k
x

z 1
divA  yze xyz  
x  yz zLnx
Examples:
Find Curl to :
1)A (x , y , z )  x 2i  y 2 j  z 2 k
i j k
  
curlA    A 
x y z
x2 y2 z2
     
curlA  i y z  j x z  k x y
y2 z2 x2 z2 x2 y2
curlA  i (0)  j (0)  k (0)  O
2)A (x , y , z )  3xy 2 z 3i  Ln (xy ) j  e yz k
i j k
  
curlA    A 
x y z
3xy 2 z 3 Ln (xy ) e yz
     
curlA  i y z  j x z  k x y
Ln (xy ) e yz 3xy 2 z 3 e yz 3xy 2 z 3 Ln (xy )
1
curlA  (ze yz )i  (9xy 2 z 2 ) j  (  6xyz 3 )k
x
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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
Examples:
Find Laplacian operator to :
1) (x , y , z )  x 3  3 y 2 zx  4z 2
 2  2  2
   2  2  2  xx   yy  zz
2
x y z
x  3x 2  3 y 2 z  xx  6x
 y  6xyz   yy  6xz
z  3 y 2 x  8z  zz  8
 2  6x  6xz  8

2) (x , y , z )  Ln (x  y  2z )
1
x   (x  y  2z ) 1  xx  (x  y  2z ) 2
x  y  2z
1
y   (x  y  2z ) 1   yy  (x  y  2z ) 2
x  y  2z
2
z   2(x  y  2z ) 1  zz  4(x  y  2z ) 2
x  y  2z
 2  (x  y  2z ) 2  (x  y  2z ) 2  4(x  y  2z ) 2
 6(x  y  2z ) 2

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 THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26

1 Let u  (1,1) , v  (0,1) , w  (3, 4)

Find the vector x that satisfies
u  2x  x  w  3v

2 Let u  (1, 2) , v  (4, 2) , w  (6,0) Find :

1) u (7v  w )
2) (u w )w
3) ( u v ) w
4) u (v w )

3 if u  2v  3i  k and 3u  v  i  j  k , Find u ,v

4 Show that
u v  u v  4u v
2 2

5 Show that
u v  u v 2 u 2 v
2 2 2 2

6 W hat can you say about the angle between u &v if :

u v  u v
7 Show that if u &v are vectors in 3  space then :
u v  u  (u v ) 2
2 2 2
v
1
8 Show that  (x , y , z ) 
x2  y2 z2
satisfy laplace eq .  2  0 MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE
[Link] / MATHEMATICS
9 Pr ove the formulas 1  13 E-MAIL : msmt_80@[Link]
2013 -2014

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