ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE

TACLOBAN CITY
GRADUATE STUDIES

MODULE 3
DATA PRESENTATION

I. INTRODUCTION
This module for independence study in Educational Studies is an attempt to
provide graduate students the technical know-how in tabulating data
systematically.

II. Learning Concepts

Data Presentation
Types of Data Presentation
Textual Presentation

III. Learning Objectives

After working through this module, the graduate students are expected to:
1. Tabulate data systematically
2. Tabulate a set of data into frequency distribution.
3. Interpret correctly the rules on graphical presentation and textual presentation
4. Draw the appropriate data for a set of data.
IV. Learning Activities/Methodologies

Evaluation Study
Topic/Concept Objectives Means
Guide
Types of data To Tabulate data Tabular How will you
Presentation systematically presentation of present gathered
1. Tabular data provides data in a tabular
Presentation numerical facts in form?? What are
more concise and the concepts
systematic needed in a
manner tabular
presentation?
2. Graphic Be able to Graphical Based on a given
Presentation construct a sample presentation of data, construct a
data in a pie chart, data is more pie chart,
histograph and effective means histograph and
frequency polygon of organizing frequency
or line graph statistical data. polygon.
3. Textual Show through a Textual Construct textual
Presentation textual presentation is a presentation based
presentation gathered data. on a given set of
data.
V. Learning Context (Key Concepts)

LEARNING CHUNK 1

Tabular Presentation or Method

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TACLOBAN CITY
GRADUATE STUDIES

Statistical tables are the most common form of documentation used by the quantitative social
scientist, and he should cultivate skill in a table construction just as the historian learns to
evaluate and cite documents or the geographer leans cartography. Table making is an art (as is
table reading). And one should never forget that a table is a form of communication - a way to
convey information to a reader. principles of table-making involve matter of taste, convention.
typography,
aesthetics, and honesty, in addition to the principles of quantification. The tabular method is the
process of presenting data in the form of a table. In the construction of a table, the following
guidelines should prove helpful.

l. Every table must be self-explanatory.

2. The title should clear and descriptive. In general, the title gives
information about what, where, how, and when the data were taken.
Examples:
a. Obscure:
Demographic Data
b. Better:
Demographic Data of Applicants for College
c. Too verbose:
Demographic Data of High School Graduates Applying for
Admission to the University.
3. Each characteristic may be summarized and compared separately by
using percentage or any other appropriate procedure.
Example: with 500 students, n:500
4. If there are more than one information available for one subject, several columns may be
constructed in one table. Each column should be properly labeled.
5. Footnotes (when necessary) should be placed at the bottom of the table to briefly explain
details of the given information.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution is an arrangement of data that shows the frequency of
occurrence of the different values of the variables.
This distribution gives the frequency of occurrence of values falling within arbitrarily
defined intervals of the variable. Each interval is called a score class.
There are two types of frequency distributions — the ungrouped frequency distribution
and the grouped frequency distribution.
For the ungrouped distribution, the data are arranged simply in order of size, usually from
highest to lowest. type of distribution is used for a small number of observations.

For an ungrouped set of data that is enumerated individually, like scores in a test, it is
more convenient to group them into intervals for easy interpretation. In constructing a grouped
frequency distribution, the following steps are considered.

l. Determine the inclusive range R, which is the result of I plus the difference between the
highest score H and the lowest score L.
Thus, R-H-L+I.
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TACLOBAN CITY
GRADUATE STUDIES
2. Solve for the class interval size. This is the width of the groups in which the data are to
be classified. To do this, divide the range by the desired number Of class intervals. The number
of

intervals should be between 10 and 15. Round Off the result such that the class interval
size is a whole number. As a general rule, an odd number of class interval size is preferred, so
that the midpoint will be a whole number.

3. Determine the class limits. There must be enough classes to include the highest score
and the lowest score. To facilitate tabulation, start each class with a multiple of the class interval.

4. Make the tabulation. The table should have at least two columns. The first column
shows the various classes usually arranged in descending Order from top to bottom, while the
second column shows the number of observations for each class which are the frequencies f

5. Sometimes two other columns are added in a frequency distribution. These are for the
class marks and the cumulative frequencies. The class mark is the midpoint for each class, and is
obtained by dividing by 2 the Sum of the upper and lower values of the class. The cumulative
frequency of is obtained by successively adding the individual frequencies starting from the
bottom.

VI. Synthesis/Summary
Statistical Tables are the most common form of documentation used by the quantitative social
scientist. The tabular method is the process of Presenting data in the form of a table. In the
construction of a table, certain guidelines are followed to prove helpful in the presentation of the
data. A frequency which is an arrangement of that shows the frequency of occurrence of the
different values of the variables should be adopted.

LEARNING CHUNK 2

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

The graphical method is the presentation of data in the form of a graph or diagram.

A graph is a geometrical presentation of a set of data. It helps visualize certain properties

and characteristics of the data at a glance. It is an attractive form of presenting data to the
readers. The impact of the reader is sometime dramatic. If you enter an investment company and
see on the wall a graph of its profit over several years may be convinced to invest your money in
that company.

Line Graph
The line graph shows the relationship between two or more sets of quantities. This type of graph
is appropriate for a variable that varies with time. line graph involves plotting the data on the rectangular
coordinate system. The pint of intersection is the origin. Usually, the time component is plotted along the
While the corresponding observation is plotted along the y-axis. These axes remarked off with equal
spaces.
Here are some guidelines to follow in constructing line graphs.
1. The title of the graph must be descriptive and clearly stated. It is placed below the graph so that it
will not interfere with the curves or lines on the graph.
2. The x- and y- should be scaled and labeled with variable they represent.
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TACLOBAN CITY
GRADUATE STUDIES
3. Sources and footnotes should be provided when necessary.
4. The zero point should be shown. Equals spaces should be scaled for the units they represent.
5. The graph should not be loaded with too many curves.
6. The axis may show a broken line to indicate that some points in the scale are unnecessary or have
been compressed because they do not have corresponding values in the data.

The line graph is also used for comparison purposes. For example, if the enrolment data in
another school for the same period are known, this may be superimposed on the same graph
(Fig.3.3) to
compare the enrolment data of the two schools. To make the effect more dramatic, the two lines
could be of different colors.

Bar Graph
The bar graph consists of vertical or horizontal bars of equal widths. The lengths of the
bars represent the magnitudes of the quantities being compared. This type of graph is most
appropriate for Comparing data taken at a particular time. For example, a bar graph may be
constructed on the percentage passing of the different courses in board examination for a
particular year, or the enrolment of the different colleges in a university for a particular school
year.

Here are some guidelines in the construction of bar graphs.

1. title ofthe graph should be clearly stated.

2. Note the smallest and largest numbers in the given data. Select a unit of length such that
the longest bar will occupy around two-thirds Of the page for the graph.

3. The length Of the bars must be proportional to the numbers •

4. If a space is placed between bars, they should be Of uniform width of a bar.

5. All designations or notations on the vertical and horizontal axes must be indicated. For
convenience and accuracy, graphing may be used.

6. Show the zero point in the scale are irrelevant, numbers may be omitted by breaking the
scale.

Pie Chart or Circle Graph

The pie chart. also called circle graph, is appropriate in comparing the part with the
whole. whole may be designated as 100 % and represents the whole pie. Fifty percent (50%) is
equivalent to half the pie, is one-fourth of the pie, and so on.

Pictograph
Another way of representing numerical values is through the use of pictographs or picture
graphs. In this type of chart, actual pictures or facsimiles of the objects under the study are used
to represent values. Each figure is considered a unit representing a definite number. For example,
the picture of a soldier may represent 1,000 soldiers; so 4,000 soldiers will be represented by the
picture of four soldiers. The picture of an airplane may represent 100 planes, the picture of a
house may stand for I (H) households, and so on.
The pictograph is generally used to compare the sizes of items or objects among
countries, institutions, agencies, and the like. For instance, foreign debts of countries like
Mexico, Brazil, and the Philippines may be compared using money as pictures.
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TACLOBAN CITY
GRADUATE STUDIES
Below are some guidelines in constructing pictographs.
l. The symbol used must be self-explanatory. If the data are about televisions, then pictures of
televisions may be drawn; if the data are about rice, then pictures of sacks of rice may be used.

2. Use legends to represent the number of units in a picture.

3. Some pictographs may show only approximate values.

4. Fractional parts are represented by parts of the figure.

LEARNING CHUNK 3

Textual Presentation
Textual presentation of data arranges it in ordered format, such as lowest to highest. It
can also use a stem and leaf plot for presentation. Other forms of data presentation include
tabular and graphical.
Data is the collection of information on a certain subject. There are both textual and
visual forms of presenting data to a group of people. Although both are effective, you must take
into consideration your audience. If you are presenting data to school children, the best way to do
so is in visual forms so it keeps them interest. With high school students or older audiences,
textual data can be presented in the form of a Power Point Presentation to keep it interesting.

VII Synthesis/Summary
Methods of Data Presentation is one of the most important aspects in any statistical
investigation as the manner by which the researcher presents and interpret data collected.
Data presentation is a critical portion of making proposals, reports and other essential
demonstrations during the course of daily meetings and important presentations. Most
presentations are either visual in nature or rely on strong visual elements for clarity and
information conveyance. In the past, this visual transfer of data was accomplished through
projectors and slides, with crude hand-outs.

The two methods of presenting numerical data are as follows:

1. Tabular methods present data in the form of a table. A frequency distribution is an example of
this method.
2. Graphical method presents data in a form of a graph or diagram. The types of graphs are the
line graph, pie chart and the pictograph.