Concrete calculations

December 27, 2019 by Essay Sauce

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Equation is valid provided the neutral axis is in the flange, dn < t.

The force C then acts at a depth

If the neutral axis is in the web of a T-section, the force C has to be reduced by an
amount Cn given by which can be regarded as a negative force acting at a depth

Above equations allow the internal forces and hence M, to be calculated from the
strain distribution in the section i.e., from εo and dn.

Usually in a cracked section analysis, M is known and the strain and stresses have
to be determined by trial and error.

It is convenient to start with a trial value of dn and find the corresponding value
of εo.

At all stages of loading, the longitudinal force equilibrium must be satisfied.

C – Cn=Tp+Ts

By substituting expressions already derived for the various forces, an equation

relating εo to dn derived by Warner is useful for computations and is expressed as
follows;
This equation allows εo to be determined for any chosen value of dn in the range
D>dn>t.

For rectangular sections, bw must be replaced by b.

If the neutral axis is in the flange (dn < 1),

Above Eq. can be used provided the term in the denominator containing (b – bw)
is set to zero and bw is set to b.

It is important to note that the present analysis assumes a linear elastic behaviour
and that inelastic behaviour in either concrete or steel may develop as the neutral
axis rises into the flange.

After evaluating the trial value of dn, the internal forces can be evaluated and the
moment corresponding to dn can be obtained.

M = Tpdp + Tsds +Cndzn – Cd2

Usually, the computations are made for two appropriate dn values of 0.5D and
0.35D.

Resulting values of M will usually bracket the working moment, which can then be
found by interpolation. Entire sequence of calculations is sufficiently small to be
programmed on a modem calculator.

According to the European concrete committee, the width of a crack is related to

the stress in the reinforcement.

In the case of partially prestressed beams, the F.I.P, BS: 8110 and IS: 1343 codes
limit the width of cracks under service loads to 0.1 mm in an aggressive
environment and to 0.2 mm in normal situations.

British and Indian codes provide for the limitation of crack width by computation
of hypothetical flexural tensile stresses as detailed in Table.

Investigations by Parameswaran have indicated that, the hypothetical tensile

stress method is suitable for predicting with reasonable accuracy, the maximum
width of cracks in class-3 type members.
Use of the approximate method involving the stress and strain compatibility of
the section for computing the width of cracks are illustrated by the following
examples.

Let us discuss about the design of a partially prestressed post tensioned beam
(class 3 type) to suit the following data:

Effective span = 30 m.

Live load = 9 kN/m.

Dead load (excluding self weight) = 2 kN/m.

Load factors = 1.4 for dead load and 1.6 for live load

28-day cube compressive strength, fcu = 50 N/mm2.

Strength of concrete at transfer,.fci = 35 N/mm2.

Loss ratio, η = 0.85.

Tensile strength of concrete = 1.7 N/mm2.

Permissible tensile stress under service loads = 6 N/mm2.

Maximum width of crack under service loads not to exceed 0.1 mm. 8 mm
diameter high tensile wires having an ultimate tensile strength of 1500 N/mm2
are available for use.

Design calculations for a partially prestressed beam are similar with regard to:

1.Ultimate moments and shear forces.

2.Cross-sectional dimensions.

3.Properties of section.

4.Design moments and shear forces.

Permissible stresses in concrete at the stage of transfer and service loads are as
follows:

Maximum permissible eccentricity, e = 580 mm.

Magnitude of the prestressing force is 75 per cent of that required for the fully
prestressed beam.

Four Freyssinct cables containing 12 wires of 8 mm diameter stressed to 1000

N/mm2, each providing a force of 600 kN, are provided.

Force developed in tendons at the limit state of collapse

Assuming the concrete compression to be located at the center of flange

thickness.

But the ultimate moment required, Mud= 3400 kN m

Hence, balance moment = (3400 – 3050) = 350 kN m

If A – area of untensioned reinforcement made up of deformed bars (fy = 420

N/mm2), which arc provided at the soffit at a cover of 30 mm, then

Aus(0.87fy) (1300 – 125 – 30) = 350 × 106

∴Aus = 830 N/mm2

Five, 20 mm diameter high-yield bars are sufficient for providing the required area
as well as for limiting the width of cracks.

Asu- 1570 mm2

Check for stresses

Stage

Prestress

Stresses due to loads

Resultant stresses (N/mm2)

Mmin

Md

At transfer

Top (6.6 – 11) = -4.4

7.8

+3.4

Bottom (6.6 + 14.1) = 20.7

-10.0

+10.7

At service loads

Top (0.85) × (-4.4) = -3.8

17.8

+140.0

Bottom (0.5 × 20.7) = 17.5

–
-22.5

-5.0

The stresses are within the permisssible limits.

Check for width of cracks

According to the provisions of the British code BS: 8110 – 1985 and IS: 1343 –
1980, the maximum permissible tensile stress in post-tensioned beams for a
limiting crack-width of 0.1 mm using M-50 grade concrete and with one per cent
untensioned reinforcement expressed as a percentage of the cross-sectional area
of the concrete in the tension zone is given as,

0.7(4.8 + 4.0) = 6.16 N/mm2

Hypothetical flexural tensile stress at the soffit under service loads is only 5
N/mm2.

Hence, the beam is safe against excessive crack-width under service loads.

Let us consider the cross-section of a class-3 type post tensioned T-girder,

designed to resist a service load moment of 1560 kN m. The beam is prestressed
by a cable containing 19 strands of 12.7 mm diameter stressed to 1133 N/mm2.
The supplementary reinforcements comprise six bars of 24 mm diameter. Using
the rigorous method of cracked section analysis, estimate the width of cracks
developed in the beam under the working moment.

Cross Section of Partially Prestressed T-Girder

(a) Properties of Section:

Ac = (160 × 1200) + (250 × 640) = 352000 mm2.

Ap = (19 × 98.7) = 1875 mm2.

Ic = 1983 × 107 mm4.

Es = Ep = 200 kN/mm2 Ec = 31.6 kN/mm2.

Effective stress in tendons = 1133 N/mm2.

Prestressing force, P = (1875 × 1133) = 2124 × 103 N.

Eccentricity, e = 238 mm.

(b) Strains in Tendons and Concrete:

(c) Cracking Moment:

Compressive prestress at soffit,

Modulus of rupture of concrete,

= 902 × 106 N mm.

= 902 kNm.

(d)Computation of εo for Trial dn:

Assuming a trial dn = 250 mm and εce = 0.00032.

εpe = 0.0057

bw = 250 mm

Ap = 1875 mm2

Ep = 200 kN/mm2

b = 1200 mm

dp = 500 mm

As = 2713 mm2

t = 160 mm
ds = 700 mm

Ec = 31.6 kN/mm2

(e)Forces and Moment:

dn = 250 mm

εo = 0.00076

εpe=0.0057

εce=0.00032

Since the computed value of the moment M is nearly equal to the service load
moment of 1560 kN m, the assumed value of dn = 250 is correct.

If not, a new trial value of dn is assumed and the computation procedure is

repeated until the moment values are very nearly equal.

(f) Computation of Crack Widths:

(i) According to the British code BS: 8110-1985, the design surface crack-width at
the soffit of the girder directly under the bar is

wmax = 3 Cmin εm

Where ,Cmin = Clear cover.

εm = Average strain at the level where cracking, is considered.

Neglecting the stiffening effect of concrete in the tension zone, the strain at soffit
is

∴Cmin = 38 mm

wmax = (3 × 38 × 0.00167) = 0.182 mm

(ii)According to Nawy’s method outlined in Section 11.7, the maximum crack-
width at the level of the centroid of tension steel is

whereAt = (250 × 362) = 90500 mm2.

Σ0 = (19 × 39.25) + (6 × 75.36) = 1198 mm.

∆fs = increase of stress in steel from the decompression stage

Maximum crack-width at the tensile face of the beam

(g)Hypothetical Flexural Tensile Stresses and Permissible Crack Width:

According to the British and Indian standard codes, the hypothetical flexural
tensile stresses, corresponding to a maximum permissible crack-width of 0.1 to
0.2 mm, depends upon the supplementary steel in the tension zone.

Compressive prestress at soffit = 19.7 N/mm2.

Tensile stress at soffit, corresponding to the service load moment of M = 1560 kN

m is

Tensile stress at soffit = (42.39 – 19.7) = 22.69 N/mm2.

For fck = 50 N/mm2, the maximum permissible tensile stress for post-tensioned
grouted beams for a crack width of 0.2 mm is = (5.8) + (4 × 1.35)= 11.2 N/mm2.

Since the actual tensile stress exceeds the permissible value, the width of cracks
will exceed 0.2 mm.

Limitations of Prestressing:

Although prestressing has advantages, some aspects need to be carefully

addressed. They are:

• Prestressing needs skilled technology. Hence, it is not as common as reinforced

concrete.

• Use of high strength materials is costly.

• Additional cost in auxiliary equipments.

• Need for quality control and inspection.