Power Flow Assignment
Name: Amir Amzar Bin Mahabib EP0103637
Mohammad Syaza Irwan Bin Samsuri EP0103144
Muhammad Hazmi Bin Mohamad Rosli EP0103145
INTRODUCTION
Load flow study also known as the power flow test is a steady-state analysis during normal
operation of an interconnected power system. This is widely used in the operation and
preparation of the power systems. The study of power flow is supposed to work under stable
conditions and is represented by a single-phase network. A power system's power flow model is
built using the relevant data concerning the network, load, and generation. The power flow
model outputs include voltages at different buses, network line flows and system losses. The
study uses a simpler notations per-unit system, such as the one-line diagram. Besides that, it
focuses on different forms of alternating current. This assignment included an analysis provided
by using MATPOWER software under "case30.m" on the 30-bus power system network The
program called is a Matlab ® M-files kit for solving power flow, continuation power flow, and
optimal power flow problems. It is intended as an easy-to-use and modifiable simulation tool for
researchers and educators. MATPOWER is designed to provide the best possible performance
while keeping the code easy to comprehend and modify.
LOAD FLOW APPLICATION
For power engineering, the study of power flow constitutes a large part of power system research
and design. The analysis of power flow is important in planning, working, economic planning
and the exchange of competences between utilities. They provide a comprehensive mathematical
approach to evaluate the magnitude of the bus voltages, phase angles, active and reactive power
flows through various nodes, generators, transformers, and loads under stable conditions. Load
flow application aid the MGC to maintain voltage drop at all buses should be within+/-5 percent
of the nominal rating for all operating conditions considered based on general design
acceptability requirements used in load flow analysis. An effective operating power system
needs a method to be found that is reliable and efficient for a load flow analysis of the system. A
process of analyzing power flows can take up more time than the others. It prevents the
acquisition of accurate results to a power flow approach because power demands and power
generations are constantly changing.
SIMULATIONS RESULT
IEEE Bus Trial 2 =
30 Trial 1 = 0 +5 Trial 3 = +10 Trial 4 = +13
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
3 0.974 0.946 0.885 0.819
4 0.970 0.940 0.876 0.806
5 0.974 0.951 0.904 0.856
6 0.962 0.929 0.859 0.783
7 0.956 0.924 0.857 0.787
8 0.948 0.913 0.838 0.758
9 0.970 0.942 0.881 0.818
10 0.979 0.963 0.930 0.896
11 0.967 0.930 0.857 0.783
12 0.979 0.962 0.925 0.888
13 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
14 0.967 0.940 0.889 0.842
15 0.972 0.948 0.904 0.863
16 0.968 0.943 0.894 0.849
17 0.969 0.947 0.905 0.864
18 0.953 0.914 0.842 0.780
19 0.949 0.908 0.834 0.769
20 0.955 0.917 0.848 0.787
21 0.992 0.987 0.979 0.971
22 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
23 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
24 0.985 0.975 0.960 0.950
25 0.982 0.963 0.933 0.912
26 0.954 0.909 0.836 0.785
27 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
28 0.962 0.927 0.853 0.773
29 0.968 0.940 0.895 0.865
30 0.955 0.922 0.871 0.837
DISCUSSION
In this project, we are required to obtain the value of voltage at lines, Vpu in the range of
0.95 pu to 1.05 pu and also the FVSI values are required to be below 0.5 to make sure the system
run in safe condition. Thus, in this case try and error method are used to identify whether the
system is in the condition of converge or did not converge. The values that we have change are
value of real and reactive power and afterward we need to calculate the value of Z-square (pu)
and FVSI with the formula of:
Z-Square pu = Rpu2 + Xpu2
FVSI = 4Z2QV2X
APPENDIX 1
In this result, the original result is recorded which is no changes has been done on the real
and reactive power. According to the result, the system is working in the weak and safe condition
all time.
APPENDIX 2
First, we add 5 at the original value of real and reactive power, P and Q which result in
the system in converge condition based on the result in the mplab that we have shown in
Appendix 2. Based on the result we can see that the system operate in weak condition is increase
but still in safe condition.
APPENDIX 3
Then, we add another 10 to the value of real and reactive power and observe the changes.
Same step we did, by calculating the value of z-squarepu and FVSI then we can conclude by
stating either the system is operating is safe or high-risk condition. From the result that we have
obtain at Appendix 3, we can observe that the system is operating most of the time at weak state
and also the number of high risk condition increase. This is because the system is in the state of
did not converge.
APPENDIX 4
Then, we add another 13 to the value of real and reactive power and observe the changes.
Same step we did, by calculating the value of z-squarepu and FVSI then we can conclude by
stating either the system is operating is safe or high-risk condition. From the result that we have
obtain at Appendix 4, we can observe that the system is operating most of the time at weak state
with the highest risk condition.
Conclusion
There are some impacts on the environment, economics and ease of operation for the
long-term viability and reliability of the power network and supply. Research that found
renewable energy cheaper than fossil fuels may support this. This is because of the way
renewable energy can be collected by a simpler method compared to the other side. Also, it is
safe to say that renewable energy is much better than fossil fuels and is environmentally friendly.
Nevertheless, Malaysia's current power system is not as effective as it released greenhouse gases
(GHG) (Petinrin and Shaaban, 2015). Therefore, this could adversely affect the health of the
population and cause ecological destruction. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO),
160,000 deaths annually are directly and indirectly caused by climate change. A study will,
therefore, be conducted to find a better way to combat this problem, as it is also in line with Goal
7 for Sustainable Development, affordable and clean energy.
In addition, a problem that may be faced in implementing the transmission line is that
there is some difficulty in finding the accuracy of the line modeling proposed. Hence, a study
conducted in 2010 by Kurokawa et al. found another way to overcome this issue. In this analysis,
they use the findings of a Fourier transform-based distributed-parameter model that is more
reliable compared to the results implemented by the commercial software, MICROTRAN (an
electromagnetic transient program; Microtran Power Systems Analysis Corporation, Vancouver,
Canada).
References
Petinrin and Shaaban (2015). Renewable energy for continuous energy sustainability in
Malaysia. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.146
Kurokawa, Sérgio , Costa, Eduardo C. M. , Pissolato, José , Prado, Afonso J. and Bovolato, Luiz
F.(2010)'Proposal of a Transmission Line Model Based on Lumped Elements: An Analytic
Solution', Electric Power Componentsand Systems, 38: 14, 1577 — 1594. DOI:
10.1080/15325008.2010.492450
