EXPLANATION

Social Function : To explain the processes involved in the formation of working of natural or
socio-cultural phenomena.

Task 1.
Read the text carefully.

A Brief Summary of Speech Production.

General Statement Speech production is made possibly by the specialized

movements of our vocal organs to position the reader. that generate
speech sounds waves.

Explanation 1 Like all sound production, speech production requires a source

of energy. The source of energy for speech production is the steady
stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale. When we breathe
normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become audible, the air stream
must vibrate rapidly. The vocal cord cause the air stream to vibrate.

Explanation 2 As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up
the steady air stream into series of Puffs. These puffs are heard as a
buzz. But this buzz is still not speech.

Explanation 3 To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape.
During speech we continually alter the shape of the vocal tract by moving
the tongue and lips, etc. These movements change the acoustic
properties of the vocal tract, which in turn produce the different sounds
of speech.

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features.

 Focus on Generic, non-human Participants.
 Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes.
 Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions.
 Use of Simple Present Tense.
 Some use of Passive Voice to get Theme right.
Choose the right answer.
01. What kind of text is it ? It is a ....
a. spoof d. explanation
b. recount e. descriptive
c. narrative
02. What is the aim of the text ? It is to ....
a. to retell events with a humorous twist.
b. to retell events for the purpose of informing.
c. to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
 d. to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of action or steps.
e. To explain the processes involved in the formation of working of natural or socio-cultural
phenomena.
03. The bold typed show ....
a. non human participants
b. the circumference of place
c. the circumference of time
d. the material process
e. tense used in the text
04. What is the structure of the text above ? It is ....
a. general statement, explanations
b. material needed, step-1, step 2, step-n
c. orientation, series of events, reorientation
d. abstract, orientation, crisis, incident, coda
e. newsworthy event, background event, sources
05. What tense is mostly used in the text ?
a. Simple Present Tense d. Present Continious
b. Simple Future Tense e. Past Continuous
c. Simple Past Tense
06. What does speech production require ?
a. a source of energy
b. the steady stream of air
c. the air from the lungs as we breathe
d. the air stream vibration
e. we breath normally
07. What is the most important things to produce sounds. It is .... .
a. the vocal organ d. lips
b. mouth e. hands
c. tongue
08. What happens as we talk ?
a. the moth open and close
b. the lips move quickly
c. the lungs stop their activity
d. the vocal cords open and close rapidly
e. puffs are heard as a buzz
09. What must the vocal tract do to produce speech sounds ?
a. close quickly d. must change shape
b. open quickly e. must open widely
c. must open and close rapidly
10. ....,the vocal cords open and close rapidly . ( Pr. 3)
The synonym of the underlined is .... .
a. slowly d. happily
b. widely e. fast, quickly
c. narrow

TEXT 2
Text 3
Rain is advantageous because it brings water for all living things. But rain can be
disastrous, too, because too much rain will cause floods which can wash away people, houses
and other valuable properties.
 The following is how the rain is formed. The air is filled with tiny particles known as
‘vapour’. Vapour is actually the gaseous form of water. Vapors are a part of air. The air around
us is constantly moving because the air near the surface of the earth is hotter and lighter. This is
why this air rises. The air higher up in the sky is cold and heavy, so it sinks. The rising of hot air
and the sinking of cold water cause the air to move. When the hot air rises to ascertain level, the
vapor presents in it, cools and changes to water. This is known as ‘condensation’. When the
water is too heavy for the air to carry, the air is said to be ‘oversaturated’. The water particles
then falls as rain.

1. The air cannot carry the water particles as they are so … that they fall as rain.
a. hot d. heavy
b. tiny e. constant
c. light
2. What happens after the air is saturated ?
a. It falls as rain
b. Vapour fills the air.
c. The air rises in the sky
d. The air is constantly moving
e. The hot air rises at a certain level.
3. What is bad about rain ?
a. It makes the sky cold.
b. It washes away waste
c. It makes the weather hot
d. It damages useless properties
e. It damages valuable properties
4. What is the purpose of the text ?
a. To explain how rain is formed
b. To share experience in a rainy season.
c. To amuse readers with the information
d. To warn people about the danger of rain
e. To persuade readers to prevent much rain

TEXT 4.

Earthquake happens on land under the sea. Ninety percent occurs in the ring of fire which
circles the Pacific Ocean. Many others occurs along the Alpine belt, which starts in Spain in the
west, and goes through to the Himalaya as far as South-East Asia.
The magnitude or power of an earthquake is measured on Richter scale. Starting at1, each
number on the scale is ten times more powerful than the number below. The worst earthquake so
fare recorded was 8.9 off the coast of Columbia in 1906.
There are about a million earthquake every year- any vibration in the earth is an
earthquake. A large earthquake occurs about every two weeks-mostly under the sea, where it
does little harm.
The shock of an earthquake can sometimes be felt hundreds of kilometers way. Water
splashed in swimming pools in Houston, USA after the earthquake in Mexico 1985- 1,609 km
away. China has the worst record for earthquake deaths. In 1556, an earthquake killed 830,000
people in Shanxi province. In 19..5 the earthquake in Tangshan province – 8.2 on the Richter
scale – killed 750.000 people.

1. What does “earthquake” mean ?

a. Any explosion in the earth crust
b. Any movement in the earth crust
c. Any violence that happens in the earth crust
d. Any magnitude that is measured by the Richer scale
e. Any shake with quick continuous movement in the earth crust.
2. The earthquake usually …anything on earth where it takes place.
a. builds d. makes up
b. destroys e. throws away
c. arranges

TEXT
HOW TO DIET
The purpose of dieting is to lose weight, so that you will become more attractive. You
might overeat because the food is everywhere around you. A good way to reduce your calorie
consumption is to go to places where there is no food, in the train, for example.
There are more different diets nowadays. There are the F-Plan, C-Plan, etc. The most
effective diet is the X-Plan diet. One useful tip is to keep a list of everything you eat. This is
really good for big eaters because compiling the list can cut down the time you spend eating.
Finally when you’ve finished the list, eat it. That’s your meal for the day. Crash diets are where
you can loose a stone in a week. This is what we know as amputation.
For the really serious you can have your jaws wired together, which means you have to
exist on energy drinks.
You’ll eat least if you learn to chew slowly and savour your food. You will cut down
your food intake drastically if you chew mouthful 380 times. Avoid using this technique during
important business lunches.

3. A lot of people want to diet because they want …

a. to reduce the calorie consumption
b. to cut down the food intake
c. to consume less calorie
d. to be attractive
e. to lose weight
4. To chew slowly and enjoy your food you eat, enable you to your food intake.
a. think about d. choose
b. cut down e. add
c. increase
5. The advantage of keeping a list of everything you eat is …
a. getting more serious problems in cutting down the meal you eat.
b. having a list of everything you eat everywhere
c. cutting down the time you spend eating
d. compiling the list of the food you eat
e. crashing the diet you have ever had
6. The purpose of the text is …
a. to tell past event about how to diet
b. to give the explanation to readers
c. to give a report of how to diet
d. to describe the way of diet
e. to entertain readers

What are Thunder and Lightning

General Statement : We usually hear the thunder and see the lightning at the rain season.
Have you wonder what are they and how they can happen? A lightning
flash so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000 centigrade, that the
air ground it suddenly expands with a loud blast. This is the thunder we
heard. How they can happen?
Explaination: Lightning occurs in hot, wet storms. First moist air is driven up to
great height. It forms a type of cloud called cumulonimbus.

When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and ice
crystals and snowflakes are formed.

These begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down. This rain
meets more moist air rising, and it’s the friction between them which
produces static electricity.

When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it charges it as a

lightning flash.

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