1- If you want to radiograph 0.
75 ‟ (19 mm) of steel at 18/6/2009 using the
following:
- Source size ( S ) : 0.125 ‟
- Film density ( D ) : 2.5
- Film type : AGFA D3
CACULATE
1- Focus film distance ( FFD )
2- Exposure time
X – ray
ɣ – ray
3- image quality indicator ( IQI )
hole type ( quality level 2- 2t )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The answer:
The thickness of the specimen Ts = 0.75‟ (19 mm)
From ASME code (the unsharpness geometry) Ug
Ug) max for 19 mm Ug= 0.51 mm
And
FFD = SSD + FSD (
FFD = 118.28 +19 ≈ 138 mm ….. = 14 cm ①
1
Exposure time (X – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for radiography of steel,
Aluminium and copper
X-ray (kVp)
Metal thickness (mm)
Aluminium Steel Copper
5 45 100 140
10 60 160 200
20 80 240 300
50 120 380 400
Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for radiography of steel IS
240 KV
- from the exposure chart for steel at (current 6 mA)
- at T = 19 mm energy 220 KV time = 1.9 min
- at T = 19 mm energy 260 KV time = 0.7 min
So the time at energy 240 KV
Film type (Kodak AX)
FFD = 700 mm
We have to make three corrections Film density (D) = 2
1- Film type
2- Film density ( D )
3- Film distance ( FFD )
2
From the exposure chart we have: FILMS
AGFA D7 (T) * 0.9
AGFA D3 (T) * 2.4
DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1
Change from (Kodak AX) to AGFA D7 DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1.7
KODAK MX (T) * 2
KODAK R (T) * 8.5
Film type (AGFA D7)
→ 1.3 * 0.9 = 1.17 min FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 2 (D = 2)to (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
Film Density
Log Relative Exposure
3
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 2(D = 2) = 2.3
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D3) at density 2.5 (D = 2.5) = 3
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 3 – 2.3 = 0.7
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.7 = 5.01
So the correction factor to change
From (AGFA D7) at density 2 (D = 2) To (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
Is 5.01
Film type (AGFA D3)
→ 1.17 * 5.01 = 5.86 min FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2.5
We have made film type correction and film density correction.
Film distance correction (FFD)
From inverse square low and
Where I (Intensity) D (distance) T (time)
Film type (AGFA D3)
min = 13.66 sec FFD = 138 mm
Film density (D) = 2.5
4
Exposure time (ɣ – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Note: ـfor thickness less than 3 inch we use Ir₁₉₂
From decay table at 18/6/2009 we find the activity 10.03 ci
from ruler we have to know three factors
1. activity (10.03 CI)
2. thickness (19 mm)
3. FFD (14 cm)
Film type (AGFA D7)
Then the exposure time = 40 sec
Film density (D) = 3
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) to (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
Film Density
Log Relative Exposure
5
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 3(D = 3) = 2.5
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D3) at density 2.5 (D = 2.5) = 3
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 3 – 2.5 = 0.5
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.5 = 3.16
So the correction factor to change
From (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) To (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
Is 3.16
Film type (AGFA D3)
→ 40 * 3.16 = 126 sec
Film density (D) = 2.5
image quality indicator ( IQI )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.02 * 19 = 0.38 mm
Set (1B)
Wire no (7)
Hole Type ( Quality Level 2- 2t )
- The penny thickness = 0.02*0.75= 0.015 inch = 15 mils
Penny no (penny ID) = 15 mils
- The smallest hole shall be visible = 2T =2*0.015 = 0.03 inch
6
2- If you want to radiograph 0.5 ‟ (12.7 mm) of copper using the following:
- Source size ( S ) : 0.125 ‟
- Film density ( D ) : 2.5
- Film type : AGFA D3
CACULATE
1- Focus film distance ( FFD )
2- Exposure time
X – ray
ɣ – ray ( activity 5 curi)
3- image quality indicator ( IQI )
hole type ( quality level 2- 1t )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The answer:
The thickness of the specimen Ts = 0.5‟ (12.7 mm)
From ASME code (the unsharpness geometry) Ug
Ug) max for 0.5‟ Ug= 0.02 ‟
And
FFD = SSD + FSD (
FFD = 3.125 +0.5 = 3.625‟ = 92 mm ①
7
Exposure time (X – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for radiography of steel,
Aluminium and copper
X-ray (kVp)
Metal thickness (mm)
Aluminium Steel Copper
5 45 100 140
10 60 160 200
20 80 240 300
50 120 380 400
Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for radiography of steel IS
10 200
12.7 E → E = 227 KV 220 KV
20 300
The Radiographic Equivalence Factors for copper (1.4) at energy 220 KV
Where:
t0 = actual thickness to be radiographed
te = equivalent steel thickness to be used to determine the exposure from the X-ray
or gamma-ray exposure chart for steel
te (STEEL) = 0.5 * 1.4 = 0.7 inch = 17.87 mm
FFD⌡equivalent (steel) = SSD + T =
8
- from the exposure chart for steel at (current 6 mA) & (energy = 220 KV)
- at T =0.7 18 mm 1.6 min Film type (Kodak AX)
FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
From the exposure chart we have: FILMS
AGFA D7 (T) * 0.9
AGFA D3 (T) * 2.4
DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1
Change from (Kodak AX) to AGFA D7 DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1.7
KODAK MX (T) * 2
KODAK R (T) * 8.5
Film type (AGFA D7)
→ 1.6 * 0.9 = 1.44 min FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 2 (D = 2)to (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 2(D = 2) = 2.3
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D3) at density 2.5 (D = 2.5) = 3
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 3 – 2.3 = 0.7
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.7 = 5.01
The correction factor = 5.01 Film type (AGFA D3)
→ 1.44 * 5.01 = 7.2144 min
FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2.5
We have made film type correction and film density correction.
9
Film distance correction (FFD)
Film type (AGFA D3)
Min = 14.7 sec FFD = 129 mm
Film density (D) = 2.5
Exposure time (ɣ – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
te (STEEL) = 0.5 * 1.1 = 0.55 inch = 13.97 mm 14 mm
2- the density of the specimen (
3- FFD⌡equivalent (steel) = SSD + T = mm
Note: ـfor thickness less than 3 inch we use Ir₁₉₂
From decay table at 18/6/2009 we find the activity 10.03 ci
from ruler we have to know three factors
1. activity (5 CI)
2. thickness (14 mm)
3. FFD (10 cm)
Film type (AGFA D7)
Then the exposure time = 34 sec
Film density (D) = 3
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) to (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
10
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 3(D = 3) = 2.5
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D3) at density 2.5 (D = 2.5) = 3
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 3 – 2.5 = 0.5
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.5 = 3.16
So the correction factor to change
From (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) To (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
Is 3.16
Film type (AGFA D3)
→ 34 * 3.16 = 107.5 sec
Film density (D) = 2.5
image quality indicator ( IQI )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.02 * 0.5 = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
Set (4B)
Wire no (6)
Hole Type ( Quality Level 2- 1t )
- The penny thickness = 0.02*0. 5= 0.01 inch = 10 mils
Penny no (penny ID) = 10 mils
- The smallest hole shall be visible = 1T = 1*0.01= 0.01 inch
11
3- If you want to radiograph pipe 12 inch sch(40) of steel at 30/5/2009 using
the following:
1- Source size ( S ) : 2*3 mm
2- Film density ( D ) : 2
3- Film type : AGFA D4
CACULATE
1- Focus film distance ( FFD )
2- Exposure time
X – ray
ɣ – ray
3- image quality indicator ( IQI )
hole type ( quality level 2- 1t )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The answer:
From the pipe schedule
At (N.P.S) = 12 sch (40) OD = 12.75‟ = 323.85 mm
= 0.406 ‟ = 10.31 mm
Exposure time (X – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Ug) max for 19 mm Ug= 0.51 mm
FFD = SSD + FSD (
FFD = 60.64 +10.31 ≈ 71 mm ①
12
Comparing the (FFD) with (OD/2)
FFD (71mm) ˂ OD/2 (161.92mm)
So we can say FFD OD/2
FFD = 161.92 mm (panoramic exposure one exposure)
Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for
Radiography of steel IS:
At = 10.31 E = 160 KV
(And I = 6 mA)
E = 150 KV T=5 min
E = 160 KV T → T = 3.8 min
E = 180 KV T=1.5 min
Film type (AGFA D7)
( FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
From the exposure chart we have:
FILMS
AGFA D7 (T) * 0.9
AGFA D3 (T) * 2.4
Change from (Kodak AX) to AGFA D4 DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1
DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1.7
KODAK MX (T) * 2
KODAK R (T) * 8.5
Film type (AGFA D4)
→ 3.8 * 2.4 = 9.12 min FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
13
Film distance correction (FFD)
Film type (AGFA D4)
Min = 28.8 sec FFD =161.9 mm
Film density (D) = 2
Exposure time (ɣ – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
3- the thickness of the specimen (
4- the density of the specimen (
Note: ـfor thickness less than 3 inch we use Ir₁₉₂
From decay table at 30/5/2009 we find the activity 10.03 ci
from ruler we have to know three factors
4. activity (11.99 CI)
5. thickness (10.31 mm)
6. FFD (17 cm)
Film type (AGFA D7)
Then the exposure time = 32 sec
Film density (D) = 3
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) to (AGFA D3) at density 2.5(D = 2.5)
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 3(D = 3) = 2.5
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D4) at density 2.5 (D = 2) = 2.6
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 2.5 – 2.6 = 0.1
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.1 = 1.25
14
So the correction factor to change
From (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) To (AGFA D4) at density 2 (D = 2)
Is 1.25
Film type (AGFA D3)
→ 32 * 1.25 = 40.28 sec
Film density (D) = 2
image quality indicator ( IQI )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.02 * 10.31 = 0.206 mm
Set (1A)
Wire no (5)
Hole Type ( Quality Level 1- 1t )
4- The penny thickness = 0.01*0. 406 = 0.008 inch = 8 mils
Penny no (penny ID) = 8 mils
The smallest hole shall be visible = 1T = 1*0.008= 0.008 inch
15
4- If you want to radiograph pipe 6 inch sch(120) of steel at 30/5/2009 using the
following:
1- Source size ( S ) : 2*3 mm
2- Film density ( D ) : 3
3- Film type : AGFA D4
CACULATE
1- Focus film distance ( FFD )
2- Exposure time
X – ray
ɣ – ray
3- image quality indicator ( IQI )
hole type ( quality level 1- 1t )
wire type ( sensitivity 2.5 % )
The answer:
From the pipe schedule
At (N.P.S) = 6 sch (120) OD = 6.625‟ = 168 mm
= 0.652 ‟ = 14.3 mm
Exposure time (X – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Ug) max for 19 mm Ug= 0.51 mm
FFD = SSD + FSD (
FFD = 84.1+14.3 =98.4 mm ①
16
Comparing the (FFD) with (OD)
FFD (98.4mm) ˂ OD (168 mm)
So we can say FFD OD
FFD = 168 mm (Double Wall Exposure-Single Wall Viewing)
At least 3 exposures at 120 deg to each other for complete coverage.
Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for
Radiography of steel IS:
In (D.W.S.I)
T = 2*14.3 =28.6 mm
20 E=240
28.6 E =? → E = 280 KV
50 E=380
from the exposure chart for steel at (current 6 mA)
at T = 28.6 mm energy 260 KV time = 2 min
at T = 28.6 mm energy 300 KV time = 0.9 min
So the time at energy 240 KV
Film type (Kodak AX)
FFD = 700 mm
We have to make three corrections Film density (D) = 2
1. Film type
2. Film density ( D )
3. Film distance ( FFD )
17
From the exposure chart we have:
FILMS
AGFA D7 (T) * 0.9
AGFA D3 (T) * 2.4
Change from (Kodak AX) to AGFA D4 DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1
DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1.7
KODAK MX (T) * 2
KODAK R (T) * 8.5
Film type (AGFA D4)
→ 1.45* 2.4 = 3.48 min FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 2 (D = 2) to (AGFA D4) at density 3(D = 3)
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 2(D = 2) = 2.6
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D4) at density 3 (D = 3) = 2.8
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 2.8-2.6 = 0.2
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.2 = 1.584
The correction factor = 1.584 Film type (AGFA D4)
→ 1.45 * 1.584 = 5.515 min
FFD = 700 mm
We have made film type and film density correction. Film density (D) = 3
Film distance correction (FFD)
Film type (AGFA D3)
FFD = 129 mm
Film density (D) = 2.5
Min = 19 sec
18
Exposure time (ɣ – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Note: ـfor thickness less than 3 inch we use Ir₁₉₂
From decay table at 30/5/2009 we find the activity 11.99 ci
from ruler we have to know three factors
1. activity (11.99 CI)
2. thickness (28.6 mm)
3. FFD (16.8 cm)
Film type (AGFA D7)
Then the exposure time = 80 sec
Film density (D) = 3
- From the back of the ruler
The correction factor is (3)
So the correction factor to change
From (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) To (AGFA D4) at density3 (D = 3)
Is 3
Film type (AGFA D4)
→ 80 * 3 = 240 sec
Film density (D) = 3
image quality indicator ( IQI )
wire type ( sensitivity 2.5 % )
The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.025 * 14.3 = 0.36 mm
Set (1B)
Wire no (7)
19
Hole Type ( Quality Level 1- 1t )
The penny thickness = 0.01*0. 562 = 0.0056 inch = 5.6 mils
1- Penny no (penny ID) = 6 mils
The smallest hole shall be visible = 1T = 1*0.006= 0.006 inch
2- Penny no (penny ID) = 5 mils
The smallest hole shall be visible = 1T = 1*0.005= 0.005 inch
20
5- If you want to radiograph pipe 2.5 inch sc(40) of steel at 30/5/2009 using the
following:
1- Source size ( S ) : 2*3 mm - Wall thickness = 0.203‟=5.15
mm
2- Film density ( D ) : 2 - OD=2.875‟ = 73 mm
3- Film type : AGFA D4
CACULATE
1. Focus film distance ( FFD )
2. Exposure time
X – ray
ɣ – ray
3- image quality indicator ( IQI )
hole type ( quality level 3- 2t )
wire type ( sensitivity 3 % )
The answer:
From the pipe schedule
At (N.P.S) = 2.5 sch (40) OD = 2.875‟ = 73 mm
= 0.203 ‟ = 5.15 mm
Exposure time (X – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
For pipes less than 3.5‟ (D.W.D.I) is applied
Ug) max for 5.15 mm Ug= 0.51 mm
In this case FSD = OD
FFD = SSD + FSD
21
FFD = 429.4+73 =502 mm ①
6- Comparing the (FFD) with (OD)
FFD (502mm) ˃ OD (73 mm)
(Double Wall Exposure-Double Wall Viewing (Ellipse))
At least 2 exposures at 90 deg to each other for complete coverage
7- Recommended maximum X-ray potentials for
Radiography of steel IS: E = 160 KV
At = 10.31 E = 160 KV
(And I = 6 mA)
E = 150 KV T=5 min
E = 160 KV T → T = 3.8 min
E = 180 KV T=1.5 min
Film type (AGFA D7)
( FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
From the exposure chart we have:
FILMS
AGFA D7 (T) * 0.9
AGFA D3 (T) * 2.4
Change from (Kodak AX) to AGFA D4 DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1
DUPONT NDT75 (T) * 1.7
KODAK MX (T) * 2
KODAK R (T) * 8.5
Film type (AGFA D4)
→ 3.8 * 2.4 = 9.12 min FFD = 700 mm
Film density (D) = 2
22
Film distance correction (FFD)
Film type (AGFA D4)
FFD = 502 mm
min
Film density (D) = 2
Exposure time (ɣ – ray)
To calculate the exposure time you have to know two factors
1- the thickness of the specimen (
2- the density of the specimen (
Note: ـfor thickness less than 3 inch we use Ir₁₉₂
From decay table at 30/5/2009 we find the activity 10.03 ci
from ruler we have to know three factors
1- activity (11.99 CI)
2- thickness (10.31 mm)
3- FFD (50 cm)
Film type (AGFA D7)
Then the exposure time = 5 min
Film density (D) = 3
→from (H – D) curve
Change from (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) to (AGFA D4) at density 2(D = 2)
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D7) at density 3(D = 3) = 2.5
- Log Relative Exposure at (AGFA D4) at density 2(D = 2) = 2.6
∆ Log Relative Exposure = 2.5 – 2.6 = 0.1
Anti Log Relative Exposure = anti log 0.1 = 1.25
23
So the correction factor to change
From (AGFA D7) at density 3 (D = 3) To (AGFA D4) at density 2 (D = 2)
Is 1.25
Film type (AGFA D4)
→ 5 * 1.25 = 6.25 min
Film density (D) = 2
image quality indicator ( IQI )
wire type ( sensitivity 2 % )
The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.03 * 10.31 = 0.309 mm
Set (1B)
Wire no (6)
Hole Type ( Quality Level 3- 2t )
- The penny thickness = 0.03*0. 203 = 0.006 inch =6 mils
Penny no (penny ID) = 6 mils
The smallest hole shall be visible = 2T = 2*0.008= 0.012 inch
24
