Problem.
1 (#1-6)
If a faucet is dripping at a rate of one drop per second and each drop contains 0.150
milliliters, calculate how much water (in liters) will be lost in 1 year.
Answer
Step# 1
Convert the volume into litres:
Here, V is the volume.
Substitute for V.
Step# 2
Calculate the number of seconds in one years as follows:
Step# 3
Volume of water lost in one year as follows:
Substitute for , and for S.
1
Therefore, the water lost in one year is
Problem# 2 (1-8)
The American Water Works Association estimates that 15 percent of the water that utilities
process is lost each day. Assuming that the loss was from public supply withdrawal in 2000
(Problem 1-2), estimate the total value of the lost water if delivered water costs $0.45 per
cubic meter.
Answer
Step #1
1-8 Value of water lost
Given: Year 2000 data from Prob. 1-2, 15% water loss, cost of water = $0.45/m3
Step #2
. Amount of water lost
(1.6 × 108 m3/d)(0.15) = 2.4 × 107 m3/d
Step #3
Value
(2.4 × 107 m3/d)($0.45/m3) = $1.08 × 103 or $1.1 × 107/d
2
Problem#3 (1-3(discussion))
Using the Internet, answer the following questions regarding the Clean Air Act:
(a) Title II of the act addresses what kinds of pollution sources?
(b) What is the chemical name of the first hazardous air pollutant listed under Title III?
(c) Section 604 of the act lists the phase-out of production of substances that deplete the ozone
layer. What is the last year that carbon tetrachloride can be produced?
Answer
Step # 1
Internet search
Given: Clean Air Act and requirements to identify subject matter of Title II, chemical name of first
hazardous air pollutant under Title III, last year that carbon tetrachloride can be produced.
Solution:
1. Title II addresses mobile sources.
2. First hazardous air pollutant is acetaldehyde.
3. 1999 was the last year that carbon tetrachloride could be produced.
3
Problem#4 (1-8(discussion))
You are the division manager of Sellwell Co.—a firm that has developed an inexpensive
chemical specialty that you hope will find a huge market as a household product. You want
to package this product in 1 L and 2 L sizes. A number of container materials would appear
to be practical—glass, aluminum, treated paper, steel, and various types of plastic. A young
engineer whom you hired recently and assigned to the packaging department has done a
container-disposal study that shows that the disposal cost for 2 L containers can vary by a
factor of three—depending on the weight of the container, whether it can be recycled,
whether it is easy to incinerate, whether it has good landfill characteristics, etc.
Your company’s marketing expert believes that the container material with the highest
consumer appeal is the one that happens to present the biggest disposal problem and cost to
communities. He estimates that the sales potential would be at least 10% less if the easiest-
to-dispose-of, salvageable, container were used, because this container would be somewhat
less distinctive and attractive.
Assuming that the actual costs of the containers were about the same, to what extent
would you let the disposal problem influence your choice? Would you:
(a) Choose the container strictly on its marketing appeal, on the premise that disposal is the
community’s problem, not yours (and also that some communities may not be ready to use
the recycling approach yet, regardless of which container-material you select).
(b) Choose the easiest-to-dispose-of container, and either accept the sales penalty, or try to
overcome it by stressing the “good citizenship” angle (even though the marketing
department is skeptical about whether this will work).
(c) Take the middle road, by accepting a 5% sales penalty to come up with a container that
is midway on the disposability scale.
4
Do you think the young engineer who made the container-disposal study (but who is not
a marketing expert) has any moral obligation to make strong recommendations as to which
container to use?
(a) Yes. He should spare no effort in campaigning for what he believes to be socially
desirable.
(b) No. He should merely point out the disposal-cost differential, and not try to inject himself
into decisions that also involve marketing considerations about which he may be naive.
(Popper and Hughson, 1970)
Answer
Step #1
In this problem the containers which are easy to dispose will reduce the sales by 10 percent. But
the containers which have aesthetic look will possess a great threat to environment and
surroundings.
Step #2
The manager has to act according to the Environmental professional ethics. He has to choose the
containers which are easiest to dispose and accept the penalty. As the Environmental professional
ethics states that one should use his knowledge for the enhancement and protection of environment.
Step #3
He should be honest and impartial in serving the people, clients and the environment. Therefore,
the option B is correct.
5
Problem # 5 ( 2-5)
A solution of sodium bicarbonate is prepared by adding 45.00 g of sodium bicarbonate to a
1.00-L volumetric flask and adding distilled water until it reaches the 1.00-L mark. What is
the concentration of sodium bicarbonate in units of (a) milligrams per liter, (b) molarity, (c)
normality and (d) milligrams per liter as CaCO3?
Answer
Step # 1
Calculate the concentration of the solution in mg/L as follows:
Here, the concentration of NaHCO 3 is in g/L.
Substitute for .
Therefore, the concentration of the solution is .
Calculate the molarity of NaHCO3 for the given concentration as follows:
Substitute for , for .
6
Step # 2
Therefore, the molarity of NaHCO3 for the given concentration is .
Step # 3
Calculate the normality of NaHCO3 for the given concentration as follows:
Here, the concentration of NaHCO3 is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is and the
molecular weight of NaHCO3 is .
Substitute for , 1 for and for .
Therefore, the normality of NaHCO3 for the given concentration is .
Calculate the concentration of NaHCO3 in units of mg/L as CaCO3.
Here, the concentration of NaHCO 3 is in mg/L.
Substitute for .
7
as CaCO3.
Therefore, the concentration of NaHCO 3 in units of mg/L as CaCO3 is .
Problem# 6 ( 2-21 )
Calculate the molarity and normality of the following:
(a) 200.0 mg · L−1 HCl
(b) 150.0 mg · L−1 H2SO4
Answer
Part # (a)
Step # 1
Calculate the molarity of HCl for the given concentration as follows:
8
Here, the concentration of HCl is , molarity of HCl is and the molecular weight of HCl
is .
Substitute for , for .
Therefore, the molarity of HCl for the given concentration is .
Step # 2
Calculate the normality of HCl for the given concentration as follows:
Here, the concentration of HCl is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is and the
molecular weight of HCl is .
Substitute for , 1 for and for .
Therefore, the normality of HCl for the given concentration is .
Part # (b)
Step # 1
Calculate the molarity of H2SO4 for the given concentration as follows:
9
Here, the concentration of H2SO4 is , molarity of H2SO4 is and the molecular weight of
H2SO4 is .
Substitute for , for .
Therefore, the molarity of H2SO4 for the given concentration is .
Step # 2
Calculate the normality of H2SO4 for the given concentration as follows:
Here, the concentration of H2SO4 is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is and the
molecular weight of H2SO4 is .
Substitute for , 2 for and for .
Therefore, the normality of H2SO4 for the given concentration is .
10
Problem# 7 (2-22)
Calculate the molarity and normality of the following:
80 µg . L^-1 HNO3 =?
135 µg . L^-1 CaCO3 =?
Answers
HN03 :
Molar mass of HN03 = 63.01 g / mol l g = 106
Molarity is moles / L. So convert to
moles / L
Molarity = 80
For Normality replace molar mass with number of equivalents .
molar mass /
Number of equivalents=equivalents
per mole
HN03 has only one equivalent per
mole
11
So number of equivalents is equal to
molar mass and normality is equal
to molarity = 1.27 x 10-6 N
135 L CaC03 :
Molar mass of CaC03 = 100.09 g/
mol
1 mole
Molarity = 135
L 106 IOO.09g =
1.35x104 M
CaC03 has only one equivalent
per mole. So number of
equivalents is equal to molar mass
and normality is equal to molarity
= 1.35 x 10 4 N
12
Problem#8
An analysis of solids test run gave the following results. Determine the concentrations of
total solids, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, fixed suspended solids. Report
the results in mg/L and all calculations should include units
sample volume = 25 mL
mass of aluminum dish = 31 mg
mass of filter paper = 101 mg
mass of aluminum dish + residue dried at 103o C = 99 mg
mass of filter +aluminum dish + residue dried at 103o C = 0.198 g
mass of filter + residue after ignition at 550o C = 162 mg
Answer
Volume of sample = 25 ml
Mass of aluminum dish= 31 mg
Mass of filter paper= 101 mg
Mass of aluminum dish + residue @ 103 = 99 mg
Mass of residue in dish= 99 – 31 = 68 mg
Mass of aluminum + residue dried + Mass of filter paper= 198 mg
Mass of residue @ 103= 198 - 101 – 31 = 66 mg
Mass of filter + residue after ignition @ 550 = 162 mg
Mass of residue @ 550 = 162 -101 = 61 mg
13
Total solids
Total solids= weight of residue in filter paper before heating / volume of sample
= 68/25 = 2.72 mg/L
Total suspended solids
Total suspended solids = (A-B)*100/ volume of sample
A = weight of filter + dried residue
B = weight of filter
Total suspended solids =66/25 = 2.64 mg/L
Volatile suspended solids
Volatile suspended solids = (A-B)*100/ volume of sample
A = weight of sample before heating @ 103
B = weight of sample before heating @ 550
=(66 - 61)* 100 / 25
= 0.2 mg /L
Fixed suspended solids
Fixed suspended solids = 61 / 25 = 2.44 mg/L
14
Problem #9
Use the principle of stoichiometry to determine the amount of oxygen that is required to
convert octane (C8H18) to C02 and H20.
a. Write a properly balanced overall reaction.
b. Calculate the mass of O2 required per kg of octane
Answer
Part # a
The reaction is combustion so, fuel + oxidant = carbon dioxide + water
So,
C8H18 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
Balance C
C8H18 + O2 --> 8CO2 + H2O
Balance H
C8H18 + O2 --> 8CO2 + 9H2O
Balance O
C8H18 + 25/2O2 --> 8CO2 + 9H2O
Part # b
Calculate mass of O2 per kg of octane
So,
15
Ratio - 1 mole of C8H18 = 25/2 = 13.5 mole of CO2
Mass of 114.22 g of octane = 13.5*32 = 432 g of CO2
So,
432/114.22 = 3.78217 kg of O2 per 1 kg of octane
Problem #10
A waste water sample contains 2.092 mole/L NaCI. Calculate the concentration of NaCl in
mg/L. What are the mole/L concentrations of Na and Cl. Na = 23 and Cl = 35.5.
Answer
One must know the substances atomic or molecular weight and its density to do this conversion.
Here's the basic strategy:
Molecular weight density
Here density is not required as mill moles are given in per liter_
1 mole of NaClweighs 23+355 = 585 g
So, 2.092*0.001 mole will weigh = 2.092*0.001*58.5 =0.12238 grams 12238 mg
So, concentration of NaCl will be 122.38 mg/L
1 mole NaCl contains 1 Mole of Na and 1 Mole of Cl as NaCl Na ++ Cl-
So concentration of Na and Cl will be 2.092 mile mole/L
16
Problem #11
Following analysis passes the acceptability of analysis (satisfies the electro neutrality). Find
the concentration of Ca2+ mg/L.
Na+ = 12.8 mg/L Cl- = 10.4 mg/L
Ca2+ = ??? HCO3 = 195.2 mg/L
Mg2+ = 15.5 mg/L SO42- = 33.1 mg/L
K+ = 7.8 mg/L
Answer
For this first we have to know the moles or mmoles of each ions, so, we have to know their
molar mass:
Species Molar mass([Link]-1)
Na+ 23
Cl- 35.5
Ca2+ 40
HCO3- 61
Mg2+ 24.3
SO42- 96
K+ 39.1
NOTE: Molar mass of atoms and corresponding ions are same, because mass of electron does
not contribute significantly. So, now I make a table for calculating mili moles of ions:
17
Species Mass(mg) mmoles (mg / molar mass)
Na+ 12.8 0.556
Cl- 10.4 0.293
Ca2+ x (say) x / 40
HCO3- 195.2 3.2
Mg2+ 15.5 0.638
SO42- 33.1 0.345
K+ 7.80 0.199
Since the condition of electro neutrality is,
Total positive charge = total negative charge
So, concentration of Ca2+ is 43.04 mg.L-1.
18
Problem #11
A water has the following analysis:
Cation mg/L Anion mg/L
Na+ 20 Cl- 40
K+ 30 HCO - 3 67
Ca2+ 5 CO 2- 30
Mg2+ 10 SO 2- 45
Sr2+ 2 NO - 3 10
What is the total alkalinity and total hardness in mg/L as CaCO3?
Answer
Equivalent weight = Atomic Weight / valency
CaCO3 : Equivalent Weight= 100/2=50
HCO3- : Equivalent Weiht = 61/1 =61
Ca2+ : Equivalent Weight = 40/2 =20
Mg2+ : Equivalent Weight = 24/2=12
Cl- : Equivalent Weight = 35.5/1=35.5
SO42- : Equivalent Weight = 96/2=48
Alkalinity
19
Alkalinity of water is the quantitative capacity of water actualize the acid. Alkality as Caco 3 is
determined by formula:
Alkalinity as Caco3 = (mass of ion) * (equivalent of Caco3) /(equivalent of alkaline ion)
Alkalinity is caused by Co 32- and HCO3- ions.
For Co32 :
Alaklinty =0
For HCO3- :
Alkalinity = 67 *50/61=54.91
Hardness
Hardness is the property of water prevent of gathering of soap. Hardness is caused id due to
chloridwes and sulphates of calcium and magnesium ion.
Hradness as Caco3 = (mass of ion) * (equivalent of Caco3) /(equivalent of hardness causing
ion)
For Co32 :
Hradness = 5*50/ 20= 12.5 mg /L
For Mg2+:
Hradness = 10*50 / 12= 41.66 mg/L
For Cl-:
Hradness = 40 * 50 / 35.5 = 56.33 mg/L
For SO42-:
Hradness = 5*50/48=5.2 mg/L
20
Total Hradness = 115.69 mg/L
Problem #12
Find the ionic strength of a 4.0 mM of MgCl2. What are activities of Mg+2 and Cl-1
Answer
Ionic strength for 4 mM of MgCl2:
Recall that ionic strength considers all ions in solution, and its charges. It is typically used to
calculate the ionic activity of other ions. The stronger the electrolytes, the more ionic strength
they will have.
The formula:
I.S. = 1/2*sum( Ci * Zi^2)
Where
I.S. = ionic strength, M (also miu / μ ) used
Ci = concentration of ion “i”
Zi = Charge of ion “i”
The exercise:
[Mg+2] = 4*10^-3 M
[Cl-]^2 = 2*4*10^-3 = 8*10^-3 M
I.S. = 1/2*sum( Ci * Zi^2)
21
I.S. = 1/2*( (4*10^-3)(2)^+ (8*10^-3)(1)^2)
I.S = 0.012 M = 0.012*10^3 mM = 12 mM
Activity for Mg+2
Activity of X = γ x * [X]
Where:
Activity coefficient (γ) of “x”
[X] = molar concentration concentration of X
Note that Activity coefficient (γ) depends on
Ionic Strength
Empirical Diameter of species x
Charge f species x
Part (a)
Mg+2
Recall that the Hucel Equation is given by
-log(γ) = 0.51*(Zi^2)*sqrt(I.S.) / ( 1 + (α * sqrt(I.S)/305))
Where
γi = activity coefficient for species “i”
αi = theoretical diameter in pm (10^-12 m)
Zi = Charge of ion
I.S. = ionic Strength (usually used as μ as well)
22
-log(γ) = 0.51*(Zi^2)*sqrt(I.S.) / ( 1 + (α * sqrt(I.S)/305))
for Mg+2 = alpha = 800
-log(γ) = 0.51*(2^2)*sqrt(12*10^-3.) / ( 1 + (800 * sqrt(12*10^-3)/305))
Y-Mg+2 = exp(-0.17359249) = 0.84063
for Cl- = alpha = 300
-log(γ) = 0.51*(1^2)*sqrt(12*10^-3.) / ( 1 + (300* sqrt(12*10^-3)/305))
Y-Cl- = exp(-0.05043) = 0.950820
Problem # 13 ( 2-12)
If 200 mg of HCl is added to water the achieve a final volume of 1.00 L, what is the final pH?
Answer
Molar mass of HCl is = 1+35.5 = 36.5 g / mol
We know that Molarity , M = ( mass / Molar mass ) / Volume of solution in L
= ( 200*10^-3 g / 36.5 g / mol ) / 1.00 L
= 5.48*10^-3 M
23
So the molarity of HCl solution is M = 5.48 *10^-3 M
HCl -? H+ + Cl-
In solution 1 mole of HCl produces 1 mole of H+ ion
So [H+] = [HCl ] = 5.48*10^-3 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log ( 5.48*10^-3)
= 2.26
24
Problem #14 ( 2-13)
A solution of acetic acid is prepared in water by adding 11.1 g of sodium acetate to a
volumetric flask and bringing the volume to 1.0 L with water. The final pH is measured to
be 5.25. What are the concentrations of acetate and acetic acid in solution? (Assume that the
temperature of the solution is 25 degrees Celsius)
Answer
Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH=5.25
pKa=4.76
A-=concentration of acetate. 11.1g sodium acetate x1mole/82.03g = 0.135 moles of sodium
acetate. Since the totalvolume is 1L, the starting concentration is 0.135M. However, theending
concentration of sodium acetate is the starting amount minusthe amount that was protonated.
HA = concentration of acetic acid, which is the amount of sodiumacetate that was protonated
5.25=4.76 + log (0.135-x)/(x)
x=0.033M
So A-=0.135-0.033=0.102M
and HA = 0.033M
25
Problem # 15 (2-23(d))
Calculate concentration of the following in units of milligrams per liter:
(d)
Answer
Step # 1
Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 in milligrams per liter as follows:
Here, the normality of is H2SO4 is , the number of gram equivalents per mole is ,the
concentration of H2SO4 is and the molecular weight of H2SO4 is .
Substitute for , for and for .
Therefore, the concentration of H2SO4 in milligrams per liter is .
Step # 2
Calculate the concentration of SO42- ions in milligrams per liter as follows:
26
Here, the concentration of SO42- ions is and the molecular weight of SO42- is .
Substitute for , for .
Therefore, the concentration of SO42- ions in milligrams per liter is .
Problem # 16 ( 2-36 )
Convert the following from milligrams per liter as the ion orcompound to milligrams per
liter CaCO3
b) 280 mg/L K+
c) 19.9 mg/L Na+
Answer
Ionic Weight = 39.10 g/mole
Ionic Weight = 22.99 g/mole
Ionic Weight = 18.04 g/mole
Molecular Weight of CaCO3 = 100.09 g/mole
27
Now the formula is::::
Where a= ion/atom/molecule of interest
b) 280mg/L ==
= 716.757mg/L 0.72g/L of CaCO3
c) 19.9mg/L ==
= 86.637mg/L 0.087g/L of CaCO3
28
Question # 17
Determine the molarity and normality of 15% sulfuric acid (H2SO4):
By mass
By volume. Assume the density of sulfuric acid as 1.1 kg/L
Answer
Part # a
By mass
15% by mass means 15 grams of H2SO4 is present in 100 grams of solution
Mass of H2SO4 = 15 grams
Mass of solution= 100 grams
Density of H2SO4 = 1.1 kg/l = 1.1 x1000= 1100 grams/L= 1100 grams/1000ml =1.1 grams/ml
Density = 1.1 gram/ml
i.e. volume of 1.1 gram = 1ml
Volume of 100 grams = 1x100/1.1 = 90.9 ml
Volume of the solution = 90.9 ml
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 gram/mole
M= mass of solute/molar mass x1000/volume
M= 15/98 x1000/90.9 = 1.68 M
29
Molarity = 1.68M
Equivalent weight of H2SO4 = molar mas/basicity = 98/2 = 49 equivalnet/mole
Normality = mass/Gram equivalent x1000/ volume
Normality = 15/49 x1000/90.9
Normality = 3.368N
Normality = 3.37N
Part #b (Q#17)
By volume
15% by volume means 15 grams of H2SO4 present in 100 ml of the solution
Mass of H2SO4 = 15 grams
Volume= 100ml
M= 15/98 x1000/100 = 1.53M
Molarity = 1,53M
Normality = molarity x basicity= 1.53 x2= 3.06 N
Normality = 3.06N
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