Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture-07

Idealized Structural Modeling

of RC Structures

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Design Cycle

 Idealization of Physical Structure

 Models for Analysis

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Live Load Placement

 Closing Note

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cycle

2. Idealization
Idealization
of physical
structure

1. Member Sizing 3. Analysis

Preliminary Analysis
estimation of of idealized
member sizes structure for given
loads

4. Design
If design (member
proportioning etc.) is OK,
the cycle is complete. If not
OK, repeat the cycle

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cycle

 Idealization of Physical Structure will be discussed in todays’

lecture.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 4

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Physical Structure
 Every structure in the universe is basically a 3D structure and is
composed of 3D members.

3DSlab
3D foundation
3D beam
3D Column

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealized Structure
 For analysis purpose, a physical structure is transformed to an
idealized structure.

 While transforming a physical structure to its equivalent idealized

form, following characteristics of the idealized structure shall be
selected as closely as possible to the actual structure:

 Span length,

 Supports,

 Stiffness,

 Loads, etc.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealized Structure
 A simple case of idealization is when a beam or column is
represented by a line with valid boundary conditions and the
relevant geometric properties of the physical members are
assigned to the line.

 The idealization of structural members, joints, supports and loads

in a RC structure is discussed in the following slides.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Structural Members

 Following model elements are used for idealization of structural
members.

3D column 1D line
3D slab 2D area element & Beam elements

Stress variation through thickness is neglected. Stress variation through thickness is neglected.

3D slab 3D solid element

3D column & Beam 3D solid elements

Stress variation through thickness is considered.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Joints
 Joints are those locations where two or more members are
connected. Depending on the connectivity of members, several types
of joints are possible, as shown in the figure.

 In RC structure, as members are monolithically connected, joints are

generally modeled as rigid joints. The design of RC joints is covered
under ACI 352.

θbeam ≠ θcolumn θbeam ≠ θcolumn

θbeam = θcolumn
Flexible Semi-Flexible
(Frictionless pin) (Spring) Rigid

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Restraints (Supports)

 A shallow foundation with relatively smaller dimensions can be
idealized as a hinge support.

G.L

Shallow foundation with relatively Hinge

smaller dimensions

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Restraints (Supports)

 A relatively deep foundation with relatively larger dimensions (e.g.,
continuous and raft footing) can be idealized as a fixed support.

G.L

Relatively deep foundation with large Fixed

dimensions resting on solid stratum

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Restraints (Supports)

 However a foundation may be more truly represented by modeling it as
an area or solid element with soil represented as spring elements etc.

G.L
=
KH
3D view
KV

Elastic Spring Support

(Elevation view)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Restraints (Supports)

 The effect on bending moment in members due to change in type of
restraints is shown in the figure.

348 325 369

158 180 136

For qa = 2 kip/ft2
K = 48 kip/ft

Hinge supports Fixed supports Spring

supports
0 88 0.56

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column 12″ × 12″; Load: 1.5 kip/ft; Units: kip-in

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Walls
 RC Shear Wall
3D Line Model

Shear wall rigidly

connected to structure
by reinforcement

3D structure
idealized model of shear wall

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Walls
 Masonry Wall
3D Line Model

Masonry wall
Pinned
connection

3D structure • Masonry wall modeled as equivalent diagonal bracing .

• Brace member is rectangular and has thickness equal to thickness of wall.
• Brace has depth equal to 0.25 times length of diagonal length.
• Brace is connected to structure through pinned connection
•Other models are also available in the literature.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization of Loads

≈
≈

Column Beam

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Depending on the nature of problem and available tools, One, two or three
dimensional idealized models of the physical structure can be prepared for
the purpose of analysis.

 Some of the options are listed below.

 Three Dimensional analysis using solid elements.

 Three Dimensional analysis using line and area elements.

 Two Dimensional analysis using line elements.

 One Dimensional analysis using line elements.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Three Dimensional analysis using solid elements.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Three Dimensional analysis using line and area elements.

 In the case of 3D analysis using line and area elements, the model is
idealized on the centerlines of 3D members

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Two Dimensional analysis using line elements

 Conversion of 3D model to 2D
 Due to various constraints (software availability, software efficiency, time
consumption, high skills required etc.), one would further like to transform a
3D model to a 2D model.

 Several methods of such transformation are available. Care must be taken

not to alter (too much) the properties of 3 D structure during transformation
process.

 Most commonly used method for this purpose is Equivalent Frame Method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Two Dimensional analysis using line elements

 Conversion of 3D model to 2D
 In Equivalent frame method, an equivalent 2D system of a 3D structure
is extracted by considering stiffnesses of relevant members e.g., slab
and beams.

1. 3D line model
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Two Dimensional analysis using line elements

 Conversion of 3D model to 2D
 3D frame extracted from structure

2. 3D frame extracted from structure

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 Two Dimensional analysis using line elements

 Conversion of 3D model to 2D
 Converted 2D line model
 Once the 2D system is extracted, any method can be used for analysis.

3. Converted 2D line model

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 One Dimensional analysis using line elements

 Conversion of 2D model to 1D
 2D structures can be further idealized as simpler 1D line models.

 End conditions must be selected with good structural engineering

judgment for correct structural representation.

Which one is
correct?

2D line model

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Models for Analysis

 One Dimensional analysis using line elements

 Conversion of 2D model to 1D
Must be considered
ACI Coefficient = 1/16 (for column support)

Actual BMD

BMD from selected

support conditions

2D frame

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 As idealized structure is an approximate representation of

physical structure, multiple problems are encountered
during the process resulting into creating a number of
deficiencies in the idealized model.

 Only some of these deficiencies are discusses in the next

few slides.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length.
 The use of center line length instead of actual length of members would
result in larger moments and hence unnecessarily large section.

Face Moment

Centerline Center line moment

moment for beam is larger than
face moment.

lc

ln

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length
 Centerline and face (offset) moments in a beam for a given case are
compared in the following figures.

780 kip-in 668 kip-in

Centerline Moment: Offset Moment:

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column size: 12″ × 12″ Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column size: 12″ × 12″

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length.
 In the case of columns, as moment gradient is not very steep, the
difference between Mface and Mc is small.

Mc

Mface

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length
 Centerline and face (offset) moments in a column for a given case are
compared in the following figures

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length
 ACI Code Recommendations.

 For analysis of frames, ACI 2.2 permits the use of center to center
lengths.

 For design, ACI 7.4.2.1 permits the use of bending moment at face of
the support.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of prismatic instead of non-prismatic members:
 The usual assumption in frame analysis is that the members are prismatic,
with constant moment of inertia between centerlines. This is not strictly
correct as shown below.

Section B-B
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of prismatic instead of non-prismatic members:
 As sectional dimensions of the members are very small as compared to
their length, the variation in bending moment resulting from such deficient
modeling will normally be not significant.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members

 RC members in a physical structure crack well below the ultimate
load. Therefore using full moment of inertia of the member in the
idealized model is not justified.

 Though the use of full moment of inertia of members will not affect
the total value of bending (positive plus negative), the distribution
between the members may change considerably.

 It is not the absolute moment of inertia that matters, rather it is the

relative stiffness of members that must be considered.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members

 Beam Section:
 At positive moment locations where T-section is effective, the cracked T-
section moment of inertia is almost equal to a rectangular section with the
same dimensions.

Positive moment h
location
(T-Section)
≈
h

b
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members
 Beam Section:
 At negative moment locations where rectangular section is effective, the
cracked rectangular section moment of inertia is almost equal to
rectangular section with same dimensions due to additional stiffness
provided by beam and column reinforcements.
Negative
moment
location
(Rectangular
Section)
Column As
h ≈
reinforcement
adds to section
stiffness b

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process s

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members

 Column Section:
 The effect of cracks on variation of moment of inertia of columns is
relatively less due to axial load on column.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members

 The figure shows distribution of bending moments in beam and column
at different I.

495 463 416

179 210 256

Units: kip-in

For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft) For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft) For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft)
Ibeam = Igross Ibeam = 0.75Igross Ibeam = 0.5Igross
Icolumn = Igross Icolumn = Igross Icolumn = Igross

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column: 12″ × 12″; DL = 1 kip/ft; LL = 0.5 kip/ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members

 ACI Code on Stiffness
 ACI 6.3.1.1 states that use of any set of reasonable assumptions shall be
permitted for computing relative flexural and torsional stiffnesses of
columns, walls, floors, and roof systems. The assumptions adopted shall
be consistent throughout analysis.

 ACI R6.3.1.1 states that relative values of stiffness are important.

Common assumptions are:
 Gross EI values for all members

 Half the gross EI of the beam stem for beams and the gross EI for the columns.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Deficiencies in Idealization Process

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members

 ACI Code on Stiffness
 Additional guidance is given in ACI Code 6.6.3.1.1, which specifies the
section properties to be used for frames subject to side-sway.

 Note: Effective moment of inertia shall be used for calculation of

deflection at a particular load stage.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Consider a 2D frame with rigid joints.

 The frame subjected to dead load only will have deflected shape
as shown below.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Live load may or may not occupy the complete floor of the
structure at the same time. It is possible that only span AB or any
other span is fully loaded at a time.

 Several arrangements of live load are possible.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Consider the frame below. Due to application of uniform live load on
span AB, the deflection of beam and adjacent columns will
increase.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 On further increase in live load, the span BC curvature can
reverse, bringing tension in upper fibers.

 Similarly the column AA′ converts from double to single curvature.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 If span CD is loaded as well with live load, the deflections in
spam AB will further increase. Also span BC will reach reverse
curvature earlier.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 So it is not the full live load on floor ABCD that causes more
bending in span AB, rather it is the arrangement or pattern shown
below that causes more bending in span AB.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Mid Span Moment
 With pattern 1, max. positive moments in spans AB and CD are obtained.
Maximum mid span negative moment in BC is also obtained.

A B C D E
Pattern 1
A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Mid Span Moment
 With pattern 2, maximum positive moment in spans BC is obtained.

 Maximum mid span negative moment in AB and CD is also obtained.

Pattern 2
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Support Moment
 Maximum support moment (at support B for example) is obtained for the
given frame from pattern 3.

Pattern 3
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Column Moment
 Maximum column moments (for column AA′ for example) is obtained for the
given frame from pattern 4.

Pattern 4
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Column Moment
 Maximum column moments (for column CC′ for example) is obtained for the
given frame from pattern 5.

Pattern 5
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moments

 Factored DL = 1.8 kip/ft (for 6" thick slab and 40 psf SDL)

 Factored LL = 1.152 (for 60 psf LL on 12′ width)

10′

10′

10′

20′ 20′ 20′ 20′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Full dead only (1.80 kip/ft) Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

427 350

780 718 246

0

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Full Live only (1.152 kip/ft) Deflected shape

Units: kip-
in

273 228

500 460 157

0

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Units: kip-in

700 580

1279 1179 403

0

Load: Full dead + live {1.80 +1.152} kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for Mmid+, max Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

380 370

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

804 725

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for Mmid+,max

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for M1st int supp Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

555

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

1335

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for M1st int supp -

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for Mint supp - Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

527

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

1246

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for Mint supp -

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for Mext col Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

141

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

387

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for Mext col

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for Mint col Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

102

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

102

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for Mint col

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Case Study: Effect of Pattern Load on bending moment

 All maximum load effects can be combined on a single diagram
giving envelop. Comparison with full dead and live load is also
shown.

700 580
(804) (725)
13% 20%

403 1279 1179

Full (387) (1335) (1246)
0
(Pattern) (102)
4% 4% 5%
100%
%age
difference

66
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Conclusions on Placement of Loads

 To calculate the maximum possible moments at all critical points
of a frame, live load must be placed in a great variety of different
schemes.

 In most practical cases, however, consideration of the relative

magnitude of effects will permit limitation of analysis to a small
number of significant cases.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Live Load Placement

 Arrangement of Live Loads (ACI 6.4)

 6.4.2 — It shall be permitted to assume that the arrangement of
live load is limited to combinations of:
 (a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two
adjacent spans;

 (b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on
alternate spans.

Alternate spans loaded Alternate spans loaded Adjacent spans loaded

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 68

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 The characteristics of the idealized structural model should be

as close as possible to the physical structure.

 The engineer must not only accept the uncertainties of load

placement, magnitude, and duration typical of any structural
analysis, but must also cope with other complications that are
unique to reinforced concrete such as effect of cracking, creep
and shrinkage.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 The student may well despair of accurate calculation of the

internal forces for which the members of a reinforced concrete
frame must be designed.

 However mainly because of plastic flow, a concrete structure

tries with admirable ductility to adapt itself to our calculations.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 70

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 As very correctly said by Halvard Birkeland

 ". . . the structure, in many instances, will accept our rash

assumptions and our imperfect mathematical models to such
an extent that the structure will exhaust all means of standing
before it decides to fall.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 However too great a deviation from the actual distribution of

internal forces can result in serviceability problems associated
with cracking and deflection, and can even result in premature
failure.

 But it is reassuring to know that, if good judgment is used in

assigning internal forces to critical sections, the wisdom of the
structure will prevail.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 72

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by Nilson,

Darwin and Dolan.

 ACI 318.

 SAP2000 FEM based Software.

 Case Studies by Dr. Qaisar and Engr. Umer

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The End

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 74

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