PART II

1. SURVEYING

Q. 1.- Write short notes on –

i. G.T.S. Bench Mark. [ LDCE 1992,2000, WCR LDCE 2005 ]
ii. Least Count of Theodolite. [ LDCE 1992 , 87. ]
iii. Triangulation. [ LDCE 1992, 86, 2000 ]
Describe briefly the triangulation method of surveying. [ LDCE 2007 ]
Triangulation method. [ LDCE 2012 ]
iv. Bench Mark. [ LDCE 1989 ]
v. Plane of Collimation. [ LDCE 1989 ]
Ans.- G.T.S. Bench Mark –
These are the bench marks established with very high precision at regular intervals by the
survey of India department all over the country. Their positions and bench mark values above
the mean sea level at Karanchi.
Least Count of Theodolite –
Least Count of the ordinary Theodolite is 20 seconds in precise theodolite it may be 10 seconds
or even 1 second.
Least Count is worked out as below –
Smallest division of main scale ( d ) d
Least Count = --------------------------------------------------------------- , L.C. = --------- ,
Total No. of division on the vernier scale ( N ) N
If d = 1/3 degree = 20 minutes & N = 60 divisions.
\ L.C. = 20 / 60 = 1 / 3 Minutes. Or 20 seconds.
Triangulation –
Triangulation is based on the trigonometrically proposition that if one side and the three angles
of application be known the remaining sides can be computed by the application of the sine rule.
In this method suitable points called Triangulation Station are selected and established through
out.
Bench Mark –
It is fixed reference point of permanent nature and whose height above datum is known so that
the work near by can be started it as a known point.
Plane of Collimation –
When the level which is in adjustment is accurately leveled and set up the line of collimation will
revolves in a horizontal plan known as the Plane of Collimation. It is also known as the plane of
sight.
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Q.2.- In order to as certain the height of a light house ,a surveyor seiec to two points A & B on
the sea shore collinear with the base of the light house . He measures an angle of
elevation 30 0 and 45 0 to the top of the light house from A & B separately . The
distance from A to B taped by the surveyor come to 102.92 meters. Find-
i. The height of the light house.
ii. The distance of light house from A . [ LDCE 1992 ]

Ans. – In ABC - Ð BCD = 900 , Ð CBD = 450 ,\ Ð CDB = 450

\ BC = CD = x m. CD = Height of light house = x m.
AC = ( 102.92 + x ) = Distance of light house from A.
In ACD - x
Tan 30 = ------------------ , x = tan 30 (102.92 + x )
(102.92 + x )

SURVEYING 1
 x = 0.577 ( x + 102.92 ) = 0.577 x + 59.38 ,
x – 0.577 x = 59.38 , 0.423 x = 59.38 ,
x = 59.38 / 0.423 = 140.38 m.

i. The height of the light house x = 140.38 m.

ii. The distance of light house from A = x + 102.92 = 140.38 + 102.92 = 243.30 m.
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Q.3 - A man standing on the bank of a river sees a tower on the for bank magnetic bearing 40
degree . He walks 200 m. along the bank to ward east and find that its magnetic bearing is
now 310 degree. If the river flows east west find its width. [ LDCE 1987 ]
0 0
Ans.- Ð CAN = 40 given , Ð NAD = 90

Hence Ð CAB = 90 – 40 = 500 , Ð CBA = 310 – ( 180 + 90 ) = 400 ,

Let AD = x and DB = ( 200 – x ) m.
In ADC - CD
Tan 50 ------- , \ CD = AD tan 50
AD
In CDB - CD
Tan 40 ------- , \ CD = DB tan 40
DB
AD tan 50 = DB tan 40 , x tan 50 = ( 200 – x ) tan 40 , x ( 1.19 ) = ( 200 – x ) 0.839 ,
1.19 x = 200 X 0.839 – 0.839 x , 1.19 x + 0.839 x = 167.80 , 2.029 x = 167.80 ,
x = 167.80 / 2.029 = 82.72 m. Now CD = Width of river = AD tan 50 = x tan 50
= 82.72 X 1.19 = 98.41 m. Ans.

SURVEYING 2
 *****************************
Q.4. - A man standing on the bank of a river sees a tree on the for bank in the direction N 30
degree W . He walk 100 meters. Along the bank to wards west and find that its direction is
now N 30 degree E . If the river flows east west find its width ? [ LDCE 1989 ]
Ans. – Let CD be the width of river and distance of BD be x meter from B.

If triangle ABC all angles are of 600 and hence all sides are equal being 100 meter. CD is
perpendicular to AB there fore BD = x = 50 m.
CD
Now tan 60 = -------- , CD = 50 tan 60 = 50 x 1.7321 = 86.60 m.
BD \ Width of River is 86.60 m. Ans.

********************************
Q.5. - The following in the extract of a page of level field book fill in the missing reading and
calculate the RL apply arithmetical check. [ LDCE 1987 ]
STN BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARK
1 2.285 232.460 BM No. 1
2 1.650 X 0.020 X
3 2.105 X X
4 X 1.960 X X
5 2.050 1.925 0.300 X
6 X X 232.252 BM No. 2
Ans. –
1. There is rise of 0.02 between STN 1&2. The Staff reading at STN 2 should be less then
that is at STN 1 staff reading at STN 2 = 2.285 – 0.02 = 2.265.
2. RL at STN 2 = RL at STN 1 +RISE = 232.46 + 0.02 = 232.48.
3. Staff reading at STN 3 should be more than that is staff reading at STN 2 hence STN 3
should be fall than STN 2 . \ Fall at station 3 = 2.105 – 1.65 = 0.455.
4. RL at STN 3 = RL at STN 2 – fall = 232.48 – 0.455 = 232.025.
5. Staff reading at STN 4 should be less than that is staff reading at STN 3 hence STN 4
should be rise than STN 3. \ Rise at station 4 = 2.105 – 1.96 = 0.145. & RL at STN 4 =
RL at STN 3 + Rise at STN 4 = 232.025 + 0.145 = 232.17.
6. There is fall of 0.300 between STN 4&5. The staff reading at STN 5 should be more then
staff reading at STN is BS by 0.300. Staff reading at STN 4 = Staff reading at STN 5 –
Fall = 232.17 – 0.300 = 231.87.
7. The RL at STN 6 = 232.352 more then RL at STN 5 = 231.87. hence there are Rise
between STN 5&6. Rise at STN 6 = RL at STN 6 – RL at STN 5 = 232.252 – 231.87 =
0.382.
8. The staff reading at STN 6 should be less then staff reading at STN 5 by 0.382. \ Staff
reading at STN 6 = 2.050 – 1.668 = 0.382.

SURVEYING 3
Hence correct level page as under :-
STN BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARK
1 2.285 232.460 BM No. 1
2 1.650 2.265 0.020 232.480
3 2.105 0.455 232.025
4 1.625 1.960 0.145 232.170
5 2.050 1.925 0.300 232.870
6 1.668 0.382 232.252 BM No. 2
Total 7.61 7.818 0.547 0.755
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 232.46 – 232.252 = 0.208
å FS - å BS = 7.61 – 7.818 = 0.208
å Fall - å Rise = 0.755 – 0.547 = 0.208
**********************************
Q.6. - The following figures are extracted from a level field book . some of the entries being
missing . Calculate all the figures by the rise and fall method. [ LDCE 1989 ]
STN BS IS FS RISE FALL RL
1 3.235 X
2 1.660 X 0.825 X
3 X 0.145 X X
4 3.175 0.290 850.000
5 X 0.225 X
6 1.115 3.805 X X
7 3.900 X X
8 2.905 X X
9 X 1.340 X
Ans.-
1. There is rise of 0.825 between STN 1&2. The Staff reading at STN 2 should be less by
0.825 then that is at STN 1 = 3.235 , staff reading at STN 2 = 3.235 – 0.825 = 2.41.
2. Staff reading at STN 2 BS 1.66 & STN 3 FS 0.145. Hence STN 3 rise than STN 2.
\Rise between STN 2&3 = 1.66 – 0.145 = 1.515.
3. There is fall of 0.290 between STN 3&4. The staff reading at STN 3 BS should be less
by 0.290 then that is at STN 4 = 3.175. \ Staff reading at STN 3 = 3.175 – 0.290 =
2.885.
4. RL at STN 3 = RL at STN 4 +fall at STN 4 = 850.00 + 0.290 = 850.29.
5. RL at STN 2 = RL at STN 3 – rise at STN 3 = 850.29 - 1.515 = 848.775.
6. RL at STN 1 = RL at STN 2 – rise at STN 2 = 848.775 - 0.825 = 84.95.
7. There is fall of 0.225 between STN 4&5. The staff reading at STN 5 should be more then
staff reading at STN 4. \ Staff reading at STN 5 = 3.175 = 0.225 = 3.400.
8. RL at STN 5 = RL at STN 4 – fall at STN 5 = 850.000 - 0.225 = 849.775.
9. Staff reading at STN 6 = 3.805 more than staff reading at STN 5 = 3.40. \ Fall at station
6 = 3.805 – 3.40 = 0.405.
10. RL at STN 6 = RL at STN 5 – fall at STN 6 = 849.775 – 0.405 = 849.37.
11. Staff reading at STN 7 = 3.900 less than staff reading at STN 6 = 1.115. \ Fall at
station 7 = 3.900 – 1.115 = 2.785.
12. Staff reading at STN 8 = 2.905 less than staff reading at STN 7 = 3.900. Hence3 STN
rise than STN 7. \ Rise at station 8 = 3.900 – 2.905 = 0.995.
13. RL at STN 8 = RL at STN 7 + rise at STN 8 = 846.58 - 0.995 = 847.580.
14. There is rise of 1.340 between STN 8&9. The staff reading at STN 9 should be less by
1.34 than that is at STN 8 = 2.905. \Staff reading at STN 9 = 2.905 + 1.340 = 1.565.

SURVEYING 4
 15. RL at STN 9 = RL at STN 8 + Rise at STN 9 = 847.580 + 1.340 = 848.920.
Hence correct level page as under :-
STN BS IS FS RISE FALL RL
1 3.235 847.950
2 1.660 2.410 0.825 848.775
3 2.885 0.145 1.515 850.290
4 3.175 0.290 850.000
5 3.400 0.225 849.775
6 1.115 3.805 0.405 849.370
7 3.900 2.785 846.585
8 2.905 0.995 847.580
9 1.565 1.340 848.920
Total 8.895 7.925 4.675 3.705
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 847.95 – 848.920 = - 0.970
å FS - å BS = 7.925 – 8.895 = - 0.970
å Fall - å Rise = 3.705 – 4.675 = - 0.970
**********************************
Q.7.- In running fly level from a bench mark of RL 365.655, the following readings were
obtained.
Back sight - 0.964, 1.632, 1.105, 0.850,0.369.
Fore sight - 0.948, 1.953, 1.184, 1.125.
From the last position of the instrument , seven pegs at 10 m interval are to be set out
from a uniform gradient of 1 in 50. The first peg is to be have RL of 365.000. Workout the
staff reading required for setting out the tops of pegs on the given gradient and enter the
results in level book form. [ LDCE 1996 ]
Ans.-
STN BS IS FS HI RL Remark
1 0.964 366.619 365.655
2 1.632 0.974 367.304 365.672
3 1.105 1.953 366.456 365.351
4 0.850 1.184 366.122 365.272
5 0.369 1.125 365.366 364.997
6 0.366 365.000 Ist Peg CH 0
7 0.566 364.800 IInd Peg CH 10
8 0.766 364.600 IIIrd Peg CH 20
9 0.966 364.400 IVth Peg CH 30
10 1.166 364.200 Vth Peg CH 40
11 1.366 364.000 VIth Peg CH 50
12 1.566 363.800 VIIth Peg CH 60
Total 4.920 6.775
RL fall in 10 m. by grade 1 : 50 = 100 x 10 / 50 = 20 cm. = 0.20 m.
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 365.655 – 363.800 = 1.855.
å FS - å BS = 6.775 – 4.920 = 1.855.
**********************************
Q. 8 – Can you use a thedolite as a level and if do what at precaution will you take ?[LGS 1982]
Ans. – Use the thedolite for ordinary leveling work should never be encouraged. But it some
times happens available instrument.
To use the instrument for level purpose following precaution are taken as under –
1. The index error must be determined and allowed for in setting the vertical circle.

SURVEYING 5
 2. After setting the index the clamp and tangent screw to the vertical should in no case be
disturbed.
3. The line of collimation must be then placed at right angle to the vertical axis.
To do this the telescope is first placed parallel to a pair of foot screw. Next rotate the telescope
through 1800 . If after rotation, the bubble is not central correct half by the displacement by the
clip screws and the other half by the same foot screws. Repeat until the bubble remains central
on reversal, the instrument may now be used as an ordinary level, the setting up being done
with the foot screw above.
The theodolite is very use full for leveling work on every steep grounds. Here the instrument is
set up in the line of section and the line of collimation is placed roughly parallel to the slop.

*************************************
Q.9- The top of a hill subtends an angle of 390 28’ at a point ( A ) near its foot and angle of 530
49’ at a point ( B ), 80 m from ( A ) towards the hill. The points ( A ) and ( B ) being in line
with its top. Determine the height of the hill and the horizontal distance from ( A ) to the top
of the hill, assuming the elevation of the instrument axis to be the same for each setting.
( cos390 28’ = 0.7720 ; sin 390 28’ = 0.6356 ; cos 530 49’ = 0.5904 ; sin 530 49’ = 0.8072 )
[ LDCE 2003 ]
Ans.-

In AOC - Ð COA = 900 , Ð OAC = 390 28’ , CO = Height of light house.

Let AO = X m. = Distance of Hill from A.
In AOC - CO
tan 390 28’ = ------- , CO = X tan 390 28’
x
0
In BOC - Ð COB = 90 , Ð OBC = 530 49’
CO
tan 530 49’ = -------- , CO = ( X – 80 ) tan 530 49’
( X – 80 )
X tan 390 28’ = ( X – 80 ) tan 530 49’
Sin 390 28’ sin 530 49’ 0.6356 0.8072
X ---------------- = ( X – 80 ) ---------------- , X ----------- = ( X – 80 ) ------------ ,
Cos 390 28’ cos 530 49’ 0.7720 0.5904
X . 0.8233 = ( X – 80 ) . 1.3621. , 1.3621 X - 0.8233 X = 80 x 1.3621,
0.5388 X = 108.968 , X = 108.968 / 0.5388 = 202.24 m.
Height of light house CO = X tan 390 28’

SURVEYING 6
 Sin 390 28’ 0.6356
= X ---------------- , = 202.24 x ------------- ,
Cos 390 28’ 0.7720
= 202.24 x 0.8233 = 166.50 m.
Ans.- 1. Horizontal distance from ( A ) to the top of the hill = 202.24 m.
2. Height of light house = 166.50 m.
*************************************
Q.10- a ) Fill up the missing data in the following entries in a level book [ LDCE 2003 ]
Station Distance Readings Collimation Reduced Remark
Back sight Inter sight Fore sight level s
(A) 0m ------- 521.035 520.450
30 m ---------- 520.099
60 m 1.953 ---------
90 m --------- 518.189
120 m 3.644 ----------
150 m 0.962 ------------ --------- 517.097 Change
point
180 m --------- 517.024
210 m 1.689 516.370
240 m 2.534 515.525
270 m ----------- 3.844 515.171 ---------- Change
point
300 m 1.579 513.592
(B) 330 m ---------- 512.155
b) Determine the gradient of the line AB in the above case.
Ans.- a )
Station Distance Readings Collimation Reduced Remark
Back sight Inter sight Fore sight level s
(A) 0m 0.585 521.035 520.450
30 m 0.936 520.099
60 m 1.953 519.082
90 m 2.846 518.189
120 m 3.644 517.391
150 m 0.962 3.938 518.059 517.097 Change
point
180 m 1.035 517.024
210 m 1.689 516.370
240 m 2.534 515.525
270 m 0.956 3.844 515.171 514.215 Change
point
300 m 1.579 513.592
(B) 330 m 3.016 512.155
Total 2.503 10.798
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 520.450 – 512.155 = 8.295.
å FS - å BS = 10.798 – 2.503 = 8.295.
b ) Gradient of the line AB
RL at point A = 520.450 m. , RL at point B = 512.155 m. , Distance between A & B = 330 m.
Level difference between A & B = 520.450 – 512.155 = 8.295.
Gradient of the line AB = 1 : 330 / 8.295 = 1 : 39.783 Ans.

SURVEYING 7
 ***********************************
Q. 11 – Write short notes on –
i. Cant Deficency. [ LDCE 1987, 89 , 92,97,2000, 07 LGS 98,2003 ]
ii. Cant Gradient in Transition length. [ LDCE 1989 ]
iii. Curve Compensation. [ LDCE 1987, 89 ]
Grade Compensation on curve. [ LDCE 1999, 2000, LGS 2003 ]
iv. Equilibrium Cant / Super elevation [ LDCE 1987 , 89,2000, 07 ]
v. Maximum Cant on BG. [ LDCE 1987 ]
vi. Ruling Gradient. [ LDCE 1987 ]
Ans. - Cant Deficency –
Cant Deficency occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed higher than the
equilibrium speed. It is the difference between the theoretical cant required for such higher
speed and actual cant provided.
Cant Gradient in Transition length –
These indicate the amount by which cant or deficiency of cant is increased or reduced in a given
length of transition . A gradient of 1 in 1000 means that cant or deficiency of cant of 1 mm is
attained or lost in every 1000 mm of transition length.
Curve Compensation / Grade Compensation on curve -
The ruling gradient is required to be compensated on curves to offset the extra resistance due
to curvature. The curve resistance depends upon a number of variable factors but for simplicity
reasons it is taken as a percentage per degree of curve. Compensation for curvature allowed on
Indian Railways is as follows –
BG - 0.04% per degree of curvature.
MG - 0.03% per degree of curvature.
NG - 0.02% per degree of curvature.
Equilibrium Cant / Super elevation –
Equilibrium Cant / Super elevation is the cant for a particular speed at which the amount of
centrifugal force dove loped in the curved track exactly balanced.
The Equilibrium Cant is given by the formula - e = GV2 / 127 R
Where – e = Equilibrium Cant in mm. , G = Gauge in mm. , V = Speed in kmph. ,
R = Radius of curve in meter.
Maximum Cant on BG –
The maximum value of Cant has been laid down based on experiments carried out in Europe on
standard gauge for over turning velocity and on considerations of track maintenance standards.
The maximum value of cant is approximate 1 / 10th to 1 / 12th of gauge. The value of
maximum cant prescribed on Indian Railways are for ABC group Track – 165 mm & for group D
& E 140 mm, In group A prescribed with special permission of CE is 185 mm.
Ruling Gradient -
The steepest gradient that exist in a section is called the ruling gradient. The Ruling Gradient
determines the maximum load that the locomotive can haul on that section.
Indian Railways do not specify any fixed ruling gradient due to varying topography of the country
speed & traffic.
The following ruling gradient exist in many of the section –
In plain country 1 in 150 approx.
In hilly terrain 1 in 100 approx.
**************************************
Q. 12 – In running fly level from a bench mark of RL 375. 655, the Following reading were
obtained -
Back sight : - 0.964 , 1.632 , 1.105 , 0.850 , 0.369 .
Fore Sight - 0.948 , 1.953 , 1.184 , 1.125 .

SURVEYING 8
 From the last position of the instrument, five Pegs at an interval of 10 m. are to be set
up on a uniform gradient of 1: 60. The first peg is to have 365.00. Work out the staff
reading required for setting out the top of pegs on the given gradient and enter the
results in a level book form? [ LDCE 1999 ]
Ans.-
STN BS IS FS HI RL Remark
1 0.964 366.619 365.655
2 1.632 0.948 367.303 365.671
3 1.105 1.953 366.455 365.350
4 0.850 1.184 366.121 365.271
5 0.369 1.125 365.365 364.996
6 0.365 365.000 Ist Peg CH 0
7 0.532 364.833 Iind Peg CH 10
8 0.699 364.666 IIIrd Peg CH 20
9 0.866 364.499 IVth Peg CH 30
10 1.033 364.332 Vth Peg CH 40
Total 4.920 6.243
RL fall in 10 m. by grade 1 : 60 = 100 x 10 / 60 = 16.667 cm. = 0.167 m.
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 365.655 – 364.332 = 1.323.
å FS - å BS = 6.243 – 4.920 = 1.323.
********************************
Q. 13 - In order to as certain the height of a light house ,a surveyor selects to two points A &
B on the sea shore collinear with the base of the light house . He measures an angle of
elevation 30degree and 45 degree to the top of the light house from A & B
respectively . The distance from A to B taped by the surveyor is 105.32 meters. Find-
i. The height of the light house.
ii. The distance of light house from A . [ LDCE 2000 ]

Ans. – In ABC - Ð BCD = 900 , Ð CBD = 450 , \ Ð CDB = 450

\ BC = CD = x m. CD = Height of light house = x m.
AC = ( 105.32 + x ) = Distance of light house from A.
In ACD - x
Tan 30 ------------------ , x = tan 30 (105.32 + x )
(105.32 + x )
x = 0.577 ( x + 105.32 ) = 0.577 x + 60.77 ,
x – 0.577 x = 60.77 , 0.423 x = 60.77 ,
x = 60.77 / 0.423 = 143.66 m.

Ans.-

SURVEYING 9
 i. The height of the light house x = 143.66 m.
ii. The distance of light house from A = x + 105.32 = 143.66 + 105.32 = 248.98 m.
Q. 14 - A curve is to be laid for a B. G. track with following limitations - ( a ) Radius: 875 m
( b ) Actual Cant : 75 mm ( c ) Cant Deficiency : 75 mm ( d ) Deflection Angle : 200
Determine for the above curve - ( i ) Maximum Permissible Speed. ( ii ) Desirable Length
of Transition Curve. ( iii ) Chain ages and Deflection Angles or Tangential Offsets for
laying out half of the curve ( with transition ) with normal chord length = 10 m.
[ LDCE 1986 ]
Ans. - ( I ) Maximum Permissible Speed V = Ö ( Ca + Cd ) R / 13.76
Or V = 0.27 Ö ( Ca + Cd ) R
Ca = 75 mm , Cd = 75 mm, R = 875 m.
V = Ö ( 75 + 75 ) 875 / 13.76 = 97.66 km / hrs. Say 98 km / hrs.
( ii ) Desirable Length of Transition Curve L = 0.008 Ca x Vm
L = 0.008 x 75 x 97.66 = 58.60 m. Say 60 m.
( iii ) Length of Curve = 60m. , Length of half curve = 60 / 2 = 30 m.

Y1 = ( L/ 8 )3 / 6 RL = ( 60 / 8 )3 / 6 x 875 x 60 = 421.88 / 315000 = 0.0013 m. = 1.33 mm.

Say 2mm.
3 3
Y2 = ( 2L/ 8 ) / 6 RL = ( 2x60 / 8 ) / 6 x 875 x 60 = 3375 / 315000 = 0.0107m.
= 10.71 mm Say 11mm.
3 3
Y3 = ( 3L/ 8 ) / 6 RL = ( 3x 60 / 8 ) / 6 x 875 x 60 = 11390.625 / 315000 = 0.036m.
= 36.15 mm. Say 37mm.
3 3
Y4 = ( 4L/ 8 ) / 6 RL = ( 4x 60 / 8 ) / 6 x 875 x 60 = 27000 / 315000 = 0.085m.= 86 mm.
Y5 = ( 5L/ 8 )3 / 6 RL = ( 5x 60 / 8 )3 / 6 x 875 x 60 = 52734.37/ 315000 = 0.167m
= 167mm.
3 3
Y6 = ( 6L/ 8 ) / 6 RL = ( 6x 60 / 8 ) / 6 x 875 x 60 = 91125 / 315000 = 0.289m. = 289 mm.
***********************************
Q.15 - Write short notes on –
i. Transition Length . [ LDCE 1987, LGS 1989 ]
ii. Cant excess. [ LDCE 2000, 07, LGS 2003 ]
iii. Transition Curve. [ LDCE 2000 ]
Ans.- Transition Length –
The length of Transition curve prescribed on Indian Railways is maximum of the following three
values -
i. L = 0.008 Ca Vm or L = Ca x Vm / 125
ii. L = 0.008 Cd x Vm or L = Cd x Vm / 125
iii. L = 0.72 Ca
Where L = length of the curve in meter, Vm = Maximum permissible speed in KmPh ,

SURVEYING 10
 Ca = Actual cant in mm, Cd = Cant deficiency in mm.
The formula I & ii are based on rate of change of cant or Cant deficiency of 35 mm per sec. The
formula iii is based on maximum cant gradient 1 in 720 or 1.4 mm per meter.
Cant excess –
Cant excess occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed lower than equilibrium
speed. It is the difference between the actual cant and the theoretical cant required for such
lower speed.
Transition Curve –
In order to provide smooth entry to the curve, Transition Curves are provided on either side of a
circular curve so that the centrifugal force is built up gradually by running out super elevation
slowly at a uniform rate.
A transition curve is there fore an easement curve in which the degree of curvature and gain of
super elevation are uniform through out its length starting from zero at the tangent point to the
specified value at the circular curve.
*********************************
Q. 16 – ( a ) What is the minimum radius of vertical curve on A & B routes? [ LDCE 1999 ]
( b ) What is the criteria for realignment of curve ? [ LDCE 2000 ]
( c ) What is the maximum value of Cant excess and cant deficiency on BG for speeds
more than 100 kmph? [ LDCE 1999 ]
Ans.- ( a ) The minimum radius of vertical curve on A & B routes should be as follows –
Route Minimum Radius
A 4000 m.
B 3000 m.
( b ) Railway Board has prescribed the following criteria for realignment of curve -
i. Cummulative Frequency Diagram – Realignment should be taken up when the
cumulative percentage of versines lying within these limits is less than 80.
ii. Station to Station Versine Difference – On curves of BG track where speeds in
excess of 100 km/h are permitted the station to station variations of versines of
station 10 m apart shall not exceed 15 mm and for speed 100 kmph and less such
variations shall not exceed 20 mm or 20% of the average versine of the circular
portion whichever is more.
iii. Unsatisfactory Running of track – Curve realignment will be taken in hand when as a
result of various inspection on the curve is found to be unsatisfactory.
iv. Local adjustment - Local adjustments should be done to obtain versine between
adjacent stations within reasonable limits.
( c ) The maximum value of Cant excess and cant deficiency on BG for speeds more than 100
kmph are as under -
Maximum value of Cant excess -
For speeds in excess of 100 kmph on Groups ‘A’ and ‘B’ routes for nominated rolling stocks and
routes with permission of the Chief Engineer -- 100 mm.
Maximum values of cant excess -
On Broad Gauge cant excess should not be allowed to exceed 75 mm. and on meter Gauge 65
mm. for all types of rolling stock.
*************************************
Q. 17 - What do you understand by compensation for curvature on gradient for a ruling gradient
of 1 in 200, on a curve of 583 m radius in BG, calculate the actual gradient to be
provided in the field. [ LDCE 2003 ]
Ans.- Compensation for curvature on gradient:-
The ruling gradient is required to be compensated on curves to offset the extra resistance due
to curvature. The curve resistance depends upon a number of variable factors but for simplicity
reasons it is taken as a percentage per degree of curve.

SURVEYING 11
Compensation for curvature should be given in all cases where the existing gradient when
added to the curve compensation exceeds the ruling gradient. The compensation to be allowed
should ordinarily be 70/R percent.(0.04 percent per degree of curvature) for Broad Gauge,
52.5/R per cent (0.03 percent per degree of curvature) for Metre Gauge and 35/R per cent (0.02
per cent per degree of curvature) for Narrow Gauge(762 mm.) where R is the radius of
curvature in metres.
Ruling gradient = 1 in 200 = 0.5%
Degree of curve = 1760 / 583 = 30
Compensation for 30 curve = 0.04 x 3 = 0.12%
Max. absolute gradient on curve = 0.50 – 0.12 = 0.38 % = 1 in 100 / 0.38 = 1 in 263

********************************

Q. 18 - What is grade compensation on curves? Why it is provided? What compensation will be

provided for 1 in 100 gradient on 5-degree curve on BG line and what will be absolute
gradient are on this compensation. [ LDCE 1996 ]
Ans.- Compensation for curvature on gradient:- See in Q. No. 17
Ruling gradient = 1 in 100 = 1%
Compensation for 50 curve = 0.04 x 5 = 0.2%
Max. absolute gradient on curve = 1 – 0.2 = 0.80 % = 1 in 100 / 0.80 = 1 in 125

*****************************************

Q. 19 - What is a vertical curve? Why and where are they provided? What are stipulations in
engineering code for them for B. G. Railway track? [ LDCE 1996 ]
Ans - Vertical Curve –
Whenever two different gradient meet an angle is formed at the junction forming summit or sag.
The angle at the junction is smoothened by providing a curve in the vertical plane called vertical
curve.
Beside this change in gradient may also cause bunching of vehicles in sags and variation in the
tension of couplings in summits resulting in train parting and bad riding. to avoid these ill effects
the change in gradient is smoothened by a vertical curve.
The vertical curve shall be provided only at the junction of the grade when the algebraic
difference between the grades is equal to or more than 4 mm. per metre or 0.4 per cent.
The minimum radius of the vertical curve shall be kept as under—
Broad Gauge Metre Gauge
Group Minimum Radius Group Minimum Radius
A 4000 metres
B 3000 metres All Routes 2500 metres
C ,D & E 2500 metres

*************************************

Q. 20 - A 600 m radius Curve on a B.G. line on which the speed for determining the equilibrium
Cant is fixed at 80 km/h. the maximum sectional speed is 110 km/h. calculate the
equilibrium cant, the actual cant that can be provided on this curve, the maximum
permissible speed on this curve, the length of the transition curve assuming that the
maximum permissible cant, cant deficiency, cant excess as 165 mm, 100 mm and 75
mm respectively. Take the booked speed of goods train as 50 km/h. [ LDCE 2003 ]
Ans.-

SURVEYING 12
 GV2 1750 x 802
Equilibrium cant = -------- = --------------- = 146.98 mm.
127 R 127 x 600
1750 x 1102
Cant for maximum sectional speed = ----------------- = 277.88 mm.
127 x 600
Cant deficiency for maximum sectional speed = 277.88 - 146.98 = 130.90 mm.
which is more than the permitted cant deficiency of 100 mm. With 100 mm. Cd,
actual cant = 277.88 - 100 = 177.88 mm. But actual cant is to be limited to 165 mm.
Cant excess: Cant for a speed of 50 kmph. which is the booked speed of a goods train
(assumed).
1750 x 502
--------------- = 57.41 mm.
127 x 600
Cant excess = 165 - 57.41 = 107.59 mm. which is in excess of 75 mm. permitted value.
Provide actual cant = 57.41+ 75 =132.41, say 130 mm.
Maximum permissible speed Vm = 0.27 Ö R(Ca+Cd)
= 0.27 Ö 600(130+100)
= 100.3 or 100 kmph
Length of transition -
(a) L = 0.008 x Ca x Vm = 0.008 x 130 x 100 = 104 M.
(b) L = 0.008 x Cd x Vm = 0.008 x 100 X 100 = 80 M
(c) L = 0.72 Ca = 0.72 x 130 = 93.6 M.
The maximum value obtained is 104 M.
Ans. – ( I ) Equilibrium cant = 146.98 mm.
( ii ) Actual cant that can be provided on this curve = 177.88 mm. But actual cant is to be
limited to 165 mm.
( iii ) Maximum permissible speed on this curve = 100 kmph.
( iv ) Length of the transition curve = 104 m.
*********************************************
Q. 21 - Calculate the Equilibrium Cant , maximum permissible speed and length of transition
curve for 600 m radius curve in BG with the following data - [ LDCE 2000 ]
Maximum sectional speed - 110 km/h.
Speed for determining Equilibrium Cant - 80 km/h.
Booked speeds for goods trains - 50 km/h.
Permitted cant deficiency - 100 mm.
Permitted cant excess - 75 mm.
Ans.- As Ans. Of Q. No. 20
************************************
Q. 22 - A curve on a B.G. section has to be laid with a radius of 875 m. Actual cant to be
provided is 100mm and maximum cant deficiency of 75mm is permitted. Determine the
maximum permissible speed and desirable length of transition. [ LDCE 1997 ]
Ans.- Radius of curve R = 875 m.
Actual cant Ca = 100 mm. , Cant deficiency Cd = 75 mm. ,
Maximum permissible speed Vm = 0.27 Ö R(Ca+Cd) = 0.27 Ö 875 x ( 100 + 75 )
= 0.27Ö 875 x 175 = 0.27 Ö 153125
= 0.27 x 391.31 = 105.65 or 105 Kmph.
Length of transition -
(a) L = 0.008 x Ca x Vm = 0.008 x 100 x 105 = 84 M.

SURVEYING 13
(b) L = 0.008 x Cd x Vm = 0.008 x 75 x 105 = 63 M
(c) L = 0.72 Ca = 0.72 x 100 = 72 M.
The maximum value obtained is 84 M.
Ans.- ( I ) Maximum permissible speed on this curve = 105 kmph.
( ii ) Length of the transition curve = 84 m.
Q. 23 - Design super – elevation and transition length for a 30 curve on a ‘ B ‘ route with
maximum permissible speed of 105 KMPH for passenger train and 65 KMPH for
goods train permissible cant deficiency 75 mm. [ LDCE 1996 ]
0
Ans.- Degree of Curve D = 3 , D = 1750 / R
Radius of Curve R = 1750 / D = 1750 / 3 = 583.33 m. Say 584 m.
GV2 1750 x 652 7393750
Super elevation e = -------- = --------------- = ------------ = 99.69 mm.
127 R 127 x 584 74168
1750 x 1052
Super elevation for maximum sectional speed = ----------------- = 260.14 mm.
127 x 584
Cant deficiency for maximum sectional speed = 260.14 – 99.69 = 160.45 mm.
Which is more than the permitted cant deficiency of 100 mm. With 100 mm. Cd,
actual cant = 260.14 - 100 = 160.14 mm.
Cant excess = 160.14 - 99.69 = 60.45 mm.
Provide actual cant = 99.69 + 60.45 =160.14, say 160 mm.
Length of transition -
(a) L = 0.008 x Ca x Vm = 0.008 x 130 x 100 = 104 M.
(b) L = 0.008 x Cd x Vm = 0.008 x 100 X 100 = 80 M
(c) L = 0.72 Ca = 0.72 x 130 = 93.6 M.
The maximum value obtained is 104 M.

***************************************

Q. 24 - What Leveling instruments are being used in Railway ? What are the Permanent
adjustment in a Dumpy Level, How are they done? [ LDCE 1996,1999 ]
Ans.- Different Types of Levels –
1. Dumpy Level – The dumpy level is simple compact and stable. The telescope is rigidly
fixed to its supports and there fore can neither be rotated about its longitudinal axis , nor
can it be removed from its supports.
2. Wye or Y Level – The Y level is a very delicate instrument. It consists of many loose
and open parts which are liable to frictional wear. The telescope can be removed from
the Y supports and reversed end for end . It can also be revolved about its longitudinal
axis.
3. Cooke’s Reversible level – The cooke’s level combines good features of both the
dumpy and Y levels . By slackening the stop screw the telescope can be rotated about
its longitudinal axis in its sockets and can also be with drawn from its sockets and
replaced end for end.
4. Cushing’s level – In this case of the cushing’s level the telescope can neither be
removed from its socket, nor can it be revolved about its longitudinal axis.
5. Tilting level – In the case of this instrument the telescope has a small motion about a
horizontal axis . The main peculiarity of this level is that the vertical axis need not be
truly vertical . Since the line of collimation is however made horizontal for each pointing
of the telescope by means of a tilting screw.

SURVEYING 14
 6. Automatic level – The automatic level also designated as self aligning level is a recent
development. The fundamental difference sprit level is that in the former the line of sight
is no longer leveled manually using a tubular sprit level but is leveled automatically.
Permanent Adjustment of Dumpy Level –
1. Adjustment of Level tube – To make the axis of bubble tube perpendicular to the vertical
axis.
Test – After leveling the level tube with the help of leveling screw in two directions at right angle
to each other, rotate the telescope through 1800. If the bubble remains central than no
adjustment is required, if not do the adjustment.
Adjustment – Bring the bubbles half way back by the third foot screw and remaining by turning
the capstan nut at the end of the level tube.
2. Adjustment of cross hair – Horizontal cross hair should lie in horizontal plan when the
bubble is in the center of its run.
Sight a well defined object at one end of the horizontal hair and than rotate the telescope about
vertical axis. If the object consides with the other end than horizontal cross hair is perfectly
horizontal. If not loose the capstan screw of the diaphram and turn it slightly.
3. Adjustment of Line of collimation – To make the line of collimation parallel to the axis of
the bubble tube.
The parallelism between the two axes is checked by means of the two peg method –
Two peg at a known distance D say about 100 m apart are driven and third peg O is driven at
exactly mid way between A & B. The instrument is set at O and accurately leveled and reading
a & b are taken on staff kept on A & B respectively. While taking the reading the bubble must be
in the center of its run.
Than the instrument is shifted and set up very near A or B the instrument is leveled and reading
a1 & b1 are taken on the staff at A & B.
The difference between the reading a & b and that is between a1 & b1 are found out. The former
gives true difference in elevations between A & B and latter gives apparent difference of level
between them. If the two difference are equal the line of collimation is in adjustment if not it is
inclined.
Adjustment – The difference a & b in elevations between A & B is found out. If a is greater than
b there is a rise from A & B but if b is greater than a there is a fall from A & B. Now is the second
position as the instrument the reading on the staff A well be correct the elevation of points do
not change whether the line of collimation is in adjustment or not and there fore to get correct
reading on staff at B. True difference is added to the reading on staff A when there is a rise from
A & B.
Let a1 be the reading on near peg A. b1 be the reading on for peg B.
As the instrument is very near to A the reading a1 is correct.
\ Correct reading on B = a1 ± True difference.
If the calculated reading and the observed reading on the staff at B differ the line of collimation
is not in adjustment.
If b is greater then the calculated reading e the line of collimation is inclined up wards but if it is
less line of collimation is inclined down wards.

SURVEYING 15
 ******************************************
Q. 25 – ( a ) Enumerate the permanent adjustment of a dumpy level and explain the adjustment
by a two peg method. [ LDCE 1989 ]
( b ) Write short notes on permanent adjustment of a dumpy level. [ LDCE 1987, 92, LGS 1991 ]
( c ) How will you carry out the permanent adjustment of a dumpy level. [ LGS 1982 ]
Ans.- see in Ans of Q. No. 24.
****************************
Q. 26 – Write Short note on –
i. Dumpy level. [ LGS 1998 ]
ii. Permanent and Temporary adjustment of Dumpy level. [ LGS 1993 ]
Ans.- Dumpy Level –
The name dumpy level originated from fact that this level was much shorter and thicker ( dumpy
) than the wye level commonly used before the invention of the dumpy level.
The dumpy level is the most basic, compact and simple type of leveling instrument widely used
for leveling work. Its basic parts are telescope, Eye piece, Level tube, Level base, Level screws
and Object lens.
The dumpy level consists of a telescope fixed on a vertical spindle. The telescope tube and the
vertical spindle are cast as one piece. The spindle revolves in the socket of the leveling head.
The leveling head consists of two parallel plates held apart by three or four leveling screws.
The telescope of the dumpy level is generally of the internal focusing type. A sensitive level tube
is fitted on the top of the telescope or on its one side.
The cross hairs of the diaphragm normally have a vertical line and a horizontal line. The line
joining the point of intersection of the cross hairs and the optical center of the objective is called
the line of sight or the line of collimation.
Permanent adjustment of Dumpy level - see in Ans of Q. No. 24.
Temporary adjustment of Dumpy level –
I. Setting up the level - It includes fixing the instrument on stand and levelling the
instrument approximately by leg adjustment.
II. Levelling up - This is done with the help of foot screw.
III. Ellimination of Parallax - parallax is eliminated in the following two steps –
( a ) Focussing the eye piece for distinct vision of cross hair.
( b ) Focussing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plan of cross hairs.
*******************************
Q. 27 -Explain calculation of cross sectional area by midordinate rule. What method do you
follow for calculation for volume of earth work in a railway embankment when cross
sectional area are known? Give the formula used. [ LDCE 1996 ]
Ans.-
Cross sectional area by mid ordinate rule –
In this method, the base line AB is run through the area and is divided into number of equal
divisions and at the mid point of each divisions, the offsets or ordinates h1, h2, h3 …….. hn are
measured. The area can be calculated by the formula –
Area = ( h1 + h2 + h3 ……………… hn ) x L / n or = ( h1 + h2 + h3 …………… hn ) x d
Where – h1 , h2 , h3 etc. = the offsets at mid point on each division.

SURVEYING 16
 L = Length of base line, n = Number of equal parts into which the base line is divided.
d = The common distance between the ordinates. = L / n.
This method is suitable for the case of a long narrow strips of ground such as that occupied by a
Railway or Road.
The following method used for calculation for volume of earth work in a railway embankment
when cross sectional area are known –
By Trapezoidal Formula –
V = d { ( A1 + An ) / 2 + A2 + A3 + ………… + A n-1 }
By Prismoidal Rule –
V = d / 3 { A1 + 4 ( A2 + A4 + A6 + ……..+ An-1 ) + 2 ( A3 + A5 + …….. + A n-2 ) + An.
Where – A1, A2, A3 etc = Cross sectional area at Chainage.
d = Distance between Chainage.
***************************************
Q. 28 - What is grade compensation on curves? What in the rate of such compensation in BG ?
Work out the actual gradient required to be provided on a 4-degree curve where the
rulling gradient is 1 in 100. [ LGS 1998 ]
Ans.- Compensation for curvature on gradient:- See in Q. No. 17
Ruling gradient = 1 in 100 = 1%
Compensation for 40 curve = 0.04 x 4 = 0.16%
Max. absolute gradient on curve = 1 – 0.16 = 0.84 % = 1 in 100 / 0.84 = 1 in 119
*****************************************
Q. 29 - Calculate the Equilibrium Cant , maximum permissible speed and length of transition
curve for a 3 degree in BG with the following data - [ LGS 2003 ]
Maximum sectional speed - 110 km/h.
Speed for determining Equilibrium Cant - 80 km/h.
Booked speeds for goods trains - 50 km/h.
Permitted cant deficiency - 100 mm.
Permitted cant excess - 75 mm.
Ans.- Degree of curve D = 1750 / R , R = 1750 / D = 1750 / 3 = 583 m . Say 600 m.
Other calculation same as Q. No. 20
********************************************
Q. 30. - What is an ideal transition curve and by what name it is generally called. [ LDCE 1986 ]
Ans.- Ideal Transition Curve –
Requirements of an ideal Transition Curve-
i. It should be tangential to the straight.
ii. It should start from straight with zero curvature.
iii. It should join the circular curve tangentially at the end.
iv. It should have the same curvature as that of the regular curve.
v. The curvature should increase at the same rate as the super elevation increases.
vi. The length of the transition curve should be adequate to accommodate the full super
elevation which increases gradually at a specified rate.
The Transition Curve is also called the spiral or easement curve.
Different forms of Transition Curve used in Railway are –
i. Euler’s spiral – Due to mathematical complications it is not preferred.
ii. Cubical spiral – This is quite difficult to set the same.
iii. Bernoull’s lemniscate – This is not followed on railways.
iv. Cubic parabola – Indian railways use mostly cubic parabola for transition curves.
S- Shaped Transition Curve- This type of transition curve is desirable in special conditions when
the shift is restricted due to site conditions.
**************************************
Q.31.- The following consecutive readings were taken with a dumpy level :

SURVEYING 17
 0.790, 1.645, 1.990, 3.115, 0.855, 0.925, 0.615, 0.110, 2.055, 0.995, 3.255.
The instrument was shifted after the fourth and the eight readings. The first reading was
taken on a bench mark whose reduced level was 650.005 m.
Rule out a page of a level book and enter the above readings. Calculate the reduced
levels of the stations and apply arithmetical checks. [ WCR LDCE 2005 ]
Ans.-
STN BS IS FS HI RL Remark
1 0.790 650.795 650.005 Bench mark
2 1.645 649.150
3 1.990 648.805
4 0.855 3.115 648.535 647.680
5 0.925 647.610
6 0.615 647.920
7 2.055 0.110 650.480 648.425
8 0.995 649.485
9 3.255 647.225
Total 3.700 6.480
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 650.005 – 647.225 = 2.780.
å FS - å BS = 6.480 – 3.700 = 2.780.
**********************************
Q.32.- A Flag Post marks an angle of 30 degree in vertical plain at point ‘A’. Person walks
towards the Flag Post by distance of 100/Ö3 m to a point ‘B’. The elevation of the Flag
Post is now 60 degree. Find out the height of the Flag Post? ( tan 300 = 1/Ö3 ).
[ LDCE 2006 ]
Ans.-

Let Height of Flag post CD = x m.

In ACD – Tan 30 = X / ( 100 / √3 + Y ) , \ x = ( 100 / √3 + Y ) tan 30 ,
In BCD – Tan 60 = x / Y , \ x = y Tan 60
( 100 / √3 + Y ) tan 30 = y Tan 60 , ( 100 / √3 + Y ) 1/ √3 = y √3 , 100 / 3 + 1/ √3 y = y √3 ,
√3y - y / √3 = 100 / 3 , ( 3 y – y ) / √3 = 100 / 3 , 2y = 100 / √3 , y = 100 / 2 √3 = 50 / √3,
x = y Tan 60 = ( 50 / √3 ) √3 = 50 m.
Height of Flag post = 50 m. Ans.
*************************
Q.33.- What is Plane Table Surveying, its advantage and disadvantage. How do you control
errors in Plane Tabling. [ LDCE 2006 ]
What are the disadvantage of Plane table Surveying. [ WCR LDCE 2005 ]
Write short note on Plane Table Surveying. [ LDCE 2007 ]

SURVEYING 18
Ans.- Plane Table Surveying -
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and
plotting of the map proceed simultaneously. It is mainly used for small scale and medium scale
mapping in open country where great accuracy is not required. It is also used for plotting the
topographical maps in the field.
The following instruments are used in Plane Table Survey.
1) A Plane table Size 0.75 x 0.60 m fixed on tripod 1.20 m. height.
2) Alidade for sighting.
3) Plumbing fork and plumb bob.
4) Sprit level.
5) Compass.
Advantage of Plane Table Surveying –
1) As the plan is drawn by the out door surveyor himself while the ground features are before
his eyes, there is no possibility of omitting the important measurements.
2) The surveyor can well compare plotted work with the actual features of the area.
3) Since the area is in view contour and irregular objects be represented with fair accuracy.
4) Direct measurements may be mostly dispensed with as the linear and angular dimensions
are both to be obtained by graphical means.
5) It is generally useful in magnetic areas where compass may not be used it is best suited
for small scale maps.
6) It is simple and not much skill is required to produce a map.
Disadvantage of Plane Table Surveying –
1) The plane tabling is generally suited for rough work and not intended for very accurate
work.
2) It is essentially a tropical instrument.
3) It is inconvenient to transport because of its heavy weight.
4) It is quite inconvenient to work in rainy season and in wet climate.
5) Since there are so many accessories, there is every likelihood of these being lost.
6) As notes of measurements are not recorded, there are problems if the map is required to
be reproduced to some different scale.
Control errors in Plane Tabling -
The following types of errors generally occur in plane tabling-
1) Instrumental errors – These errors occur due to imperfect adjustments of plane table,
alidade, vanes etc – This type error due to bad quality of the instrument. Instrumental error
are practically nil .
2) Errors due to manipulation & sighting – These errors take place due to –
a) The board not being horizontal – This can be checked by sprit level.
b) Defective sighting – The accuracy of plane table mapping depends upon largely the
precision with which points are sighted. The resulting errors due to this cause tends to
compensate and can be omitted.
c) Defective orientation – To avoid any error arising out of this the orientation should be
checked at as many stations as possible.
d) Inaccurate centering – This type error may be solved by considering whether the actual
horizontal distance, as shown by the plumbing fork, between the point on the plan and
the station point is a quiet appreciable amount when drawn to the scale of the plan.
e) Movement of the board between sights due to carelessness of the observer – This can
be checked by checking the orientation at the conclusion of the observation. Any how
before taking a reading, one must see whether the clamp is properly applied.
3) Errors due to defective plotting – Can only be minimized by constant care and by using the
right types of scales and paper.
****************************

SURVEYING 19
Q.34.- A theodolite was set up at a distance of 150 m from a tower. The angle of elevation to the
top of the parapet was 100 8’ while the angle of depression to the foot of the tower was
30 12’. The staff reading on the B.M. of R.L. 50.217 m with the telescope horizontal was
0.880 m. Find –
i. Height of the tower.
ii. The reduced level of the top of parapet wall.
( Note : Assume sin 100 8’ = 0.1759 & sin 30 12’ = 0.0558 , cos 100 8’ = 0.9844 & cos 30 12’ =
0.9984 ) [ LGS 2005 ]
Ans.- In ABD - BD sin 30 12’
0 0
----- = tan 3 12’ , BD = AB tan 3 12’ = 150 x ------------ ,
AB cos 30 12’
0.0558
Y = BD = 150 x ---------- = 8.38 m.
0.9984
In ABC - CB sin 100 8’
----- = tan 100 8’ , CB = AB tan 100 8’ , = 150 x ------------- ,
AB cos 100 8’
0.1759
X = CB = 150 x ------------ = 26.80 m.
0.9844

Height of the tower = BC + BD = x + y = 26.80 + 8.38 = 35.18 m.

Height of the tower from BM = 35.18 – 0.880 = 34.30 m.
The reduced level of the top of parapet wall = 50.217 + 34.30 = 84.517 m.
i. Height of the tower = 35.18 m.
ii. The reduced level of the top of parapet wall = 84.517 m. Ans.
*****************************************
Q.35.- Calculate the speed permitted on a curve of radius 600 m on BG fully transitioned. Also
calculate the minimum length of transition required. [ LDCE 2006 ]
Ans.- As Ans. Of Q. No. 20
***************************************
Q.36.- Calculate super elevation, maximum permissible speed and transition length for a 3o
curve on ‘HIGH SPEED B.G. SECTION’ having maximum sanctioned speed of 110

SURVEYING 20
 km/h. Assume the equilibrium speed as 80 km/h and booked speed of goods trains as
50 km/h. [ LGS 2005 ]
Ans.- Radius of curve = 1750 / D = 1750 / 3 = 583.3 meters.
Equilibrium super elevation ( for 80 kmph ) = GV2 / 127 R = 1750 x 802 / 127 x 583.3
= 151.2 mm.
Equilibrium super elevation for max. Sanctioned speed ( for 110 kmph )
= 1750 x 1002 / 127 x 583.3 = 285.8 mm.
Cant deficiency = 258.8 – 151.2 = 134.6 mm. This is more than 100 mm permitted Cd.
With 100 mm cant deficiency, actual cant = 285.8 -100 = 185.8 mm.
But actual cant is limited to 165 mm and this value therefore will be adopted.
Equilibrium super elevation for goods train speed ( 50 kmph ) = 1750 x 502 / 127 x 583.3
= 59 mm.
Cant excess = Actual cant – 59 mm = 165 -59 = 106 mm.
Which is excess of 75 mm permitted value. With 75 mm cant excess actual cant now to
be provided = 75 + 59 = 134 mm.
Provided cant 135 mm ( rounding off to higher multiple of 5 mm. )
Maximum permissible speed on the curve for high speed route
= √ [ ( Ca + Cd ) x R ] / 13.76 = √ [ ( 135 + 100 ) x 583.3 ] / 13.76 = 99.6 kmph
Say 100 kmph
Length of transition is maximum of the following :-
i. From consideration of rate of change of cant ( 35 mm / sec. ) L = 0.008 Ca x Vm = 0.008
x 135 x 100 meters. = 108 meters.
ii. From consideration of rate of change of cant deficiency ( 35 mm / sec. ) L = 0.008 Cd x
Vm = 0.008 x 100 x 100 meters. = 80 meters.
iii. From consideration of cant gradient ( 1 in 720 ) L = 0.72 x E = 0.72 x 135 = 97.2 m.
Provided transition length of 108 meters.
1. Super elevation to be provided = 135 mm.
2. Maximum permissible speed over the curve = 100 kmph.
3. Length of transition curve = 108 meters. Ans.
********************************
Q.37.- Explain briefly the following terms –
i. Datum Surface.
ii. Back Sight.
iii. Fore Sight.
iv. Intermediate Sight.
v. Fly Levelling.
vi. Check Levelling.
vii. Parallax.
Ans.-
Datum Surface – It is any arbitrarily assumed level surface or line of reference having any
assumed value from which the vertical distance are measured. In India the datum for great
trigonometrical survey ( GTS ) bench marks is the mean sea level at Karanchi
Back Sight – The staff reading taken on a point of known elevation i.e. on a bench mark or a
change point is known as back sight. It is also known as back sight reading or plus sight. It is
the first staff reading taken after the level is set up and leveled.
Fore Sight – It is a staff reading taken on a point whose elevation is to be determined. It is the
last reading. It is also called a foresight reading or a minus sight.
Intermediate Sight – It is any staff reading except back sight and fore sight taken on a point of
unknown elevation from the same set up of the level and as such all the readings taken
between back sight and fore sight are intermediate sights. They are also known as inter sight.

SURVEYING 21
Fly Levelling – It is a method of leveling adopted in every project in order to get an ideas of the
ground, cost of the work etc. In this type of leveling, distances are not measured and sights are
taken at large distance. This type of leveling is also done for connecting the bench marks,
checking of accuracy of the work.
Check Levelling – It is an operation of ordinary leveling but is used for checking the height of
various points or bench marks along a line previously leveled. The fly leveling can also be called
checked leveling when it is used for the checking purpose.
Parallax – It is apparent relative movement between image of an object and the cross hairs on
moving the eye up and down. This can be removed by proper focusing.
*********************************
Q.38. - The following in the extract of the page of level field book . Fill in the missing readings
and Calculate the RL apply usual arithmetical check.
STN BS IS FS RISE FALL RL
1 3.125 X
2 X X 1.325 125.005
3 2.320 0.055 X
4 X X 125.350
5 X 2.655 X X
6 1.620 3.205 2.165 X
7 3.605 X X
8 X X 122.59
Ans.-
There is rise of 1.325 between STN 1&2. The Staff reading at STN 2 should be less by 1.325
then that is at STN 1 = 3.125 , staff reading at STN 2 = 3.125 – 1.325 = 1.800
RL at STN 1 = RL at STN 2 - Rise at STN 2 = 125.005 – 1.325 = 123.680
There is fall of 0.055 between STN 2&3. The Staff reading at STN 2 BS should be less by 0.055
then that is at STN 3 IS , staff reading at STN 2 BS = 2.320 – 0.055 = 2.265
RL at STN 3 = RL at STN 2 -fall at STN 3 = 125.005 - 0.055 = 124.950
RL at STN 3 less then RL STN 4, Hence Rise between STN 3&4 125.005 – 0.055 = 124.950.
RL at STN 3 less then RL STN 4, Hence Rise between STN 3&4 125.350 – 124.950 = 0.400
The Staff reading at STN 4 IS should be less by 0.400 than that is at STN 1, Staff reading at
STN 4 = 2.320 – 0.400 = 1.920.
Fall at the STN 5 = 2.655 – 1.920 = 0.735, RL at STN 5 = RL at STN 4 – Fall at STN 5 =
125.350 – 0.735 =124.615.
RL at STN 6 = RL at STN 5 – Fall at STN 6 = 124.615 – 2.165 = 122.450.
Staff reading at STN 5 BS = 3.205 – 2.165 = 1.040, Fall at STN 7 = 3.605 – 1.620 = 1.985
RL at STN 7 = 122.450 – 1.985 = 120.465
Rise between STN 7 & 8 = 122.590 – 120.465 = 2.125
Staff reading at STN 8 FS = 3.605 – 2.125 = 1.480,
Hence correct level page as under :-
STN BS IS FS RISE FALL RL
1 3.125 123.680
2 2.265 1.800 1.325 125.005
3 2.320 0.055 124.950
4 1.920 0.400 125.350
5 1.040 2.655 0.735 124.615
6 1.620 3.205 2.165 122.450
7 3.605 1.985 120.465
8 1.480 2.125 122.590
Total 8.050 9.140 3.850 4.940

SURVEYING 22
Check :- Ist RL – Last RL = 123.68 – 122.590 = 1.090
å FS - å BS = 9.140 – 8.050 = 1.090
å Fall - å Rise = 4.94 – 3.85 = 1.090

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Q.39.- The following reading were taken with a dumpy level –

a) When the instrument is mid way between two pegs A & B 100 meters apart – The staff
reading on A = 3.345, The staff reading on B = 2.205
b) When the instrument is kept near A – The staff reading on A = 2.950, The staff reading
on B = 2.000
Is the instrument in adjustment or not ? When the instrument is very near A what should
be the correct reading on staff B.

Ans.- When the instrument is mid way -The reading on Peg A = 3.345, on Peg B = 2.205,
There is a true rise of 3.345 – 2.205 = 1.140 from A to B
As the instrument is kept near A and therefore staff reading on Peg A = 2.950 is correct.
Difference between levels = 2.950 -2.000 = 0.95 which does not agree with the true
difference and as such the instrument is not in adjustment.
The correct reading on B = Reading on A ± True difference = 2.950 – 1.14 = 1.810
Check – Difference of levels = 2.950 -1.810 =1.14 meter as before.

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Q.40.- Define super elevation, cant deficiency and cant excess. How do you calculate the safe
speed on the curves. [ LDCE 2007 ]
Ans.-
Super elevation / Equilibrium Cant – See in Ans. Of Q. No. 11
Cant Deficency – See in Ans. Of Q. No. 11
Cant excess – See in Ans. Of Q. No. 15
Safe speed on the curves -
The maximum permissible speed for transitioned curves should be determined from the formula

(This is on the assumption that the centre to centre distance between railheads is 1750 mm)
Where - V = speed in kmph , R= radius in metres, Ca = Actual cant in mm, Cd = permissible
cant deficiency in mm.

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Q. 41.- Write short note on -

i. Magnetic compass survey. [ LDCE 2007 ]
ii. Cumulative frequency diagrams for curve Realignment. [ LGS 1998, 2003 ]
iii. Care & Custody of Survey Instruments. [ LDCE 2008 ]
iv. Total Station [ LDCE 2012 ]

Ans.- ( I ) Magnetic compass survey –

Compass surveying can be defined as a branch of surveying in which directions of survey lines
are determined with a compass and the lengths of the lines are measured with a chain or a
tape.

SURVEYING 23
 Magnetic compass gives directly the magnetic bearings of lines. The important features of a
magnetic compass are –
i. Magnetic needle, to establish the magnetic meridian.
ii. A line of sight, to sight the other end of the line.
iii. A graduated circle, either attached to the box or to the needle, to read the directions of the
lines.
iv. A compass box to house the above parts.
In addition a tripod or suitable stand is normally used to support the box containing the magnetic
compass. The various compass are –
Prismatic Compass - Prismatic Compass is used to measure angle between the line joining an
object of sight to the point of observation and magnetic north.
Surveyor’s Compass – The Surveyor’s Compass is used for measurement of quadrantal
bearings.

( ii ) Cumulative frequency diagrams for curve Realignment –

For Group A and B routs the need for curve realignment should be decided by drawing
cumulative frequency diagram showing versine variation over theoretical versine. For Group A
and B routs the versine variations as measured on 20 meter chord shall be limited to 4 mm and
5 mm respectively. Realignment should be taken up when the cumulative percentage of
versines lying within these limits is less than 80.

( iii ) Care & Custody of Survey Instruments -

i. Before an instrument is removed it should be carefully noted how its various parts are
arranged and fitted in the case by the manufacturers.
ii. The instrument should always be removed from or replaced in its case personally by the
Engineer and its key kept in his custody.
iii. The case should be examined frequently any warping of the wood should be remedied so
that the instrument is neither loose nor strained when packed.
iv. When transporting instruments on the trolly, the box should rest on a proper cushion.
v. All instruments during use should invariably be protected by an umbrella against the direct
rays of the sun.
vi. Splashed or dirty by exposure to rain, dust or other wise may be cleaned with damp wash
leather rubbing with soft dry leather moistened with linseed oil
vii. For cleaning the object glass a piece of clean linen or silk should be used.
viii. Lubrication of instruments should be done skillfully.

( iv ) Total Station –
Total stations is an optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is a combination of an
electronic theodolite, an electronic measuring device and software running on an external
computer.
Total station may be determine angles and distances from the instrument to points to be
surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry the angles distances may used to calculate the
coordinate of actual position of surveyed points or the position of instrument from known points.
The data may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer and application software will
generate a map of the surveyed area.
Measurement of distance in this instrument is accomplished with a modulated microwave or
infrared carrier signal generated by a small solid state emitter within the instrument’s optical
path and bounced off of the object to be measured.
The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the on board computer
in the total station and the speed of light lag between the outbound and return signal is

SURVEYING 24
translated into distance. Total station can measure distances accurate to about 0.1 milimeter or
1/ 1000 foot.

**********************************

Q.42. A Railway embankment is 11.0 wide and at the center line the height of bank is 3.0 m. If
the cross slope of the ground is 1 in 20 and the side slope of the embankment are 2 : 1,
calculate the area of cross-section and width of the bank from toe to toe. [ LDCE 2007 ]

Ans.- In the sketch - Let CG = x , OE = 11.00 / 2 + 3.00 / 2 = 7.00 m. Line ID inclined – 1

in 20 ,
Hence IE = 1 / 20 x 7.00 = 0.35 m.
IE CG 0.35 x
---- = ------ , ------- = --------------------- , x = 0.34 m.
OE OG 7.00 ( 7.00 – x / 2 )
Now let FD = x1 , OJ = 7.00 m. Then JK = IE = 0.35 m.
JK FD 0.35 x1
---- = ------ , ------- = --------------------- , x1 = 0.359 m.
OJ OF 7.00 ( 7.00 + x1 / 2 )
JF = 0.359 / 2 = 0.179 m. , OF = 7.00 + 0.179 = 7.179 m.
Cross section Area –
= [ ■ ABHL + ▲ AHE + ▲ BLJ - ▲ ECO + ▲ OFD - ▲ JFD ]
= [ ( 11.00 x 3.00 ) + ( ½ x 3.00 x 1.50 ) + ( ½ x 3.00 x 1.50 ) – ( ½ x 7.00 x 0.34 ) + ( ½ x 7.179
x 0.359 ) – ( ½ x 0.179 x 0.359 ) ] = [ 33.00 + 2.25 + 2.25 – 1.19 + 1.29 - .053 ] = 37.547 m2 ,
Width of the bank from toe to toe - OE + OF = 7.00 + 7.179 = 14.179 m.

Ans.- ( I ) Cross section Area = 37.547 m2 ,

( ii ) Width of the bank from toe to toe = 14.179 m.

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Q. 43. The following readings were recorded with a leveling instrument. Calculate the RL of BM
and plinth of building, if RL of base of tower be 431.875 m. ( WCR LGS 2012 )
Station BS IS FS Remark
1 2.230 BM

SURVEYING 25
 2 1.605
3 2.090 0.990 Plinth of Building
4 2.865
5 0.605 1.265
6 1.045 1.960
7 2.685 Base of Tower
Ans. – Fall at Station 7 = FS at Station 7 – BS at Station 6 = 2.685 – 1.045 = 1.64
RL at Station 6 = RL at Station 7 + Fall at Station 7 = 431.875 + 1.64 = 433.515
Fall at Station 6 = FS at Station 6 – BS at Station 5 = 1.960 – 0.605 = 1.355
RL at Station 5 = RL at Station 6 + Fall at Station 6 = 433.515 + 1.355 = 434.870
Rise at Station 5 = IS at Station 4 - FS at Station 5 = 2.865 – 1.265 = 1.600
RL at Station 4 = RL at Station 5 – Rise at Station 5 = 434.870 – 1.600 = 433.27
Fall at Station 4 = FS at Station 4 – BS at Station 3 = 2.865 – 2.090 = 0.775
RL at Station 3 = RL at Station 4 + Fall at Station 4 = 433.270 + 0.775 = 434.045
Rise at Station 3 = IS at Station 2 - FS at Station 3 = 1.605 – 0.990 = 0.615
RL at Station 2 = RL at Station 3 – Rise at Station 3 = 434.045 – 0.615 = 433.43
Rise at Station 2 = BS at Station 1 - IS at Station 2 = 2.230 – 1.605 = 0.625
RL at Station 1 = RL at Station 2 – Rise at Station 2 = 433.430 – 0.625 = 432.805
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remark
1 2.230 432.805 BM
2 1.605 0.625 433.430
3 2.090 0.990 0.615 434.045 Plinth of
Building
4 2.865 0.775 433.270
5 0.605 1.265 1.600 434.870
6 1.045 1.960 1.355 433.515
7 2.685 1.64 431.875 Base of Tower
Total - 5.97 4.47 6.90 2.84 3.77
Check - Ist RL – Last RL = 432.805 – 431.875 = 0.93
å FS - å BS = 6.90 – 5.97 = 0.93
å Fall - å Rise = 3.77 - 2.84 = 0.93
Ans.- ( 1 ) RL at BM = 432.805 ( 2 ) RL at Plinth of Building = 434.045

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Q. 44. What precaution will you observe in using a leveling instrument having collimation error?
and why? ( WCR LDCE 2012 )

Ans.- Precaution during leveling operation :-

1. Tripod should be placed in position at convient height for sighting with its legs well apart.
2. When the bubble is moved to right both screws should turned inwards. When bubble is to be
moved to left both screws be turned outwards.
3. Legs should be fixed into the ground by passing them with hand.
4. The staff should be held vertically when the reading is take.
5. The bubble should be in centre when reading back sights and fore sights are taken. Do not
center the bubble for intermediate sights reading.
6. When a reading is taken on the staff, first note the red figures and than the black figures and
finally count the spaces. As a check again see, the bubble is in center. There after record this
reading.

SURVEYING 26
7. Un looking through the telescope the staff is seen inverted it should be therefore read from
above downwards and not upwards.
8. During the reading the hand should not touch any part of level.
Collimation error – The effect of refraction and curvature present when the sights are long in a
leveling work. The effect of curvature in due to the objects sighted to appear lower than they
really are while that of refraction is to make them appear higher than they really are. The effect
of both is that the objects appear lower than they really are in case of ordinary survey where the
length of sight dose not exceed about 100 m. or so the effect of curvature and refraction is not
taken into account.
Errors in leveling – Though there are numerous sources of error which effect on the accuracy
of a line of a level, the precaution to be taken are of a simple nature, that it is possible to obtain
good results if the surveyor pays attention to them. An error at change points is definitely more
important than an error at an intermediate sight as former is carried forward through out the
subsequent work where as the latter effects the record level of one point only. The various
source of error may be – (1 ) Instrumental Error. ( 2 ) Error and mistakes in manipulation. ( 3 )
Error due to displacement. ( 4 ) Errors and mistake in reading. ( 5 ) Mistake in reading. ( 6 )
Error due to natural causes.

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Q. 45. - Calculate the compensated gradient for a ruling gradient of 1 in 200 on 30 curve ( Broad
gauge ). ( LDCE 2012 )
Ans. – The compensation to be allowed should ordinarily be 0.04 percent per degree of
curvature for Broad Gauge.
Ruling gradient = 1 in 200 = 0.5%
Degree of curve = 30
Compensation for 30 curve = 0.04 x 3 = 0.12%
Max. absolute gradient on curve = 0.50 – 0.12 = 0.38 % = 1 in 100 / 0.38 = 1 in 263

************************************
Q. 46. - The height of a Chimeney across the river is to be determined. You have only theodolite
& measuring tape. You can not cross river to reach near the chimeney. Describe
procedure & required calculations using trigonometery. Assume plain ground on both
sides. [ LDCE 2012 ]
Ans. –

Let Height of Chiminey AB = x , and width of River AC = y

Take Theodolite at point C and Take reading of angle of Chiminey top i.e. Point B = β

SURVEYING 27
Now Theodolite to be shifted from C to Point D at the distance about 100 m. and Take reading
of angle of Chiminey top i.e. Point B = α
In the Figure –
Δ ABC - x
tan β = ------, x = y tan β,
y
ΔABD – x
tan α = -------------- , x = ( y + 100 ) tan α
( y + 100 )
y tan β = ( y + 100 ) tan α = y tan α + 100 tan α,
y tan β - y tan α = 100 tan α, y ( tan β - tan α ) = 100 tan α,
100 tan α
Y = --------------------
( tan β - tan α )
100 tan α
Height of Chiminey AB = x = y tan β = ------------------ x tan β
( tan β - tan α )

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Q.47.- What are guidelines for determining length of transition curve. [ LDCE 2012 ]

Ans. - Guidelines for determining Length of Transition Curve -

( 1 ) The desirable length of transition ‘L’ shall be maximum of the following three values
(a) L= 0.008 Ca X Vm
(b) L= 0.008 Cd X Vm
(c) L= 0.72 Ca
Where :- L = the length of transition in metres. Vm = maximum permissible speed in km.p.h. Cd
= cant deficiency in millimetres. Ca = actual superelevation on curve in millimetres.
The formula (a) and (b) are based on rate of change of cant and of cant deficiency of 35 mm.
per second. The formula ( c ) is based on the maximum cant gradient of 1 in 720 or 1.4 mm. per
metre.
( 2 ) For the purpose of designing future layouts of curve, future higher speeds ( such as 160
km./ h. for Group ‘A’ routes and 130 km./ h. for Group ‘B’ routes ) may be taken into account for
calculating the length of transitions.
( 3 ) In exceptional cases where room is not available for providing sufficiently long transitions in
accordance with the above, the length may be reduced to a minimum of 2/3 of the desirable
length as worked out on the basis of formula ( a ) and ( b ) above or 0.36 Ca ( in metres )
whichever is greater. This is based on the assumption that a rate of change of cant / cant
deficiency will not exceed 55 mm. per second and the maximum cant gradient will be limited to
2.8 mm. per metre or 1 in 360. This relaxation shall apply to Broad Gauge only.
( 4 ) At locations where length of transition curve is restricted, and therefore, may be inadequate
to permit the same maximum speed as calculated for the circular curve, it will be necessary to
select a lower cant and / or a lower cant deficiency which will reduce the maximum speed on the
circular curve but will increase the maximum speed on the transition curve. In such cases, the
cant should be so selected as to permit the highest speed on the curve as a whole.

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Q. 48. - How will you compute the permissible speed over curved main line at turnouts ( Both
contrary & similar flexure cases ). [ LDCE 2012 ]

SURVEYING 28
Ans.- Permissible Speed over curved Main line at Turn-outs – Subject to the permissible
run through speed governed by the interlocking standard, speed over the main line will be
determined taking into consideration the maximum cant which can be provided on the main line
and the permissible amount of cant deficiency. In the case of turn-out of similar flexure, the
maximum cant that can be provided, on the main line will be the sum of equilibrium cant for the
turn-out and permissible cant excess. In the case of turn-outs of contrary flexure, the maximum
cant on the main line (negative super elevation on turn-out) will be the difference between the
maximum permissible cant deficiency and cant determined for turn-out from the formula given in
Schedule of Dimensions – C = 11860 / R, Where R = Radius of turnout in meters. The
permissible negative super elevation on the turnout ( which is also the actual super elevation of
the main line ) may be made as ( 75 – C ) mm. The permissible speed on the main line will be
worked out by the formula - V = 0.27 √ R (Ca + Cd) ( This is on the assumption that the centre to
centre distance between railheads is 1750 mm. )

************************
Q. 49. - What do you understand by closing error ? What precautions are required to minimize
it? [ LDCE 2012 ]
Ans.- Closing error – In traverse surveying the direction of survey lines are fixed by angular
measurements and not by forming a network of triangulations. A traverse survey is one in which
the framework consists of a series of connected lines, the lengths and directions of which are
measured with a chain or a tap, and with an angular instrument respectively.
A closed traverse is said to be closed when a complete circuit is made, when it returns to the
starting point forming a closed polygon.
The closing error also termed as the error of closure is the actual distance by which the traverse
fails to close.
Following precautions are required to minimize it -
i. If the closing error is large it indicates that an error has been made in chaining and the
lines require to be remeasured.
ii. If it is small it may be eliminated and the traverse is made to close by slightly modified
the shape of the polygon.
iii. The closing error is distributed among the stations of the traverse by shifting each station
by an amount proportional to the total distance of that station from the starting point of
the traverse and parallel to the direction of the closing error.

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SURVEYING 29