a s- ae BASIC MATHEMATIC 5 i io 1, NUMBER SYSTEM " “NUMBER RULES ‘Te UNIVERSE.” PYTHAGORAS Natural Numbers e These are also called Courting mers 1,2,3, 4,5: and are known as natural numbers II natural numbers can be represented by N. . si ‘The set of all natural OSG eee r nul Whole Numbers % Ie we include 0 among the natural numbers, then the numbers 0, 1, 2,3,4,5,... areca ; whole numbers. The set of whole numbers can be represented by w. Clearly, every natun) vramber is a whole number but 0is a whole number which is not a natural number. w=0,1,2,3.4,5,--1 5 Integers Allcounting ni The set of integers can be represented by Zorl={...-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4, | is the set of all positive integers. .) is the set of all negative integers 0 tumbers and their negatives including zero are known as integers. Zar| © Positive Integers: The set + = (1, 2, 3,4 + Negative Integers: The set I- = {-1, -2, -3, » neither positive nor negative. + Non-negative Integers: The set (0, 1, 2, 8, Note: Only whole numbers are integers. Therefore,: can never be integers. Rational Numbers The numbers of the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ¥ 0, are 43 02 a = eee 3° etc, The set of all rational mambers is deno| ..) is the set of all non-negative integers: fractions, decimals, percent and exponets sown 08 ted by Q.wor N urmbers : sro mown as irrational numbers, eg. J3, ers. ‘fditance ® chosen to be"T", then whole numbers are marked off (12.5, .}, and also in semmpative direction: {-1,-2,-3, 1 ers, fren and Odd Numbers ponenis Even numbers can be divided evenly into groups of two. The number four can be divided avo groups of two. Even numbers always end with a digit of 0, 2,4,60r8: 2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30... and so on, are even numbers. ration Odd numbers can NOT be divided evenly into groups of two- ‘The number five can be fone, Odd: numbers always end with a digit of 1 diided into two groups of two and one group o! 357or9. 1/4 57,9, 11, 13,15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 are odd numbers.a unnter mmerelore:SA47.917 garends 7.2 ends in 2 Manet pecause irene? rs the condition of even number, ; itis Considet the number 3,842,911 as use it eatisHie> umber. Likewise, 8% r cexmerober nero num! an integer multiple of? ra gividea, without ® cemainder, only bY self and by 1, py be ‘a prime number yy 17 and byl example, 47 can be divis en numbers cart be divided by 2 also, ‘Some facts: ey mber is 2 Allo! « Theonly ever prime nt g5endsina 5- Any number greater than 5 that eng; «No prime number greater thar. “a ‘5 canbe divided by > ’ oe « Zeroand Larenot considered prime pe . Here is a table of all prime numbers up t© 2 3 7 u 13 7 ie = 2 a 3 a 2 a 3 59 Zz = a 73 7” 8 a | 7 101 103 i = 113 17 a 137 1 19 151 157 ae a ke 17 181 wi 193 7 19 le Composite Numbers than d-whichiare nolprimey are known a5 composite number, Natural numbers greater 4,9, 12, ete.,are composite numbers. For example, each of the numbers 4, 6, MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1, Which number is not rational? (a4 (b) 0.3 - ; (@ 6a7i77 vay 3 eee is rational, an integer, a whole number, and a natural number? J 36/12 0 (a) 3/4 When is a fraction irrational? Hf) When tia mixed number (b) When itis i When it is negative a) ume Th ponies a eval ee following? ue ) ) Inte ger (© Whole (a) All of these The number 1.34343434,... is whi ) Irrational +» is which of the followin, Ratidnal and Integer is which of the following? Rational (a) Rational, Integer, and Whole) Irrational and integer fron! i (@) Rational and dy a tion is the only whole number that is not a fhe a ee t : OT ee ‘al number? ES ; ee = @) 1/2 per is a non-terminating/non-repeating decimal? nie on (b) 1.626262... (©) 9.089 dys : a ‘ymbol used torepresent the set of integers is__ i " a, Se &) Q AaYZ or 1 j number is not an integer . we 7 (by 4.3333... ) 2 @)o : = Li ea a ee a 9 | 4 [10 [ b [ 4-HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) AND LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) } s F that divides exactly into another number and which ‘of quantity. It can also be called as a divisor of the number: isa factor of all existing mumbers because 1 can be multiplied with any number. pxample: 1x23 =6 ‘Therefore, 1, 2 and 3 are the factors of the number 6. finding Factors of a Number “There are two ways to find out factors of anumber. + Factoring through division method. + Factoring through tréé method. Eumple: Find the factors of 16 using division method: + swt 2116 218 214 22 2 + © Step 2: If we divide 16 by the prime factor until we have 1 as a quotient: Therefore, the factors of 16 are, 2x2 2%? Find the factors of 16 using tree methodof a node is rooting of a tree, it is 16, That is the parent vided i i thild node while & vivided into to child nodes, 8 and 2. Here, the node have not a cult. is Saal aN : This process is repeated until, we get the prime number in the child node. ‘The prodiict of the node'Withouta:child provide the factors of 16, stich as 2x2x2%2 Higl.est Common Factor (H.C.F). The Highest Common Factor (H.CF.) offtwo(ormore) numbers is the largest number that divides evenly into both numbers. In other words, the H.C.F. is the’largest of all the common (@etofs. The other names for HCF are Greatest’ Common Divisor (GED), and Greatest Common Denominator’ It is very easy to find a H.C.F. of small numbers, like 6 and 9 (it is 3) or 8 and 4 (itis 4). The best way is to Keep finding the factors of the smaller number, starting from the largest factor. The first factor of the smaller number that is also a factor of the larger number is a HCE. Finding the H.C.F. For larger numbers one can use the Following method: 1. Find all prime factors of both numbers. 2. Write both numbers as a multiplication of prime numbers. 3, Find which factors are repeating in both numbers and multiply them to get H.C-F. Example: Find prime factors of 24 and 36: 24=2x2x2x3 36=2x2x3x3 It we write down the ; F ‘ common fcr of gem the numbers that are the same in both lists, they will give us the highest In the above diagram the starting, HCF of 24 and 36 is 2x2x3 = oe x3=12 ‘ample: Find the Highest Common Factor (H.CF.) of 240 and 924,eh ee ee palstart with the smallest pritte rum aoe oh he rev (or quote) eH ee = eae wel ep dividi eee yeeneen ones waite the prime fctor tothe righ ar the suena sa the quotient below: wo |? 24s a factor of 240; wo | 2 2 isa factor of 120; wo |? 2 isa factor of 60; gl? 2 isa factor of 30; 5 | 2 3 is.a factor of 15; 318 5 is a factor of 5; 1 240=2x2x2x2x3x5 _goding all prime factors of 924 “ ns | 2 is a factor of 924; ya | 2 2 isa factor of 462; oi | 3 3 isa factor of 231; al? 7 is a factor of 77; n |W M1 isa factor of 11 1 924 = 2x2x3x7x1 Multiply the factors which repeat in both numbers to get the H.C-F. “The Highest Common Factor is? x2 3ai2 least Common Multiple (LCM) jg: alrnultiple of two'or Thelleast’common multiple is the smallest positive number that ‘common multiple, least commen {igfe’numbers. In mathematics, LCM is. referred as lowest m le or least common. factor. A multiple of a-number is the r Ntultiples are what we get after aulipe, smallest common multi! 3 vad of hak Ruraber andany other whole number es are what ve auliplying the number by an integer (not # fraction). Example: Multiples afd: 369/12 Sowe know that 9 is a multiple of 3, a3 x3=? . But7is NOT a multiple of 3 low to Find the Least Common Multiple There are two widely used methods t© find the LOM: Method 1 © Step 1 We'write the multiples ofeach number (ea * Step 2- Then we look for the smallest number that appears Ranple Least Common Multiple of 32nd 5: * List the Multiples of each number, 12,3, etc). oh list:We observe that the Go the least com ; itis simply the smallest of the common multiples. 2—Prime Factorization Method se method factor each of the numbers into primes. Then, for each differen inallof the factorizations, We do the following steps: Trin. 4 Step 1: Count the number of times each prime number appears in each of wl factorizations. + Step 2: For each and eve! 4s Step 3: The least comm: highest poweT- Example: Find the feast common: multiple of 24, 36 and 40. We have, 24 = 2x2x2x3 = 2x3 36 = 2x2x3x3 = 2? x 3? 4 = 2x2x205 = 2° x5 bere, 2, 3 and 8 ame the prime factors. Highest power of 2, 3 and 5 are 3,2 ad} respectively. , ry prime sumber, take the biggest number of these counts on multiple is the multiple pe ail the prime: enmabernae ry 8 Hence, the LCM of 24, 36 and 40 = 2° x 3? x5=8x9x5=360. SELF-EXERCISES Use Method number 1 to find the LCM: 1 1and12 60 2. \and28 9 - 3. 18and12 46 7 4. 10,12,and8 \»® fi 5. 14,2Land35 a 6 fe ep and6o 7 ise Method numb i eta < ee Factors) to find the LCM: _ & 9,18 and25 ys Find the GCF and LCM: 9 24,32 10. gine =e 1. 98,35 2, 490,70Kit 36 seconds to pack and label a b sates ‘ : OX of electronic ron —~ p niet 2 seconds and Fleming 28 seconds. 1 they all Start em Te sae job ar seconds Will they all want to use the labelling machine fiowering bulbs are on sale at Austin’s garden shop, Travis ong same time, after ee Me Spr al amounts of all four kinds. What is the le id Sydney a i kinds ask number of cage ee ey wate reat en otr si Talp ses Sah sce a ; Hyacinth ~ 5 fog fia and Paul work part-time in the local 923) Pet store. Brendan warks every fourth da Brendan , 5 paul works every sixth day. The store is open seven days a week. When will they work together? 3-EXPONENTS nt of a number says how many ti i : ene y imes to use the number in. a multiplication. In 8 =8x8=64 ‘other words: 8? could be called "8 to the power 2" or "8 to the second power", or simply at Exponents are also called Powers or Indices. The thing that's being multiplied, being 5 5 ample 8 called the "base" and 2 is the “power”. : 9 Bample:5' =5 x 5 x 5= 125 Inwords: 5° could be called "5 to:the third power”, "S to the power 3” or simply "5 cubed” ‘The exponel poermyetouse o Exmple:2'=2x2x2x2=16 4 Inwords; 2‘ could be called "2 to the fourth power" or "2 to the power 4 or simply “2:0 the 4th’, Exponents make it-easier to write and use many multiplications. wegative: exponent 5 Negative Exponents Negative? What could be the opposite of multiplying? Dividing! A m eaashow many times to divide one by the number. Example: 8! =1 +8 = 0.12: Examples: Answer Negative Exponent Reciprocal of Positive Exponent et =1/# = 1/16 = 0.0625 108 21/10 = 1/1,000= 0.001 Py =1/(2) = 1/(8)=-018 factional Exponents Bp i A 2? jg equal to + Anexponent of 1/2 is actually square x00t for cramole iweq 3s. * And an exponent of 1/3 is eube root. Example 2’ is the same as * Anexponent of 1/4 is 4th root1 t 9 yw? _ Example: What is : a ie 4) e. A so oF times itself gives 9. ee ae for Exponents and ‘an example of using each rule: Below is List of Rules Exponent Rule: FP = 1, this says that anything, Taised to the a Ze ii a ae ee a ths say that to raise a ie 7 (anyn= ay ay Power Rule (Powers to Powers): (2 ee aia, a : power to a power you need to multiply ear ee | : i a. 1 =-L this says that negative gale Negative Exponent Rule: @* Po ys : i oe" = am? %) this says ss the e spaiith the acme bret, you Keep the base and acd a wae | Quotient Rule: £ =a, this says that to divide two exponents z ae with the same base, you keep the base and subtract the powers. | | | We have reviewed the rules for exponents, here are the steps required for simplifying =e expressions (notice that we apply the rules in. the same order the rule were writer above): ayy Example: Simplify: (35) Step 1: Apply the Zero-Exponent Rule. In this case, there are no ‘zero powers, Step 2: Apply the Power Rille. Step 3: Apply the Negative E ‘xponent Rule, Movi Negative ex] nae fae ‘ponent in the numerator to the denominator and vice Step 4: Apply the does not apply. Product Rule. In this case, the product rule) natlion 1 biluo4 Gient Rule. In this case, the PY ind ane y’s ended up in the denominatee®@ oP Ls coefficient (or number) to the aj : “Faise redut ‘PPropriate Rooreietiperiia sn es MULTIPLE CHoice QUESTIONS (MCQs) wirite the Base Brteey (a) ionly (b) iand iii (©) iandii *wé e Disease (@) 5 pratate: # . y wy 1296 46) 4096 0 gite one billion a8 power of 10, (@) w 0 uby 10° (e) 10 (a) 192 Bate (5? am wl en) 0 inns Fraluate: ~ (10° @? ) 1 7 a {Sate which operation you would do first to evaluate 8 + 9 64-5, 7 Ab Square 6 (©) Subtract 5 from 6 (6) Add and 9 (a) Multiply 9: & 6 1 Evaluate: 5° - (-6)° 33 (b) 91 fe) 341 @a3 { Eraluate: (2 + 3)* ~ (3 - 5)° @ 17 (b) -85 @ 16 (fer33 { Write the product of 5? x 5¢ as a single power. (@) 106 fe) 56 (@ 256 (@ 5 1 Which answer is negative? i) (-7)3*-ii) ~(7)8, ii) -(-7)" Uaytfand iii\bs yw 2 Vet ROOTS . od 4-SQUARE RooTs Np CUBE : pst (@eneadiCals) 2S pie cs eee ane FO. g ; a power witha vadéeal and a Taal wear" ando"* power. Fo! if you square 2, yy, “ rou “take the square Foot of 4°, you Bet 2 my Ba if you “take the sa ae yp -9,s008 =3 is read as “root nine’, ‘ine 1 Taig vn gg/gaiteal tue radical” syiibck Theexprension i" nine", ot “the square root of nine’. ree eae ee "You can raise numbers 0 POW? other than just 2 esi fourth power, raise them to the 100th power and so forth. In the same way, YOU can take, ne foe of a number, the fourth root the 100th root, artd 0 O7- he To indicate some root other than @ square Foot, you u insert a number into the yaical, tucking it into te # 64,50 VN=4 che (iin the above i the jae” of the radieal; the “64” is “the argument of the radia ‘also called "the radicand’. , ea square (second) root a cube (third) root is written as 4 The" ce the same radical symbo, check mark" part To eae is-written as ¢ a fourth root is written as q + afifth root is written as Simplifying Square Root Terms To simplify a square root, you "take out’ any i isa” : ything that is a y lake out Rent anything that has two copies of the same factor: ig: peste Stee « edP =2 . W=NP a7 « 8205 =v =15 Note that the vah i i equation 7? = 4, you en, ee, sguawwwayenpasitiog: When you solve trying ail possible values that might have been squared to gel But when you are just simplify : ‘s called the “prinegal taping the expression /4 jhe! ONLY answer is"2"; this poste res Simplify Vi44 There are various wa) s 3. Yo an odie abiig We dltene pies ests this simplification. One would be by fact Vi44 = 0x16 = J9.JI6 = 3x4 =12 The square root of 144 is 12.idy knew that 12? = 144, so obviously the square roo M4 ¥ iously t t of 144 must be 1: 2, wi Jiale of 24 and 6 is a square, but what happens if you multiply them inside one radi eit V24N6 = V24x6 = 144 = JIDx19 =12 a ooo fase N78 = Vax 25 = J25V3 =5.N3 is pronounced as “five root three", It is proper form to ut the radi 3 cannot be simplified further —_ ‘This answer : eaotthe expression. While fy f20r'*st* ‘The 20 factors as 4x5, with the 4 being a perfect square. The r'® has nine aah #21 has ten pairs of t's, with one ¢ left over. Then: Ee ined; and the 20750 = Sac xSxsxt 2 \5st perfect Square Factors ‘number is known as a perfect square if it can be expressed as the product of any other whole number in itself twice. For example, 25 is a perfect square as it can be expressed as 5 x 5. When evaluating (often: referred to as taking) the square root of a given number, find if it has any pret square factors or not. The following is the list of perfect squares from 1 to 100. Mi =1sinee ?=1 vi =2since 2” =4 i =3since 3 =9, vfié =4 since 4’ = 16 35 =5 since 9 = 25 {36 = 6since 6 = 36 fas = Tsince T = 49 ai =9 since 9° = 81 sfio0 = 10 since 10° = 100 DePeret Cubes are the cubes of the whole nus 0 ae es ! Te Z 797 | 2788 | 3375 | ~ | mesa [4 [516 |: fz Ga 1s | 216 | 343 | 512 | T0009 | 1331.) 1728 mea ce bale to wa oS _ Ibis easy to work out the cube ‘Ube roots,- properties of Square Se and aadicls guide ws on how 10 deal with, poe Properties of #70070 OS ae m8 Wh eid appear inalgebr3. Other Hae % | iy . ‘Mathe™ ave -bvt ater is al i yun as =e xe mr Muntipe CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) The first Note: Do not use calculator while solving those questions. The base num i; 4 1. Which of he following isnot a square number? igreferred f0 @ 4 b) 9 te tah 4 2, The square of 23 is: : pt 529 (b) 526 (© 46 ae 3, The square of which of the following would be even number? LaY 2826 (&) 779 (© 1057 (@) 181 How t Put th 4. How many natural numbers lie between # and 10°? @ 15 (b) 19 Sov 18 (a7 8. Thesquare of -9is (@) 81 (erst (©) 18 (@ 18 nae 0 f at i the smallest square number which is divisible by each of the numbes 6914 ) number, In a ey sO Se (b) 810 ¥ (©) 630 (a) 720 The: Here 7% The cube of an even number is always =. (a) oddnumber —_|_#8) even number (@) primenumber —_(d) note ot | [Frames & The symbol for cube root is i (@) bets oe o 8 @é ‘Many zeros will be there in the cube root of 270007 (a) 3 (b) 0 _g4 (a2 ya 4. a c 5. b 6 4 a ER 5-SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ticians have developed a shorter meth el scientific notation, Sciehiifie sae oan ciesasiancnibe as 123 000,000,000 in scientific riotation is written as: a a * number 1.23 x 19 number H0Bis called theiGeepiient Othe digitterm. yauton 0, The secondinumiber i called the base. cee ae iiocone ek oe 10 is always written in exponent form, In the number 1.23 x 10! the numba 1 rae aes! oflpower often. See example below 0000000000 209876543 21 e tio ee ‘Coeffielent How to write anumber in scientific notation? Example 123,000,000,000 Patthe decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes. 1.23000000000 1.23 Inthe number 123,000,000,000 the coefficient will be 1.23. aces from the decimal to the end of the To find the exponent count the number of pl n ee tes oon 000 there are 11 places. Therefore, we write 123,000,000,000 as: 123X108 ‘The number 123,000,000,000 can also be written 25: i.ageeijoras 128 xa Here are some examples of scientific notation. oz oe ar Oo ond476 1 = 5000” >a + x J a wpa f S001 =1 x10" 0.0078. = 78x10" di 1/100 = 6. - it 1/1000 = 0.001 = 1 x 10" 9.00044 = 4.4 x 10* & ( 21x10" a 7/1000 = 0.0001 = 1x + of 10 is the number of places the decimal poiny a ; the exp ns ‘As you can see, the ye Be nt shifted to gee that the decimal point is tee that number of Places ig A positive pees siiao7 x 10%. umtegative eae “ that the decimay ein ‘ ance > pagent left for example 0.00044 = 4° a a ‘ 6-ROUNDING NUMBERS jer to work with. For example, if yoy Rounding is used to ay that there are ee a ao there are 496 students > YS ounded (or rounded off), it is approximated by elimina ee or example, te umber 42 can be rounded down to 40 (this mune st eae awee biel Similarly, 285 can be rounded up to 300 (this number was rounigy fa hand place). See examples given in the diagram below. @2— 10 1@4— 110 Oz— 60 1,4@8— 1490 @z7— 100 ‘The word significant means: having meaning. With the number 368249, the 3 is the most significant digit, because it tells us tut be number is 3 hundred thousand and something, It follows that the 6 is the next most signifi and so on, With the number 0,0000058763, the 5 is the most significant digit, because it tel that the asics 4s 5 millionths and something. The 8 is the next most significant, and so of. ; le numbers can be tounded to the tens ids places ane? 7 Place, hundreds place, thousands pl fn. Decimal numbels can also be rounded; this approximates the number to the nearest hundredth, thousandth, or other decimal place. How to Round Off a Number ae Round of 246, 257 to tens place . Determine which digit is to be rounded - example, if you are roundi will be rounded and the ae Humber : 1 now look at the digit tothe right of 9 246 to the tens digit, the digit “4” (the Ones digit) is the digit that will become zero:an to become zero is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 4 Hite tothe let of) remains the sane.” TUNE digit to be round j is 6,7, 8 or, i i git to become zero 9, then the i Hee ple of rounding 246 to the tens digit, the 1 apuioce ‘by one (from "4" to"5"), and the number js oun oe oe to become zero is 5: Ifthe digit to the right ofthe ‘ 15 rounded to the tens digit or 257 rounded tg the hun¢ id (the digit uncled is increased by ry one. "Be enough ta make t nded to 250, us digit is to be rout is > to be rounded is a five dreds digit), then there are two ttre at least one non-zero digit after the five, then the di five becomes a zero fone and the five bec (a5 do all the remai by d to the tens digit becomes 260, and 152] rounded tot git to be rounded increases 8 digits). For example, 257 the thousands place becomes 2000. ; are no digits after the five (or the digits af i tos), then gp. Uf there Bits after the five are all zeros), then th could equally well be rounded up or down. Mathematicians have devised « rule ‘that in large groups of data, half the time 5s are round stat age groupe of dat half he tine led up and half the time 5s are | : dents jg ‘pamples of Rounding Numbers = tte | aber ‘Nearest ten Nearest hundred Nearest thousand 7 si ni : 1,230 1,200 1,000 89,360 89,400 89,000 Decimal numbers can also be rounded, estimating the number to the nearest tenth, | endredth, thousandth, and so on. amples of Rounding Decimals [Number | Nearesttenth Nearest hundredth ee 120r13 1.23 1.235 31.6 31.65 Bee EXERCISE that the | 1 Round off each of the following to the nearest whole ee ie fe wan 4 (b) 26.01 2 (©) 0.48 6 tel ba Rae Z ! a oo aed ths 3) () 10.126 to the nearest hundredths 8 aes ote nests Sree nxt (€) 5.992 to the nearest tenths s prenite | (0) 5.0014 to the nearest thousandths £103 decimal places > (b) 1.2003 correc! J (a) 9.99 correct to} decimal place > | 7.755 correct to 2 decimal places ~ Sees Find the number of significant digits in thef900" (@ 903 @ - — (p) 0.09 i 3 \ |