Chapter 5  Concrete Structures

Contents
5.0 General 5.0-1

5.1 Material Properties 5.1-1

5.1.1 Concrete Properties 5.1-1
5.1.2 Reinforcing Steel 5.1-6
5.1.3 Prestressing Steel 5.1-13
5.1.4 Prestress Losses 5.1-17
5.1.5 Prestressing Anchorage Systems 5.1-22
5.1.6 Ducts 5.1-22

5.2 Design Consideration 5.2-1

5.2.1 Design Limit States 5.2-1
5.2.2 Design Criteria 5.2-1
5.2.3 Service Limit State 5.2-2
5.2.4 Strength Limit State 5.2-3
5.2.5 Strut-and-tie Model 5.2-13
5.2.6 Deflection and Camber 5.2-13
5.2.7 Serviceability 5.2-15
5.2.8 Connections (Joints) 5.2-15
5.2.9 Revised Provisions for Flexural Design 5.2-16
5.2.10 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement 5.2-20
5.2.11 Minimum Reinforcement Requirement 5.2-21

5.3 Reinforced Concrete Box Girder Bridges 5.3-1

5.3.1 Box Girder Basic Geometries 5.3-1
5.3.2 Reinforcement 5.3-6
5.3.3 Crossbeam 5.3-14
5.3.4 End Diaphragm 5.3-19
5.3.5 Dead Load Deflection and Camber 5.3-22
5.3.6 Thermal Effects 5.3-23
5.3.7 Hinges 5.3-23
5.3.8 Utility Openings 5.3-23

5.4 Hinges and Inverted T-Beam Pier Caps 5.4-1

5.5 Bridge Widenings 5.5-1

5.5.1 Review of Existing Structures 5.5-1
5.5.2 Analysis and Design Criteria 5.5-2
5.5.3 Removing Portions of the Existing Structure 5.5-6
5.5.4 Attachment of Widening to Existing Structure 5.5-7
5.5.5 Expansion Joints 5.5-18
5.5.6 Possible Future Widening for Current Designs 5.5-20
5.5.7 Bridge Widening Falsework 5.5-20
5.5.8 Existing Bridge Widenings 5.5-20

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Contents Chapter 5

5.6 Precast Prestressed Girder Superstructures 5.6-1

5.6.1 WSDOT Standard Prestressed Girders 5.6-1
5.6.2 Criteria for Girder Design 5.6-4
5.6.3 Fabrication and Handling 5.6-12
5.6.4 Superstructure Optimization 5.6-16
5.6.5 Repair of Damaged Girders at Fabrication 5.6-20
5.6.6 Repair of Damaged Bridge Girders 5.6-21
5.6.7 Short Span Precast Prestressed Bridges 5.6-23
5.6.8 Prestressed Concrete Precast Tub Girders 5.6-24
5.6.9 Prestressed Girder Checking Requirement 5.6-24
5.6.10 Review of shop plans for pretensioned girders 5.6-25

5.7 Roadway Slab 5.7-1

5.7.1 Roadway Slab Requirements 5.7-1
5.7.2 Slab Reinforcement 5.7-3
5.7.3 Stay-In-Place Deck Panels 5.7-9
5.7.4 Concrete Bridge Deck Protection Systems 5.7-10

5.8 Cast-in-Place Post-tensioned Bridges 5.8-1

5.8.1 Design Parameters 5.8-1
5.8.2 Analysis 5.8-10
5.8.3 Post-tensioning 5.8-12
5.8.4 Shear 5.8-17
5.8.5 Temperature Effects 5.8-19
5.8.6 Construction 5.8-20
5.8.7 Post-Tensioning Notes — Cast-in-Place Girders 5.8-22

5.9 Spliced Precast Girders 5.9-1

5.9.1 Definitions 5.9-1
5.9.2 WSDOT Criteria for use of Spliced Girders 5.9-2
5.9.3 Girder Segment Design 5.9-3
5.9.4 Joints Between Segments 5.9-4
5.9.5 Review of shop plans for precast post-tensioned spliced-girders 5.9-5
5.9.6 Post-Tensioning Notes ~ Precast Post-Tensioning Spliced-Girders 5.9-6

5.99 Bibliography 5.99-1

Appendix A
Appendix 5.1-A1 Standard Hooks 5.1-A1-1
Appendix 5.1-A2 Minimum Reinforcement Clearance and Spacing for Beams
and Columns 5.1-A2-1
Appendix 5.1-A3 Reinforcing Bar Properties 5.1-A3-1
Appendix 5.1-A4 Tension Development Length of Deformed Bars 5.1-A4-1
Appendix 5.1-A5 Compression Development Length and Minimum
Lap Splice of Grade 60 Bars 5.1-A5-1
Appendix 5.1-A6 Tension Development Lengthof 90º and 180º Standard Hooks 5.1-A6-1
Appendix 5.1-A7 Tension Lap Splice Lengths of Grade 60 Uncoated Bars ~
Class B 5.1-A7-1
Appendix 5.1-A8 Prestressing Strand Properties and Development Length 5.1-A8-1

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Chapter 5 Contents

Appendix 5.2-A1 Working Stress Design 5.2-A1-1

Appendix 5.2-A2 Working Stress Design 5.2-A2-1
Appendix 5.2-A3 Working Stress Design 5.2-A3-1
Appendix 5.3-A1 Positive Moment Reinforcement 5.3-A1-1
Appendix 5.3-A2 Negative Moment Reinforcement 5.3-A2-1
Appendix 5.3-A3 Adjusted Negative Moment Case I
(Design for M @ Face of Support) 5.3-A3-1
Appendix 5.3-A4 Adjusted Negative Moment Case II
(Design for M @ 1/4 Point) 5.3-A4-1
Appendix 5.3-A5 Cast-In-Place Deck Slab Design for Positive
Moment Regions f'c=4, 0 ksi 5.3-A5-1
Appendix 5.3-A6 Cast-In-Place Deck Slab Design for Negative
Moment Regions f'c=4, 0 ksi 5.3-A6-1
Appendix 5.3-A7 Slab Overhang Design-Interior Barrier Segment 5.3-A7-1
Appendix 5.3-A8 Slab Overhang Design-End Barrier Segment 5.3-A8-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-1A Span Capability of Prestressed W Girders with
Future Wearing Surface 5.6-A1-1A -1
Appendix 5.6-A1-1B Span Capability of W Girders without Future
Wearing Surface 5.6-A1-1B-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-2A Span Capability of Prestressed Wide Flange Girders
with Future Wearing Surface 5.6-A1-2A-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-2B Span Capability of Prestressed Wide Flange Girders
without Future Wearing Surface 5.6-A1-2B-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-3 Span Capability of Thin Flange Bulb Tee Girders 5.6-A1-3-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-4 Span Capability of Trapezoidal Tub Girders without
Top Flange 5.6-A1-4-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-5 Span Capability of Trapezoidal Tub Girders with
Top Flange for S-I-P Deck Panels 5.6-A1-5-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-6 Span Capability of 1'-0" Solid Slabs with 5" CIP Topping 5.6-A1-6-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-7 Span Capability of 1'-6" Voided Slab with 5" CIP Topping 5.6-A1-7-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-8 Span Capability of 2'-2" Voided Slab with 5" CIP Topping 5.6-A1-8-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-9 Span Capability of Precast Prestressed Double Tee Girders 5.6-A1-9-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-10 Span Capability Precast Prestressed Ribbed Girders 5.6-A1-10-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-11 Span Capability of Deck Bulb Tee Girders 5.6-A1-11-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-12 Span Capability of Post-Tensioned Spliced I-Girders 5.6-A1-12-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-13 Span Capability of Post-Tensioned Spliced Tub Girders 5.6-A1-13-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-1 I-Girder Section 5.6-A1-1
Appendix 5.6-A1-2 Decked Girder Section 5.6-A1-2
Appendix 5.6-A1-3 Spliced-Girder Section 5.6-A1-3
Appendix 5.6-A1-4 Tub Section 5.6-A1-4
Appendix 5.6-A2-1 Single Span Prestressed Girder Construction Sequence 5.6-A2-1
Appendix 5.6-A2-2 Multiple Span Prestressed Girder Construction Sequence 5.6-A2-2
Appendix 5.6-A2-3 Raised Crossbeam Prestressed Girder Construction
Sequence 5.6-A2-3
Appendix 5.6-A3-1 W42G Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A3-1
Appendix 5.6-A3-2 W42G Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A3-2
Appendix 5.6-A3-3 W42G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A3-3
Appendix 5.6-A3-4 W42G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A3-4
Appendix 5.6-A3-5 W42G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A3-5
Appendix 5.6-A3-6 W42G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A3-6
Appendix 5.6-A3-7 W42G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A3-7

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Appendix 5.6-A3-8 W42G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A3-8

Appendix 5.6-A3-9 W42G Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A3-9
Appendix 5.6-A4-1 W50G Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A4-1
Appendix 5.6-A4-2 W50G Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A4-2
Appendix 5.6-A4-3 W50G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A4-3
Appendix 5.6-A4-4 W50G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A4-4
Appendix 5.6-A4-5 W50G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A4-5
Appendix 5.6-A4-6 W50G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A4-6
Appendix 5.6-A4-7 W50G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A4-7
Appendix 5.6-A4-8 W50G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A4-8
Appendix 5.6-A4-9 W50G Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A4-9
Appendix 5.6-A5-1 W58G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A5-1
Appendix 5.6-A5-2 W58G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A5-2
Appendix 5.6-A5-3 W58G Girder Details 3 of 3 5.6-A5-3
Appendix 5.6-A5-4 W58G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A5-4
Appendix 5.6-A5-5 W58G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A5-5
Appendix 5.6-A5-6 W58G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A5-6
Appendix 5.6-A5-7 W58G Fixed Recessed-Faces Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A5-7
Appendix 5.6-A5-8 W58G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A5-8
Appendix 5.6-A5-9 W58G Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A5-9
Appendix 5.6-A5-10 W58G Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A5-10
Appendix 5.6-A6-1 W74G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A6-1
Appendix 5.6-A6-2 W74G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A6-2
Appendix 5.6-A6-3 W74G Girder Details 3 of 3 5.6-A6-3
Appendix 5.6-A6-4 W74G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A6-4
Appendix 5.6-A6-5 W74G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A6-5
Appendix 5.6-A6-6 W74G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A6-6
Appendix 5.6-A6-7 W74G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A6-7
Appendix 5.6-A6-8 W74G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A6-8
Appendix 5.6-A6-9 W74G Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A6-9
Appendix 5.6-A6-10 W74G Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A6-10
Appendix 5.6-A7-1 Girder Details 3 of 3 5.6-A7-1
Appendix 5.6-A7-2 Additional Extended Strands 5.6-A7-2
Appendix 5.6-A7-3 Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A7-3
Appendix 5.6-A7-4 WF42G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A7-4
Appendix 5.6-A7-5 WF42G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A7-5
Appendix 5.6-A7-6 WF42G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A7-6
Appendix 5.6-A7-7 WF42G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A7-7
Appendix 5.6-A7-8 WF42G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A7-8
Appendix 5.6-A7-9 WF42G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A7-9
Appendix 5.6-A7-10 WF42G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A7-10
Appendix 5.6-A7-11 WF42G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A7-11

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Appendix 5.6-A8-1 WF50G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A8-1

Appendix 5.6-A8-2 WF50G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A8-2
Appendix 5.6-A8-3 WF50G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A8-3
Appendix 5.6-A8-4 WF50G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A8-4
Appendix 5.6-A8-5 WF50G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A8-5
Appendix 5.6-A8-6 WF50G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A8-6
Appendix 5.6-A8-7 WF50G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A8-7
Appendix 5.6-A8-8 WF50G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A8-8
Appendix 5.6-A9-1 WF58G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A9-1
Appendix 5.6-A9-2 WF58G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A9-2
Appendix 5.6-A9-3 WF58G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A9-3
Appendix 5.6-A9-4 WF58G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A9-4
Appendix 5.6-A9-5 WF58G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A9-5
Appendix 5.6-A9-6 WF58G Fixed Recessed-face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A9-6
Appendix 5.6-A9-7 WF58G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A9-7
Appendix 5.6-A9-8 WF58G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A9-8
Appendix 5.6-A10-1 WF74G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A10-1
Appendix 5.6-A10-2 WF74G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A10-2
Appendix 5.6-A10-3 WF74G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A10-3
Appendix 5.6-A10-4 WF74G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A10-4
Appendix 5.6-A10-5 WF74G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A10-5
Appendix 5.6-A10-6 WF74G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A10-6
Appendix 5.6-A10-7 WF74G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A10-7
Appendix 5.6-A10-8 WF74G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A10-8
Appendix 5.6-A11-1 WF83G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A11-1
Appendix 5.6-A11-2 WF83G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A11-2
Appendix 5.6-A11-3 WF83G End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A11-3
Appendix 5.6-A11-4 WF83G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A11-4
Appendix 5.6-A11-5 WF83G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A11-5
Appendix 5.6-A11-6 WF83G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A11-6
Appendix 5.6-A11-7 WF83G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Details 5.6-A11-7
Appendix 5.6-A11-8 WF83G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A11-8
Appendix 5.6-A12-1 WF95G Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A12-1
Appendix 5.6-A12-2 WF95G Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A12-2
Appendix 5.6-A12-3 WF95G Eng Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A12-3
Appendix 5.6-A12-4 WF95G Abutment Type Pier Diaphragm Details 5.6-A12-4
Appendix 5.6-A12-5 WF95G Fixed Flush-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A12-5
Appendix 5.6-A12-6 WF95G Fixed Recessed-Face Diaphragm at Intermediate
Pier Details 5.6-A12-6
Appendix 5.6-A12-7 WF95G Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A12-7
Appendix 5.6-A12-8 WF95G Intermediate Diaphragm Details 5.6-A12-8

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Contents Chapter 5

Appendix 5.6-A13-1 Bulb Tee Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A13-1

Appendix 5.6-A13-2 Bulb Tee Girder Details 3 of 3 5.6-A13-2
Appendix 5.6-A13-3 Bulb Tee Girder Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A13-3
Appendix 5.6-A13-4 W32BTG Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A13-4
Appendix 5.6-A14-1 W38BTG Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A14-1
Appendix 5.6-A14-1 W38BTG Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A14-1
Appendix 5.6-A15-1 W62BTG Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A15-1
Appendix 5.6-A16-1 Tub Girder Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A16-1
Appendix 5.6-A16-2 Tub Girder Details 1 of 3 5.6-A16-2
Appendix 5.6-A16-3 Tub Girder Details 2 of 3 5.6-A16-3
Appendix 5.6-A16-4 Tub Girder Details 3 of 3 5.6-A16-4
Appendix 5.6-A16-5 Tub Girder End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.6-A16-5
Appendix 5.6-A16-6 Tub Girder Raised Crossbeam Details 5.6-A16-6
Appendix 5.6-A17-1 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder Details 1 of 4 5.6-A17-1
Appendix 5.6-A17-2 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – Details 2 of 4 5.6-A17-2
Appendix 5.6-A17-3 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – Details 3 of 4 5.6-A17-3
Appendix 5.6-A17-4 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – Details 4 of 4 5.6-A17-4
Appendix 5.6-A17-5 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – End Diaphragm
on Girder Details 5.6-A17-5
Appendix 5.6-A17-6 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – Raised Crossbeam Details 5.6-A17-6
Appendix 5.6-A17-7 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.6-A17-7
Appendix 5.6-A18-1 Precast Prestressed Stay-in-Place Deck Panel Details 5.6-A18-1
Appendix 5.6-A19-1 1’-0” Solid Slab Details 1 of 2 5.6-A19-1
Appendix 5.6-A19-2 1’-0” Solid Slab Details 2 of 2 5.6-A19-2
Appendix 5.6-A20-1 1’-6” Voided Details 1 of 2 5.6-A20-1
Appendix 5.6-A20-2 1’-6” Voided Details 2 of 2 5.6-A20-2
Appendix 5.6-A21-1 2’-2” Voided Slab Details 1 of 2 5.6-A21-1
Appendix 5.6-A21-2 2’-2” Voided Slab Details 2 of 2 5.6-A21-2
Appendix 5.6-A21-3 Voided Slab End Pier 5.6-A21-3
Appendix 5.6-A21-4 Hinge Diaphragm at Intermediate Pier Details 5.6-A21-4
Appendix 5.6-A22-1 Precast Prestressed Ribbed Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A22-1
Appendix 5.6-A22-2 Precast Prestressed Ribbed Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A22-2
Appendix 5.6-A22-3 Precast Prestressed Ribbed Girder Pier Details 5.6-A22-3
Appendix 5.6-A23-1 Precast Prestressed Double T Details 1 of 2 5.6-A23-1
Appendix 5.6-A23-2 Precast Prestressed Double T Details 2 of 2 5.6-A23-2
Appendix 5.6-A24-1 W35DG Deck Bulb Tee Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A24-1
Appendix 5.6-A24-2 W35DG Deck Bulb Tee Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A24-2
Appendix 5.6-A24-3 W35DG Deck Bulb Tee Diaphragm Details 5.6-A24-3
Appendix 5.6-A25-1 W41DG Bulb Tee Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A25-1
Appendix 5.6-A25-2 W41DG Bulb Tee Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A25-2
Appendix 5.6-A25-3 W41DG Deck Bulb Tee Girder Diaphragm Details 5.6-A25-3
Appendix 5.6-A26-1 W53DG Bulb Tee Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A26-1
Appendix 5.6-A26-2 W53DG Bulb Tee Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A26-2
Appendix 5.6-A26-3 W53DG Deck Bulb Tee Diaphragm Details 5.6-A26-3
Appendix 5.6-A27-1 W65DG Deck Bulb Tee Girder Details 1 of 2 5.6-A27-1
Appendix 5.6-A27-2 W65DG Deck Bulb Tee Girder Details 2 of 2 5.6-A27-2
Appendix 5.6-A27-3 W65DG Deck Bulb Tee Girder Diaphragm Details 5.6-A27-3
Appendix 5.6-A27-4 Deck Bulb Tee Girder Diaphragm Details 5.6-A27-4
Appendix 5.9-A1-1 WF74PTG Spliced Girders Details 1 of 5 5.9-A1-1

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Chapter 5 Contents

Appendix 5.9-A1-2 WF74PTG Spliced Girder Details 2 of 5 5.9-A1-2

Appendix 5.9-A1-3 Spliced Girder Details 3 of 5 5.9-A1-3
Appendix 5.9-A1-4 WF74PTG Girder Details 4 of 5 5.9-A1-4
Appendix 5.9-A1-5 Spliced Girder Details 5 of 5 5.9-A1-5
Appendix 5.9-A2-1 WF83PTG Spliced Girder Details 1 of 5 5.9-A2-1
Appendix 5.9-A2-2 WF83PTG Spliced Girder Details 2 of 5 5.9-A2-2
Appendix 5.9-A2-4 WF83PTG Spliced Girder Details 4 of 5 5.9-A2-3
Appendix 5.9-A3-1 WF95PTG Spliced Girder Details 1 of 5 5.9-A3-1
Appendix 5.9-A3-2 WF95PTG Spliced Girder Details 2 of 5 5.9-A3-2
Appendix 5.9-A3-4 WF95PTG Spliced Girder Details 4 of 5 5.9-A3-3
Appendix 5.9-A4-1 Tub Spliced Girder Miscellaneous Bearing Details 5.9-A4-1
Appendix 5.9-A4-2 Tub Spliced Girder Details 1 of 5 5.9-A4-2
Appendix 5.9-A4-3 Tub Spliced Girder Details 2 of 5 5.9-A4-3
Appendix 5.9-A4-4 Tub Spliced Girder Details 3 of 5 5.9-A4-4
Appendix 5.9-A4-5 Tub Spliced Girder Details 4 of 5 5.9-A4-5
Appendix 5.9-A4-6 Spliced Tub Girder Details 5 of 5 5.9-A4-6
Appendix 5.9-A4-7 Tub Sliced Girder End Diaphragm on Girder Details 5.9-A4-7
Appendix 5.9-A4-8 Tub Sliced Girder Raised Crossbeam Details 5.9-A4-8
Appendix 5.9-A5-1 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Spliced Girder Details 1 of 5 5.9-A5-1
Appendix 5.9-A5-2 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Spliced Girder – Details 2 of 5 5.9-A5-2
Appendix 5.9-A5-3 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Spliced Girder – Details 3 of 5 5.9-A5-3
Appendix 5.9-A5-4 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Spliced Girder – Details 4 of 5 5.9-A5-4
Appendix 5.9-A5-5 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Spliced Girder – Details 5 of 5 5.9-A5-5
Appendix 5.9-A5-6 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – End Diaphragm on
Girder Details 5.9-A5-6
Appendix 5.9-A5-7 Tub S-I-P Deck Panel Girder – Raised Crossbeam Details 5.9-A5-7
Appendix B
Appendix 5-B1 “A” Dimension for Precast Girder Bridges 5-B1-1
Appendix 5-B2 Pre-approved Post-Tensioning Anchorages 5-B2-1
Appendix 5-B3 Existing Bridge Widenings 5-B3-1
Appendix 5-B4 P.T. Box Girder Bridges Single Span 5-B4-1
Appendix 5-B5 Prestressed Girder Design Example 5-B5-1
Appendix 5-B6 Cast-in-Place Slab Design Example 5-B6-1
Appendix 5-B7 Precast Concrete Stay-In-Place (SIP) Deck Panel 5-B7-1
Appendix 5-B8 W35DG Deck Bulb Tee, 48" Wide 5-B8-1
Appendix 5-B9 Prestressed Voided Slab with Cast-in-Place Topping 5-B9-1
Appendix 5-B10 Positive EQ Reinforcement at Interior Pier of a
Prestressed Girder 5-B10-1
Appendix 5-B11 LRFD Wingwall Design-Vehicle Collision 5-B11-1
Appendix 5-B12 Flexural Strength Calculations for Composite T-Beams 5-B12-1
Appendix 5-B13 Strut-and-Tie Model Design Example for Hammerhead Pier 5-B13-1
Appendix 5-B14 Shear and Torsion Capacity of a Reinforced Concrete Beam 5-B14-1
Appendix 5-B15 Sound Wall Design - Type D-2k 5-B15-1

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5.0  General
The provisions in this section apply to the design of Cast-in-Place (CIP) and precast bridges
constructed of normal density concrete and reinforced with mild reinforcing steel and/or prestressing
strands or bars. The provisions are based on concrete ultimate compressive strengths of 10.0 ksi
or less.
Prior to precast pretensioned and post-tensioned concrete members introduced in the early 1960s, all
short and medium span bridges were built as cast-in-place reinforced concrete superstructures. Many
of the bridges built before 1960 are still functional, durable, and structurally sound. The service life
of some of these early bridges can be extended by widening their decks to accommodate increased
traffic demand or to improve safety.

5.1  Material Properties

Design of concrete structures shall be based on the on the material properties cited herein and on the
use of material properties that conform to the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications1,
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications2, and the WSDOT Standard Specifications for
Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction3.

5.1.1  Concrete Properties

A. Strength of Concrete
Pacific NW aggregates have consistently resulted in excellent concrete strengths, to as much as
10,000 psi in 28 days. The following strengths are normally used for design.
1. Cast-in-Place Concrete Bridges
Since conditions for placing and curing concrete on cast-in-place bridges are not as
controlled, as they are for precast bridge sections, a lower concrete strength is used. Class
4000 concrete is typically used for all cast-in-place concrete bridges. Where significant
economy can be gained and structural requirements dictate, the structure could be designed
for class 5000 concrete. Use of CLASS 5000 or higher requires approval of the Bridge
Design Engineer, Bridge Construction Office, and Materials Lab.
2. Precast Girders
Nominal 28-day concrete strength (f’c) for precast girders with a cast-in-place deck is 7,000
psi. Where higher strengths would eliminate a line of girders, this strength can be specified,
preferably at 8,500 psi up to a maximum of 10,000 psi. The final strength of concrete shall be
specified as required by design and shown on the plans.
The minimum concrete compressive strength at release (f’ci) for each prestressed girder in a
bridge is to be calculated and shown in the plans. For a 28-day concrete compressive strength
of 7,000 psi, a concrete compressive strength at release of between 3,500 and 6,000 psi shall
be specified. For high strength concrete, the compressive strength at release shall be limited
to 7,500 psi. Release strengths of up to 8,500 psi can be achieved with extended curing for
special circumstances. The specified concrete strength at release should be rounded to the
next highest 100 psi.

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B. Classes of Concrete
1. CLASS 3000
Used in large sections with light to nominal reinforcement, mass pours, sidewalks, curbs,
gutters, and nonstructural concrete guardrail anchors, luminaire bases.
2. CLASS 4000
Used in cast-in-place post-tensioned or conventionally reinforced concrete box girders, slabs,
traffic and pedestrian barriers, approach slabs, footings, box culverts, wing walls, curtain
walls, retaining walls, columns, and crossbeams.
3. CLASS 4000D
Concrete class 4000D shall be used for all cast-in-place bridge decks unless otherwise
approved by the Bridge Design Engineer. WSDOT requires two coats of curing compound
and a continuous wet curing for 14 days.
4. CLASS 4000P
Used for cast-in-place pile and shaft.
5. CLASS 4000W
Used underwater in seals.
6. CLASS 5000 or Higher. Used in cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete box girder construction
or in other special structural applications situations if significant economy can be gained.
The 28-day compressive design strengths (f 'c) are shown in Table 5.1.1-1.

Classes of Concrete f’c, (psi)

COMMERCIAL 2300
3000 3000
4000, 4000D 4000
4000W 2400*
5000 5000**
6000 6000
4000P 3400***

* 40 percent reduction from CLASS 4000.

** Class 5000 concrete is available within a 30‑mile radius of Seattle, Spokane,
and Vancouver. Outside this 30‑mile radius, concrete suppliers do not have the
quality control procedures and expertise to supply control Class 5000 concrete.
*** 15 percent reduction from CLASS 4000 for all drilled shafts.

28-day Compressive Design Strength

Table 5.1.1-1

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C. Relative Compressive Concrete Strength

a. During design or construction of a bridge, it is necessary to determine the strength of concrete
at various stages of construction. For instance, Section 6-02.3(17)J of the WSDOT Standards
Specifications discusses the time at which falsework and forms can be removed to various
percentages of the concrete design strength. Occasionally, construction problems will arise
which require a knowledge of the relative strengths of concrete at various ages. Table 5.1.1-2
shows the approximate values of the minimum compressive strengths of different classes of
concrete at various ages. If the concrete has been cured under continuous moist curing at an
average temperature, it can be assumed that these values have been developed.
b. Curing of the concrete (especially in the first 24 hours) have a very important influence on
the strength development of concrete at all ages. Temperature affects the rate at which the
chemical reaction between cement and water takes place. Loss of moisture can seriously
impair the concrete strength.
c. If test strength is above or below that shown in Table 5.1.1-2, the age at which the design
strength will be reached can be determined by direct proportion.
For example, if the relative strength at 10 days is 64 percent instead of the minimum
70 percent shown in Table 5.1.1-2, the time it takes to reach the design strength can be
determined as follows:
Let x  =  relative strength to determine the age at which the concrete will reach the design
strength
x 100   Therefore, x = 110%
70 = 64
From Table 5.1.1-2, the design strength should be reached in 40 days.

Relative Class Class Class Relative Class Class Class

Age Age
Strength 5000 4000 3000 Strength 5000 4000 3000
Days % ksi ksi ksi Days % ksi ksi ksi
3 35 1.75 1.40 1.05 20 91 4.55 3.64 2.73
4 43 2.15 1.72 1.29 21 93 4.65 3.72 2.79
5 50 2.50 2.00 1.50 22 94 4.70 3.76 2.82
6 55 2.75 2.20 1.65 23 95 4.75 3.80 2.85
7 59 2.95 2.36 1.77 24 96 4.80 3.84 2.88
8 63 3.15 2.52 1.89 25 97 4.85 3.88 2.91
9 67 3.35 2.68 2.01 26 98 4.90 3.92 2.94
10 70 3.5 2.80 2.10 27 99 4.95 3.96 2.97
11 73 3.65 2.92 2.19 28 100 5.00 4.00 3.00
12 75 3.75 3.00 2.25 30 102 5.10 4.08 3.06
13 77 3.85 3.08 2.31 40 110 5.50 4.40 3.30
14 79 3.95 3.16 2.37 50 115 5.75 4.60 3.45
15 81 4.05 3.24 2.43 60 120 6.00 4.80 3.60
16 83 4.15 3.32 2.49 70 125 6.25 5.00 3.75
17 85 4.25 3.34 2.55 80 129 6.45 5.16 3.87
18 87 4.35 3.48 2.61 90 131 6.55 5.24 3.93
19 89 4.45 3.56 2.67 100 133 6.70 5.40 4.00

Relative and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Table 5.1.1-2
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D. Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity for concrete strength up to 10 ksi is normally taken:
  E 33000w 3/2 f'c (5.1.1-1)
where:
w = Unit weight of concrete in kip/ft3. (Normal unit weight concretes used in Washington
is 0.160 kip/ft3)
f’c = Design compressive strength of concrete in ksi
E. Creep
The creep coefficient may be taken as follows:
} ^t, tih = 1.9kvs khc k f ktd ki (5.1.1-2)
- 0.118

in which:
kvs = 1.45 - 0.13 ^V/S h $ 1.0 (5.1.1-3)
khc = 1.56 - 0.008H (5.1.1-4)
k f = c 5 m (5.1.1-5)
1 + f' ci

ktd = c t
m (5.1.1-6)
61 - 4f' ci + t
where:
H =
relativity humidity (%), equal to 75% for standard conditions
kvs =
factor for the effect of the volume-to-surface ratio of the component
khc =
humidity factor for creep
kf =
factor for the effect of concrete strength
ktd =
time development factor
t =
maturity of concrete (day), defined as age of concrete between time of loading for
creep calculations, or end of curing for shrinkage calculations, and time being being
considered for analysis or creep or shrinkage effect
ti = age of concrete when load is initially applied (day)
V/S = volume-to-surface ratio (Table 5.6.1-1)
f’ci = specified compressive strength of concrete at time of prestressing; if concrete age is
unknown at design time, f’ci may be taken as 0.80 f’c (ksi)
In determining the maturity of concrete at initial loading, ti, one day of accelerated curing by
steam or radiant heat may be taken as equal to seven days of normal curing.
The final deflection is a combination of the elastic deflection and the creep effect associated with
given loads shown by the equation below.
'total 'elastic >1  \ t, t i @ (5.1.1-7)

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 Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Figure 5.1.1-1 provides creep coefficients for a range of typical initial concrete strength values, f’ci, as
a function of time from initial 7 day steam cure (ti = 7 days). The figure uses volume-to-surface, V/S,
ratio of 3.3 as an average for W-type and tub girders and relativity humidity, H, equal to 75%.

Creep Coefficient for Standard Conditions as

function of Initial Concrete Strength
Figure 5.1.1-1

For other factors affecting creep, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.4.2.3.2.
F. Shrinkage
To compute the variation of shrinkage with time, use the following equation.
H SH  k vs k hs k f k td 0.48 x10 3 (5.1.1-8)
in which:
k vs 2.00  0.14 H (5.1.1-9)
All other factors are as defined above in Section E. Creep.
For concrete exposed to drying before five days of curing have elapsed, the shrinkage, eSH, should be
increased by 20 percent.
For other factors affecting shrinkage, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.4.2.3.3.
G. Grout
Grout is usually a prepackaged cement based grout or nonshrink grout that is mixed, placed, and cured
as recommended by the manufacturer. It is used under steel base plates for both bridge bearings and
luminaries or sign bridge bases. Should the grout pad thickness exceed 4", steel reinforcement shall be
used. For design purposes, the strength of the grout, if properly cured, can be assumed to be equal to
or greater than that of the adjacent concrete but not greater than 4000 psi. Nonshrink grout is used in
keyways between precast prestressed deck slabs, tri-beams, double-Tees, and deck bulb-tees.
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5.1.2  Reinforcing Steel

A. Grades
Steel reinforcing bars are manufactured as plain or deformed bars (which have ribbed projections
that grip the concrete in order to provide better bond between steel and concrete). In Washington
State, the reinforcing bars are always deformed.
Reinforcing bars conform to Section 9-07.2 of the Standard Specifications.
B. Sizes
Reinforcing bars are referred to in the contract plans and specifications by number and vary in
size from #3 to #18. For bars up to and including #8, the number of the bar coincides with the
bar diameter in eighths of an inch. The #9, #10, and #11 bars have diameters that provide areas
equal to 1" x 1" square bars, 1⅛" x 1⅛" square bars and 1¼" x 1¼" square bars respectively.
Similarly, the #14 and #18 bars correspond to 1½" x 1½" and 2" x 2" square bars, respectively.
Appendix 5.1-A3, shows the sizes, number, and various properties of the types of bars used in
Washington State.
C. Development
1. Tension Development Length
Development length or anchorage of reinforcement is required on both sides of a point of
maximum stress at any section of a reinforced concrete member.
Development of bars in tension involves calculating the basic development length, ld, which
is modified by factors to reflect bar spacing, cover, enclosing transverse reinforcement, top
bar effect, type of aggregate, epoxy coating, and ratio of required area to provided area of
reinforcement to be developed.
The development length, ld (including all applicable modification factors) must not be less
than 12".
Appendix 5.1-A4, show the tension development length for both uncoated and epoxy coated
Grade 60 bars for normal weight concrete with specified strengths of 3,000 to 6,000 psi.
2. Compression Development Length
The basic development lengths for deformed bars in compression are shown in Appendix
5.1-A5, Appendix A. These values may be modified for ratio of required area vs. provided
area of reinforcement, or for bars enclosed in a ¼″ diameter spiral at 4″ maximum pitch.
However, the minimum development length per WSDOT office practice is 1'-0".
3. Tension Development Length of Standard End Hook
Standard end hooks, utilizing 90° and 180° end hooks, are used to develop bars in tension
where space limitations restrict the use of straight bars. Figure 5.1.2-1 and 5.1.2-2 and
Table 5.1.2-1 show the minimum embedment lengths necessary to provide 2" of cover on
the tails of 90° and 180° end hooks. Epoxy coating does not affect the tension development
lengths, ldh, of standard 90° and 180° end hooks. Tension development Length of 90° & 180°
Standard Hooks are shown in Appendix 5.1-A6.

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Bar Size Embedment

#3 6″
#4 7″
#5 9″
#6 10″
#7 1′−0″
#8 1′−2″
#9 1′−3″
#10 1′−5″
#11 1′−7″
#14 2′−10″
#18 3′−7″

Minimum Embedment Lengths of Standard 180° End Hooks

Table 5.1.2-1


  
 


 












 

 


 





Standard 180° and 90° End Hooks
Figure 5.1.2-1


 









 

Special Confinement for 180° and 90° End Hooks

Figure 5.1.2-2

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Cantilever Retaining Wall

The footing near the corner, at the junction between the stem and the footing, with reinforcing
as shown will fully develop the resisting moment as long as the toe of the footing is long
enough for anchorage, and stress at “A” (bottom) is not critical.


Cantilever Retaining Wall Reinforcing Details
Figure 5.1.2-3

T-Joint
The forces from a tension crack at 45° . Reinforcement as shown is more than twice as
effective in developing the strength of the corner than if the reinforcement was turned 180°.



T-Joint Reinforcing Details
Figure 5.1.2-4

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“Normal” Right Corners

Corners subjected to bending as shown will crack radially in the corner outside of the main
reinforcing steel. Smaller size reinforcing steel shall be provided in the corner to distribute
the radial cracking.





“Normal” Right Corner Reinforcing Details
Figure 5.1.2-5

Right or obtuse angle corners

Corners subjected to bending as shown in Figure 5.1.2-6 tend to crack at the reentrant corner
and fail in tension across the corner. If not properly reinforced, the resisting corner moment
may be less than the applied moment.



Right or Obtuse Angle Corner
Figure 5.1.2-6

Reinforced as shown in Figure 5.1.2-7, the section will develop 85% of the ultimate moment
capacity of the wall. If the bends were rotated 180° , only 30% of the wall capacity would be
developed.

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

Right or Obtuse Angle Corner Reinforcing Details
Figure 5.1.2-7

Adding diagonal reinforcing steel across the corner as shown in Figure 5.1.2-8, approximately
equal to 50% of the main reinforcing steel, will develop the corner strength to fully resist
the applied moment. Extend the diagonal reinforcement past the corner each direction for
anchorage. Since this bar arrangement will fully develop the resisting moment, a fillet in the
corner is normally unnecessary.

Right or Obtuse Angle Corner Reinforcing Details

Figure 5.1.2-8

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D. Splices
Three methods are used to splice reinforcing bars; lap splices, mechanical splices, and welded
splices. Lap splicing of reinforcing bars is the most common method. The Contract Plans should
clearly show the locations and lengths of lap splice. Lap splices are not permitted for bars larger
than #11.
No lap splices, for either tension or compression bars, shall be less than 2'-0" per WSDOT office
practice. See Section 5.11.5 of the LRFD Specifications for additional splice requirements.
1. Tension Lap Splices
Many of the same factors which affect development length affect splices. Consequently,
tension lap splices are a function of the bar’s development length, ld. There are three classes
of tension lap splices: Class A, B, and C. Designers are encouraged to splice bars at points of
minimum stress and to stagger lap splices along the length of the bars.
Appendix 5.1-A7, shows tension lap splices for both uncoated and epoxy coated Grade 60
bars for normal weight concrete with specified strengths of 3,000 to 6,000 psi. For additional
requirements, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.11.5.
For Seismic Performance Categories C and D, AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section
5.10.11.4.1, the lap splices for longitudinal column bars are permitted only within the center
half of the column height and shall not be less than the lap splices given in Appendix 5.1-A7,
or 60 bar diameters, whichever is greater.
Note that the maximum spacing of the transverse reinforcement (i.e., column ties) over the
length of the splice shall not exceed the smaller of 6" or ¼ of the minimum column plan
dimension.
2. Compression Lap Splices
The compression lap splices shown in Appendix 5.1-A5, are for concrete strengths greater
than 3,000 psi. If the concrete strength is less than 3,000 psi, the compression lap splices
should be increased by one third. Note that when two bars of different diameters are lap
spliced, the length of the lap splice shall be the larger of the lap splice for the smaller bar or
the development length of the larger bar.
3. Mechanical Splices
A second method of splicing is by mechanical splices, which are proprietary splicing
mechanisms. The requirements for mechanical splices are found in AASHTO LRFD
Specifications Sections 5.5.3.4 and 5.11.5.2.2.
4. Welded Splices
Welding of reinforcing bars is the third acceptable method of splicing reinforcing bars.
AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.11.5.2.3 describes the requirements for welding
reinforcing steel. On modifications to existing structures, welding of reinforcing bars may not
be possible because of the non-weldability of some steels.
E. Bends

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Standard hooks and bend radii for grade 60 reinforcing bars are shown in Appendix 5.1-
A1. Note that the tail lengths are greater for the 135° seismic tie hook than for the regular or
nonseismic 135° tie hook. For field bending requirements, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications
Section 5.11.2.4.

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F. Fabrication Lengths
Because of placement considerations, the overall lengths of bar size #3 has been limited to 30 feet
and bar sizes #4 and #5 to 40 feet. To use longer lengths, the designer should make sure that the
bars can be placed and transported by truck. The maximum overall bar lengths shall be specified
as shown in Table 5.1.2-2.

Bar Size Maximum Length

#3 30'-0"
#4, #5 40'-0"
#6, #7 60'-0"
#8, #9, #10 60'-0"
#11, #14, #18 60'-0"

Maximum Bar Lengths

Table 5.1.2-2

G. Placement
Placement of reinforcing bars can be a problem during construction. Reinforcing bars are more
than just lines on the drawing, they have size, weight, and volume. In confined areas, the designer
should ensure that reinforcing bars can be placed. Sometimes it may be necessary to make a large
scale drawing of reinforcement to look for interference and placement problems. If interference
is expected, additional details may be required in the contract plans showing how to handle
the interference and placement problems. Figure 5.1-A2 of Appendix A shows the minimum
clearance and spacing of reinforcement for beams and columns.
H. Percentage Requirements
There are several AASHTO LRFD requirements to ensure that minimum reinforcement is
provided in reinforced concrete members.
1. Flexure
The reinforcement provided at any section should be adequate to develop a moment at least
1.2 times the cracking moment calculated on the basis of the modulus of rupture for normal
weight concrete. The modulus of rupture for normal weight concrete is 7.5 f ' c . This
requirement may be waived if the area of reinforcement provided is at least one-third greater
than that required by analysis. For additional minimum reinforcement required, see AASHTO
LRFD Specifications Section 5.7.3.3.2.
2. Compression
For columns, the area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not exceed 0.08 nor be less than
0.01 of the gross area, Ag, of the section. Preferably, the ratio of longitudinal reinforcement
should not exceed 0.04 of the gross area, Ag, to ensure constructability and placement of
concrete. If a ratio greater than 0.04 is used, the designer should verify that concrete can
be placed. If for architectural purposes the cross section is larger than that required by the
loading, a reduced effective area may be used. The reduced effective area shall not be less
than that which would require 1% of the longitudinal area to carry the loading. Additional
lateral reinforcement requirements are given in Section 5.7.4.3 of AASHTO LRFD
Specifications, and for plastic hinge zones, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section
5.10.11.4.1. For column reinforcing, ASTM A 706 reinforcing may be specified upon Bridge
Engineer's approval to improve ductility.
3. Other Minimum Reinforcement Requirements

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For minimum shear reinforcement requirements, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section
5.8.2.5 and for minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement, see AASHTO LRFD
Specifications Section 5.10.8.

5.1.3  Prestressing Steel

A. General
Three types of high-tensile steel used for prestressing steel are:
1. Strands: AASHTO M 203 Grade 270, low relaxation or stress relieved.
2. Bars: AASHTO M 275 Type II
3. Parallel wires: AASHTO M 204 Type WA
All WSDOT designs are based on low relaxation strands using either 0.5" or 0.6" diameter strands
for girders, and ⅜" or 7/16" for stay-in-place precast deck panels. Properties of uncoated and epoxy
coated prestressing stands are shown in Appendix 5.1-A8.
B. Allowable Stresses
Allowable stresses for prestressing steel are as listed in AASHTO LRFD specifications Section
5.9.3-1.
C. Prestressing Strands
Standard strand pattern for all types of WSDOT prestressed girders are shown throughout the
Appendix 5.6 and Appendix 5.9.
1. Straight Strands
The position of the straight strands in the bottom flange and temporary strands for shipping
and handling in top flange has been standardized for each size of flange. Those strand
positions and the girder flange sizes are summarized in Appendix 5.6-A and 5.9A.
2. Harped Strands
The harped strands are bundled at the 0.4 and 0.6 points of the girder length or at the 0.33 and
0.67 points of the girder length depending on the girder type. The harped strands are bundled
at the harping points. Bundles are limited to 12 strands each. Twelve (12) and fewer harped
strands are placed in a single bundle with the centroid normally 3" above the bottom of the
girder. Strands in excess of 12 are bundled in a second bundle with the centroid 6" above
the bottom of the girder. At the girder ends, the strands are splayed to a normal pattern. The
centroid of strands at both the girder end and the harping point may be varied to suit girder
stress requirements.
Temporary strands in the top flange of the girder may be required for shipping (see section
on girder shipping). These strands may be pretensioned and bonded only for the end 10 feet
of the girder, or may be post-tensioned prior to lifting the girder from the form. These strands
shall be considered in the design to reduce the required transfer strength, to provide stability
during shipping, and to reduce the “A” dimension. These strands must be cut before the cast-
in-place intermediate diaphragms are placed.
The slope of the harped strands shall not be steeper than 8 horizontal to 1 vertical for W83G
and W95G, and 6 horizontal to 1 vertical for all other prestressed girders.
The harped strand exit location at the girder ends shall be held as low as possible while
maintaining the concrete stresses within allowable limits.

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D. Development of Prestressing Strand

1. General
In determining the resistance of pretensioned concrete components in their end zones, the
gradual buildup of the strand force in the transfer and development lengths shall be taken into
account.
The prestress force may be assumed to vary linearly from 0.0 at the point where bonding
commences to a maximum at the transfer length.
Between the transfer length and the development length, the strand force may be assumed
to increase in a parabolic manner, reaching the tensile strength of the strand at the end of
development length.
For the purpose of this article, the transfer length may be taken as 60 strand diameters and the
development length shall be taken as specified in AASHTO LRFD Section 5.11.4.2.
The effects of debonding shall be considered as specified in AASHTO LRFD Section
5.1.3D-4.
2. Bonded Strand
Pretensioning strand shall be bonded beyond the critical section for development length, in
inches, taken as:
§ 2 ·
l d t k ¨ f ps  f pe ¸d b (5.1.3-1)
© 3 ¹
where:
db = Nominal strand diameter (in)
fpe = Effective stress in prestressing steel after all losses (ksi)
fps = Stress in prestressing steel at nominal strength (ksi)
k = 1.6 prestressed girders
k = 1.0 for precast slabs and deck panels
The development length of uncoated & coated prestressing strands are shown in
Appendix 5.1-A8.
3. Partially Debonded Strands
Where it is necessary to prevent a strand from actively supplying prestress force near the end
of a girder, it may be debonded. This can be accomplished by taping a close fitting pvc tube to
the stressed strand from the end of the girder to some point where the strand can be allowed
to develop its load. Since this is not a common procedure, it should be carefully detailed on
the plans. It is important when this method is used in construction that the taping of the tube
be done in such a manner that concrete cannot leak into the tube and provide an undesirable
bond of the strand.
The number of partially debonded strands should not exceed 25 percent of the total number
of strands, and the number of debonded strands in any horizontal row shall not exceed 40
percent of the strands in that row.
Debonded strands shall be symmetrically distributed about the centerline of the member.
Debonded lengths of pairs of strands that are symmetrically positioned about the centerline of
the member shall be equal.
Exterior strands in each horizontal row shall be fully bonded.

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May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Where a portion or portions of a pretensioning strand are not bonded and where tension exists
in the precompressed tensile zone, the development length specified in AASHTO LRFD
section 5.11.4.2 shall be doubled.
4. Strand Development Outside of Girder
For girders made continuous for live load, extended bottom prestress strands are used to carry
positive live load, creep, and other moments from one span to another. WSDOT standard
drawings for prestressed girders provide guidance to calculate required number of extended
strands. Strands used for this purpose must be developed in the short distance between the
two girder ends. This is normally accomplished by requiring strand chucks and anchors as
shown in Figure 5.1.3-1. The nominal development length is normally 1'-9". At back walls
which are connected to the superstructure, the extended strands may be used to withstand
earthquake forces and, in this case, should be developed accordingly. The number of strands
to be extended cannot exceed the number of straight strands available in the girder.
Designer shall calculate the exact number of extended straight strands needed to develop
the required moment capacity at the end of the girder. This calculation shall be based on the
tensile strength of the strands, the stress imposed to the anchor, and concrete bearing against
the projected area of the anchor. The total number of extended strands at each end of girder
shall not be less than four or as specified herein.
ª N º 1
N PS 12«M c V c h  u c u K  M SIDL » u (5.1.3-2)
¬« N g ¼» 0 . 9 A ps Fps d

Where:
Mc, Vc = the lesser of elastic or plastic hinging moment & shear of
column respectively, ft-kips, kips
h = distance from top of column to c.g. of superstructure, ft
Nc = number of columns
Ng = number of girders
Aps = area of each extended strand, in2
fps = average stress in prestressing steel, ksi
d = distance from top of slab to c.g. of extended strands, in
MSIDL = moment due to SIDL (Traffic barrier, sidewalk, etc.), ft-kips.
K = maximum of K1 or K2  L2
K1
L1  L 2
L1
K2
L1  L 2

Page 5.1-14 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5. Stress variation at free endStrand Development

of strand
Figure 5.1.3-1

Pretensioning strand shall be bonded beyond the section required to develop fps for a
5. Stress variation at free end of strand
development length, ҏld. The stress in the pretensioning strand varies linearly from 0.0
at the
Pretensioning
point wherestrand shallcommences
bonding be bonded beyond
to thethe section stress
effective required losses, fps
to develop
after pe,for
at athe
end development
of the transferlength, 1d. The
length. stress the
Between in the
endpretensioning strand
of the transfer variesand
length linearly from 0.0 at
development
the point where bonding commences to the effective stress after losses,
length, the strand stress grows from the effective stress in the prestressing steel fpe, at the end of the
after
transfer length. Between the end of the transfer length and development
losses to the stress in the strand at nominal resistance of the member. Between the length, the strand
end stress
of thegrows from
transfer the effective
length and thestress in the prestressing
development steel
length, the after losses
strand stress tomaythebestress in the
strand at nominal resistance of the member. Between the end of the transfer length and the
assumed to increase linearly, reaching the stress at nominal resistance, fps, at the
development length, the strand stress may be assumed to increase linearly, reaching the stress
development length.
at nominal resistance, fps, at the development length.
TheThe correlation
correlation betweenstrand
between strandstress
stressand
and the
the distance
distanceover
overwhich
whichthethe
strand is bonded
strand is to the
concrete can be idealized by the relationship shown in Figure 5.1.3-2. This
bonded to the concrete can be idealized by the relationship shown in Figure 5.1.3-2. idealized variation
Thisofidealized
strand stress may beofused
variation for analyzing
strand stress may sections
be usedwithin the transfersections
for analyzing and development
within the
length at the end of pretensioned members. In calculating the tensile stress
transfer and development length at the end of pretensioned members. In calculating in the longitudinal
reinforcement, a variation of design stress with the distance from the free end of strand as
the tensile stress in the longitudinal reinforcement, a variation of design stress with
specified in Figure 5.1.3-2 may be assumed.
the distance from the free end of strand as specified in Figure5.1.3-2 may be assumed.

At nominal resistance of member

f ps

Effective prestress
f pe
l px  60 d b 
Steel
f px f pe 
ld  60 d b 
 f ps  f pe 
Stress
f pe l px
f px
60 d b

End of
member or 60d b
free end of End of transfer length
strand
lp

ld

Figure 5.1.3-2 Idealized relationship

Idealized betweenbetween
relationship steel stress andstress
steel distance
andfrom the free end
distance from of the free end of strand.
strand.
Figure 5.1.3-2

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

5.1.4  Prestress Losses

AASHTO LRFD Specifications outline the method of predicting prestress losses for usual prestressed
concrete bridges which may be used in design except as noted below.
The following sources of prestress loss can influence the effective stress in the strand.
A. Instantaneous Losses
1. Elastic shortening of concrete.
Transfer of prestress forces into the girder ends results in an instantaneous elastic loss.
Prestress losses due to elastic shortening shall be added to the time dependent losses to
determine the total losses. The loss due to elastic shortening in pretensioned members shall be
taken as:
Ep
PLES f cgp (5.1.4-1)
Eci
The loss due to elastic shortening in cast-in-place post-tensioned members and precast
spliced-girders shall be taken as:
N 1 Ep
PLES . f cgp (5.1.4-2)
N Eci
where:
Ep = Modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel, ksi
Eci = Modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer, ksi
N = Number of identical prestressing tendons
fcgp = Sum of concrete stresses at the center of gravity of prestressing tendons due
to the prestressing force at transfer (after jacking for post-tensioned members)
and the self-weight of the member at the section of maximum moment, ksi
( kx  PD )
'f PF f PJ (1  e ) (5.1.4-3a)
P Pe 2 M ge
f cgp   (5.1.4-3b) (5.1.4-3)
Ag Ig Ig

D (D ) 2  (D ) 2
For pretensioned
H member
V (5.1.4-4a)
and low-relaxation strands, fcgp may be calculated based on
2G post-tensioned members with bonded tendons, fcgp may be calculated based on
0.7fpu. For
DV
prestressing
(5.1.4-4b)
L force after jacking at the section of maximum moment.
For finalSconditions, the designer shall assume the prestress acting on the section to be NAs
DH (5.1.4-4c)
(0.70 fpuR-PL) for stress relieved strands and NAs (0.75 fpu-PL) for low relaxation strands.
Where:
N = number of stressed strands passing through the section
As = area of one strand, in2
fpu = ultimate strength in ksi
PL = total prestress losses in ksi in pretensioned members.

Page 5.1-16 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

2. Anchorage Set Loss

The anchor set loss shall be based on ⅜" slippage for design purposes. Anchor set loss and the
length affected by anchor set loss is shown in Figure 5.1.4-1.
20 ' set APT E p L
x (5.1.4-2a) (5.1.4-4)
Pj Left  Pj  Right

-20 2 x( Pj Left  Pj  Right )

'f pA (5.1.4-2b) (5.1.4-5)
APT L

Anchor set loss

Figure 5.1.4-1

3. Friction losses.
Friction losses occurring during jacking and prior to anchoring depend on the system and
materials used. For purposes of design, this office has specified a rigid spiral galvanized
ferrous metal duct system for which μ shall be 0.20 and K = 0.0002. This system is at present
available from several large suppliers. To avoid the substantial friction loss caused by sharp
tendon curvature in the end regions where the tendons flare out from a stacked arrangement
towards the bearing plates, use 0.10 times the span length or 20 feet as the minimum flare
zone length. The recommended minimum radius (horizontal or vertical) of flared tendons is
200 feet. In the special cases where sharp curvature cannot be avoided, extra horizontal and
vertical ties should be added along the concave side of the curve to resist the tendency to
5-21 'f f (1  e kxPD
((kx PD )) ) (5.1.4-3a)
break through
PF
PF the web.
PJ
PJ

Pe 22 ) M gg e
Δf pF f= f pj (1P- e-(kx+µα) (5.1.4-6)
f cgp    (5.1.4-3b)
Where:
cgp
Agg I gg I gg

D (D HH ) 22  (D VV ) 22 (5.1.4-4a)
2G
D VV (5.1.4-4b)
L
S
D HH (5.1.4-4c)
R

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May 2008
 Ag Ig Ig
D (D H ) 2  (D V ) 2 (5.1.4-4a)
2G
Concrete Structures Chapter 5
DV (5.1.4-4b)
L
S
DH (5.1.4-4c)
R
When summing the α angles for total friction loss along the structure, horizontal curvature
of the tendons as well as horizontal and vertical roadway curvature should be included in the
summation. Losses due to shrinkage, elastic shortening, creep, and relaxation of steel shall be
as indicated in Subsection 5.2.4. The α angles for horizontally and vertically curved tendons
are shown in Figure 5.1.4-2.

\\hqfile\data\Group\316680\Engineering Manuals\BDM\LRFD
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Manuals\BDM\LRFD
The αArtwork\equations.doc
angles for Curved PT Tendons
Artwork\equations.doc 12/2/200512/2/2005
Figure 5.1.4-2

B. Approximate Lump Sum Estimate of Time-dependent Losses

Time-depended losses include:
1. Creep of concrete.
2. Shrinkage of concrete.
3. Steel relaxation.
(5.1.4-1) (5.1.4-1)
For normal design in lieu of more accurate methods, time dependent losses may be taken as
shown in Table 5.1.4-3.

where: where:
Type of Section Low-relaxation Strands Bars
Rectangular Beam 33 ksi 25 ksi
Post-tensioned Box Girder 25 ksi 15 ksi
Deck bulb Tee,
ª 0.15 f ' cª 6 0º.15ªf ' c 0.615
 º f31' cª160º.15 f ' cTable
 6 º
Double Tee, Tri beam, 37 «1  37 «1  » 31«1  » 6 « » » 5.1.4-1
Table 5.1.4-1
¬ 6¬ ¼ ¬6 ¼ ¬ ¼ 6 ¼
Solid and Voided Slabs
f pi A ps f pi A ps
'f pLT Prestress
Time Dependent 10'.f0pLT 10J.0h J st  12J.0h J hstJst 12
Losses  .20.5J h J st5.1.4.8
 2.5 5.1.4.8
Table 5.1.4-3 Ag Ag

Jh 1.7 J0h .011H.7  0.01H

5 5
J st J st'
(1  f ci ) (1  f ci' )

Table 5.2.3-1.
TableAllowable Stresses inStresses
5.2.3-1. Allowable Prestressed Concrete Me
in Prestressed Co
Condition Condition Stress Stress Location Location
TemporaryTemporary
Stress Tensile
Stress Tensile In areas other than other
In areas Precompresse
than Prec
Page 5.1-18 at Transferatand at Bridge
Transfer Design Manual Tensile
and at Zone and without
Tensile
M 23-50.02 Zone andbonded
witho
May 2008
Lifting from
Lifting from reinforcement
reinforcement
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

For standard precast, pretensioned members with cast-in-place slab subject to normal loading and
environmental conditions and pretensioned with
\\hqfile\data\Group\316680\Engineering low relaxation strands,
Manuals\BDM\LRFD the long-term05\Chapter
BDM\Chapter prestress 05
loss, Δf , due to
Artwork\equations.doc
pLT creep of concrete, shrinkage of concrete,
1/7/2005 and relaxation of steel may be
\\hqfile\data\Group\316680\Engineering
estimated using the following formula: Manuals\BDM\LRFD BDM\Chapter 05\Chapter 05
Artwork\equations.doc 1/7/2005
f pi A ps
'f pLT 10.0 J h J st  12.0 J h J st  2.5 (5.1.4.8) 5.1.4.8
A
f pi A ps
g
'f 10.0 J h J st  12.0 J h J st  2.5 5.1.4.8
pLT
Ag
for 1.7  0.01H
J h which:
Jh 1.7 
5 0.01H
J st
(1 5f ci' )
J st
(1  f ci' )
where:
where:
fpi = prestressing steel stress just before transfer to the concrete member (ksi)
Aps where: f pi prestressing
= area of = prestressing
steel (in2) steel stress just before transfer to the concrete member (KSI)
Ag = gross area of concrete member (in2)
f pi = prestressing steel stress just before transfer to the concrete member (KSI)
γh = correction
A ps factor
= for relative humidity of steel
area of prestressing the ambient
(IN2) air
γst = correction factor for specified concrete strength at time of prestress transfer to
A ps
the concrete
g = area ofarea
membergross prestressing steel
of concrete (IN2) (IN2)
member
For members of unusual dimensions, level of prestressing, construction schedule, or concrete
A
J g = gross area of
correction concrete
factor for member
relative (IN2) of the ambient air
humidity
constituent materials and for post-tensioned members, the Refined Method of AASHTO LRFD
h

Specifications Section
J 5.9.5.4
= = or correction
computer time-step
factor for methods should beofstrength
relative humidity
specified concrete used.
the ambient airof prestress transfer
at time
h
st
Equation 5.1.4.8 does not include any elastic
to the concrete shortening loss at time of prestress transfer or elastic
member
elongation gain dueJ st to application
= correction factor for
of deck weight, specified concrete
superimposed strength
dead loads, at time
or live of prestress transfer
loads.
to the concrete member
C. Time-Dependent Losses
For members of unusual dimensions, level of prestressing, construction schedule, or concrete
For standard precast,materials
constituent pretensioned
and for members with cast-in-place
post-tensioned members, the slabRefined
subject Method
to normal of loading
AASHTO andLRFD
For
environmental members of
conditions unusual
and dimensions,
pretensioned level
with low of prestressing,
relaxation construction
strands,
Specifications Section 5.9.5.4 or computer time-step methods should be used. the total schedule,
prestress or
lossconcrete
constituentasmaterials and for post-tensioned members, the Refined Method of AASHTO LRFD
may be estimated
Specifications Section 5.9.5.4 or computer time-step methods should be used.
'f pT 'f pRO  'f pES  'f pED  'f pLT (5.1.4.9)
Equation 5.1.4.2 does not include any elastic shortening loss at time of prestress transfer or elastic
The firstelongation
term relates to initial
gain due torelaxation
applicationthat
of occurs between
deck weight, the time of strand
superimposed stressing
dead loads, andloads. These
or live
prestressEquation
transfer.
elastic losses and gains are automatically accounted for if transformed section properties or
5.1.4.2 does not include any elastic shortening loss at time of prestress transfer areelastic
used in
elongation
stress gain
§
log (24t ) ¨ f pj
analysis. due to application
· of deck weight, superimposed dead loads, or live loads. These
'f pRO elastic losses  0.55 ¸ f pjautomatically
40 ¨ fand gains are¸ accounted for if transformed section properties(5.1.4.10)are used in
stress ©
analysis.
D. Temporary Losses py ¹
where:
D. For checking of
Temporary stresses during release, lifting, transportation, and erection of prestressed girders, the
Losses
t = duration of time between strand stressing and prestress transfer, typically 1 day.
elastic and time-dependent prestress losses may be taken as shown in table 5.4.2-2.
fpj For
= checking of stresses during release, lifting, transportation, and erection of prestressed girders, the
jacking stress
fpy elastic
= yieldandstrength
time-dependent prestress losses may be taken as shown in table 5.4.2-2.
of the strand
The second tern, ΔfpES, accounts for elastic shortening and is accordance with AASHTO
LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a.

Table 5.4.2-2 Temporary Prestress Losses

Release — 1 day
Table 5.4.2-2 computed losses
Temporary Prestress Losses
(lifting
Bridge Design Manual  M Release
23-50.02 of
—girders
1 day from casting beds) computed losses Page 5.1-19
May 2008
(lifting of girders from casting beds)
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-20 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

The elatic gain due to deck placement and superimposed dead loads is taken to be

'f pED

E p ª ( M slab  M diaphragms )e ps M sidl Ybc  Ybg  e ps º
«  » (5.1.4.11)
Ec «¬ Ig Ic »¼
where:
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the prestressing strand
Ec = modulus of elasticity of the concrete at the time of loading
Mslab = moment caused by slab placement
Mdiaphragms = moment caused by diaphragms and other external loads applied to the
non-composite girder section
Msidl = moment caused by all superimposed dead loads including traffic barriers
and overlays
eps = eccentricity of the prestressing strand
Ig = moment of inertia of the non-composite girder
Ic = moment of inertia of the composite girder
Ybg = location of the centroid of the non-composite girder measured from the bottom
of the girder
Ybc = location of the centroid of the composite girder measured from the bottom of
the girder
Long term time dependent losses, ΔfpLT, are computed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
5.9.5.4 Refined Method or a detailed time-step method. The approximate method given in LRFD
5.9.5.3 may be used for preliminary design.
D. Temporary Losses
For checking stresses during release, lifting, transportation, and erection of prestressed girders,
the elastic and time-dependent losses may be computed based on the following assumptions.
1. Lifting of girders from casting beds
For normal construction, forms are stripped and girders are lifted from the casting bed within
one day.
2. Transportation
Girders are most difficult to transport at a young age. The hauling configuration causes
reduced dead load moments in the girder and the potential for overstress between the harping
points. Overstress may also occur at the support points depending on the prestressing and
the trucking configuration. This is compounded by the magnitude of the prestress force not
having been reduced by losses. For an aggressive construction schedule girders are typically
transported to the job site around day 10.
When losses are estimated by LRFD 5.9.5.3, Approximate Method, the losses at the time of
hauling may be estimated by
'f pTH 'f pRO  'f pES  'f pH (5.1.4.12)
where:
f pi Aps 'f pTH 'f pRO  'f pES  'f pH
3 ΔfpTH =J hJtotal
st  3J hJatst hauling
loss  0.6
Ag
f pi Aps
ΔfpH = time dependent loss at time of hauling = 3 J hJ st  3J hJ st  0.6
Ag

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

3. Erection
During construction the non-composite girders must carry the full weight of the cast slab
and interior diaphragms. This loading typically occurs around 120 days for a normal
construction schedule.
4. Final Configuration
The composite slab and girder section must carry all conceivable loads including
superimposed dead loads such as traffic barriers, overlays, and live loads. It is assumed that
superimposed dead loads are placed at 120 days and final losses occur at 2000 days.

5.1.5  Prestressing Anchorage Systems

There are numerous prestressing systems. Most systems combine a method of stressing the
prestressing strands with a method of anchoring it to concrete.
WSDOT requires approval of all multi-strand and/or bar anchorages used in prestressed concrete
bridges by testing or by a certified report, stating that the anchorage assembly will develop the yield
strength of post-tensioning steel. WSDOT approved anchorages are listed in Appendix 5-B2.

5.1.6  Ducts
Ducts for longitudinal post-tensioning tendons shall be round and made of rigid galvanized ferrous
metal, except for transverse post-tensioning in deck slab where rectangular or oval shape polyethylene
ducts may be used. Ducts for transverse post-tensioning of bridge deck slabs may be rectangular.
A. Ducts for Internal Post-tensioning
For longitudinal tendons, prestressing stands shall be encased in a galvanized, ferrous metal duct
that is rigid and spiral. For transverse tendons in deck slab, prestressing strands shall be encased
a rigid plastic duct. Post-tensioning ducts shall maintain the required profile within a placement
tolerance of plus or minus ¼″ for longitudinal tendons and plus or minus ⅛" for transverse slab
tendons during construction.
Vents at high points and drains at low points of the tendon profile shall be specified. Vents and
drains shall be ½″ minimum diameter standard steel or polyethylene pipe. Vents are not required
for transverse post-tensioning ducts in the roadway slab unless specified in the Plans.
Strand tendon duct shall have an inside cross-sectional area large enough to accomplish
strand installation and grouting. The area of the duct shall be at least 2.5 times the net area of
prestressing steel in the duct. The maximum duct diameter shall be 4½".
The inside diameter of bar tendon duct shall at least be ¼" larger than the bar diameter. At coupler
locations the duct diameter shall at least be ¼" larger than the coupler diameter.
Ducts installed and cast into concrete prior to prestressing steel installation, shall be capable
of withstanding at least 10 feet of concrete fluid pressure.
Ducts shall have adequate longitudinal bending stiffness for smooth, wobble free placement.
When the duct must be bent in a tight radius, more flexible duct may be used, subject to the
Bridge Design Engineer’s approval. The radius of curvature of tendon ducts shall not be less
than 20 ft except in anchorage areas where 12 ft may be permitted.

Page 5.1-22 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

B. Ducts for External Post-tensioning

Duct shall be high-density polyethylene (HDPE) conforming to ASTM D 3350, including
the property values specified in Table X1 for pipe materials PE 3406 and PE 3408.
Duct for external tendons, including their splices, shall be water tight, seamless or welded,
and be capable of resisting at least 150-psi grout pressure.
Transition couplers between ducts shall conform to either the standard pressure ratings of ASTM
D 3505 or the hydrostatic design stresses of ASTM F 714 at 73F. The inside diameter through
the coupled length shall not be less than that produced by the dimensional tolerances specified
in ASTM D 3505.
Workers performing HDPE pipe welding shall have satisfactorily completed a certified HDPE
pipe welding course and shall have a minimum of five years experience in welding HDPE pipe.
C. Transitions
Transitions between ducts and wedge plates shall have adequate length to reduce the angle change
effect on the performance of strand-wedge connection, friction loss at the anchorage, and fatigue
strength of the post-tensioning reinforcement.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-24 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5.2  Design Consideration

5.2.1  Design Limit States
Concrete bridge components shall be designed to satisfy the requirements of service, strength,
and extreme-event limit states for load combinations specified in AASHTO LRFD Specifications
Table 3.4.1-1.
A. Service Limit State
Concrete stresses, deformations, and cracking , distribution of reinforcement, deflection and
camber shall be investigated at service limit state.
B. Strength Limit State
Axial, Flexural, Shear strength and stability of concrete components shall be investigated at
strength limit state. Resistance factors shall be based on AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section
5.5.4.2.
C. Extreme Event Limit State
Concrete Bridge components, and connections shall resist extreme event loads due to earthquakes
and collision forces.
D. Fatigue Limit State
Fatigue of the reinforcement need not be checked for fully prestressed concrete satisfying
requirements of service limit state. Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete deck slab on
multi-girder bridges. For fatigue requirements, refer to AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section
5.5.3.

5.2.2  Design Criteria

AASHTO LRFD Specifications shall be used to design concrete bridges, except as modified in this
section. Prestressed concrete bridges shall be designed for allowable stresses and checked for ultimate
load capacity.
A. Design Assumptions and Requirements
The WSDOT design criteria for prestressed girders is given in Table 5.2.2-1. These design
assumptions and requirements apply to pretensioned girders only. Deck thickness of 7½′′
minimum including ½" wearing surface is to be assumed unless a thinner deck can be justified by
analysis or by the space necessary to place the deck reinforcement with the required clearances
and cover.
Bridge end skew angle is often controlled by the roadway geometry. For common practices this
skew angle shall be limited to 45 degrees for all prestressed girders. Skew angle for precast slab
and trapezoidal tubs shall be limited to 30 degrees. Deviation from these limits needs Bridge
Engineers approval.
For "Bridges Composed of Simple Span Precast Girders Made Continuous" per LRFD Article
5.14.1.4. WSDOT will continue to design these types of bridges as simple span for all transient
and permanent loads for both simple and continuous spans. Continuity reinforcement is provided
at intermediate piers for negative transient loads and permanent loads applied after completion of
bridge deck construction.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Design AASHTO LRFD Specifications and WSDOT Bridge Design Manual

Specifications
Design Method Prestressed members are designed for service limit state for allowable
stresses and checked for strength limit state for ultimate capacity. All
other members shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
strength limit state.
Design Prestressed girders are designed as simple span for all transient and
Assumption permanent loads for both simple and continuous spans. Continuity
reinforcement are provided at intermediate piers for negative transient
loads and super imposed dead loads.
Load and Load Service, Strength, and Extreme Event Limit State load and load
factors combinations per LRFD Specifications
Allowable BDM Table 5.2.3-1
Stresses
Prestress Losses BDM Article 5.1.4 and Table 5.1.4-1
Shear Design AASHTO LRFD article 5.8 and BDM 5.2.4C
Shipping and BDM Article 5.6.3C
Handling
Continuous Girder types and spacing shall be identical in adjacent spans. Girder types
Structures and spacing may be changed at expansion joints at intermediate piers.
Intermediate Intermediate diaphragm shall be provided for all prestressed girder bridges
Diaphragms as shown below:
• ¼ points of span for span lengths over 120'-0".
• ⅓ points of span for span lengths 80'-0" to 120'-0".
• mid points of span for span lengths 40'-0" to 80'-0".
• no diaphragm requirement for span length less than 40'-0".

Design Criteria for prestressed Girders

Table 5.2.2-1

5.2.3  Service Limit State

A. General
Service limit state is used to satisfy allowable stresses, deflection, and cracking requirements.
Design aid for tensile stress, fs, and cracking moment, Mcr, which are used to check crack control
and minimum flexural reinforcement respectively are provided in Appendices 5.2-A1, 5.2-A2,
and 5.2-A3.
B. Allowable Stresses
WSDOT requires that under service limit state the tensile stresses in the precompressed tensile
zone shall be limited to zero. This prevents cracking of the concrete during service life of the
structure and provides additional stress and strength capacity for overloads. Allowable concrete
stresses are shown in Table 5.2.3-1.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Condition Stress Location Allowable Stress

In areas other than precompressed
0948 ff ''ci ((ksi
00..0948 ksi))
Temporary tensile zone and without bonded ci
Stress at reinforcement
Tensile In areas with bonded reinforcement
Transfer and 0.00094819 ff f'' ci'ci((ksi
..19 (ksi) )
ksi
at Lifting from sufficient to resist tensile force 0.0948 fci'ci (ksi) )
Casting Bed in the concrete
All Locations
00..0948
0948
0.00948 ff ''fccff' ci'd
.19 0.6 d(00ksi ksi))
..22)(()ksi
'ci (ksi
Compression 0.19 f ' cici(ksi)
In areas other than precompressed 19 f 'ff '' cd((ksi
00..19 ksi)
0.0948 c c 0.2)( ksi )
tensile zone and without bonded . 19 f
0.0948 f ' c cid 0.2)(ksi)
0 ' ( ksi
reinforcement 24 ff ''c ((ksi ksi))
00..19
24
In areas with bonded reinforcement 0.0948 f ' cd 0.2( ksi)
other than precompressed
0.19 cf ' c (ksi)
Temporary Tensile
Stress at tensile zone, plumb girder 0.24 f 'c (ksi)
Shipping with impact 24 ff ''cc ((ksi
00..19 ksi))
In areas with bonded reinforcement
other than precompressed zone, 0.24 f 'c (ksi)
inclined girder without impact.
Compression All locations 0.6 f 'c
Tensile Precompressed tensile zone 0.0
All Locations due to:
Final Stresses Permanent Loads and effective 0.45 f 'c
at Service prestress loads
Load Compression
Live load plus one-half permanent 0.4 f 'c
loads and effective prestress load
All load combinations 0.6 f 'c

Allowable Stresses in Prestressed Concrete Members

Table 5.2.3-1

5.2.4  Strength Limit State

A. Design Philosophy
In the strength limit state or previously referred as ultimate strength method, the service loads
are increased by load factors to obtain the ultimate design load. The structural members are then
proportioned to provide the design ultimate strength.
For flexural strength, it has been determined that AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.7.3
underestimates the strength of the composite deck-girder system5. The strain compatibility method
given in Section 8.2.2.5 of the PCI Bridge Design Manual 6 is recommended for this analysis. In
addition to the effective area of the deck, the top flange of the girder and the mild reinforcement in
the deck and the top flange of the girder should be included in the analysis. The typical section for
computation of composite section properties is shown in Figure 5.2.4-1
B. Flexure

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 Live load plus one-half permanent 0.4 f’c
loads and effective prestress load

Concrete Structures Chapter 5

All load combinations 0.6 f’c

5.2.4
The Strength
basic strength design requirement can be expressed as follows:
Limit State
Design Strength, φ Mn ≥ Mu (5.2.4-1)
A. Design Philosophy
For design purposes, the area of reinforcement for a singly reinforced beam or slab can be
Design Strength, I Mn • Required Strength, Mu (5.2.4-1)
determined by letting:
ª ª a º a º
MMuu MMMMn n M «¬MA«s A
f y (df ( d )
» ) (5.2.4-2) (5.2.4-2)
2 »¼
s y 2 ¼

¬
AS f y AS
However, ifif a
However, and U (5.2.4-3) (5.2.4-3)
0.85bf ' c bd
Equation (2) can be expressed as:
MMU U UUf yf y
UUf yf y 1 10 0. 59
. 59  (5.2.4-4) (5.2.4-4)
MMbdbd2 2 f f' c' c
Appendices 5.2-A1 through 5.2-A3 were prepared based on Equation (4) to quickly determine the
amount of required reinforcing steel (As required), when Mu, f’c, fy, b, and d are known.
2¨directly
12 Mu A § in ·
An alternate0.approach
85 f 'c (b) is to solve
2 © ft ¸¹ for s required from:
AS . Re quired (d  d  ) (5.2.4-5)
fy 0.85Mf ' b 
2§¨12 in ·¸cM u
0.85 f 'c (b) ft ¹
AS . Re quired (d  d 2  © ) (5.2.4-5)
fy 0.85Mf 'c b 
where:   0.85 f ' c (b) 0.124h 2
AS .Min (d  d 2  ) (5.2.4-6)
fy f 'c
Mu = ultimate flexural moment, ft-kips
f’c = ultimate compressive strength of concrete, ksi
From f 'c 87 As min can be found from:
A AASHTO
0.6375 E LRFD
s . max (b)(d ) 5.7.3.3.2
( 1 ) (5.2.4-7)
f y 87  f y

212if f’cc” 41ksi

.2M  in  (5.2.4-6)
where:0.85Ef1'= (0.85 ft  andcr
c b) 2 
AS , min = E1 = 0.85 – 0.05 (f’c– 4) if f’c> 4 ksi, but not) less than 0.65
( d − d −
fy 0.85ϕf 'c (b )
Tension reinforcement should be designed in the following order:
where:
β1 = 0.85 if f’c′≤ 4 ksi and
β1 = 0.85 – 0.05 (f’c– 4) if f’c> 4 ksi, but not less than 0.65
Page 4 in the following order:
Tension reinforcement should be designed
1. From Eq (5) or Appendices 5.2-A1 through 5.2-A3, determine As required.
2. From Eq (6) determine As min.
3. If   As required > As min, use As = As required.
If   As required < 1.33 As required, use As = As min.
If   1.33 As required < As min, use As = 1.33 As required.
See Appendix B for design examples.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Typical Section for Computation of Composite Section Properties

Figure 5.2.4-1

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

C. Shear
The AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.8.3 addresses shear design of concrete members.
1. The shear design of prestressed members shall be based on the simplified general procedure
of the AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Article 5.8.3.4.2. The β and θ equations
are taken as:
T 29  3500H s
(5.2.4-8)

If the section contains less than the minimum transverse reinforcement as specified in
Article 5.8.2.5,
  β = 4.8 51 (5.2.4-9)
    (1 + 750ε s ) (39 + S xe )
T 29  3500H s
  (5.2.4-10)
Where strain in longitudinal reinforcement could be calculated from:
§ Mu ·
§ Mu · ¨¨  0.5 Nu  Vu  V p  Aps f po ¸¸
¨ ¸ d
¨ d  0.5 Nu  Vu  V p  Aps f poH¸s © v ¹ (5.2.4-11)
Hs © v ¹ Es As  E p Aps
Es As  E p Aps
In the use of the above equations, the following should be considered:
• Mu should not be taken less than Vu  V p d v
Vu  V p d v
• In calculating As and Aps the area of bars or tendons terminated less than their
development length from the section under consideration should be reduced in proportion
to their lack of full development.
• If the value of εs calculated from Equation 5.2.4-11 is negative, it should be taken as zero
or the value should be recalculated with the denominator of Equation 5.2.4-11 replaced
by (EsAs + Ep Aps + Ec Act). However, εs should not be taken as less than -0.40×10-3.
• For sections closer than dv to the face of the support, the value of εs calculated at dv from
the face of the support may be used in evaluating β and θ.
• If the axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face of the section,
the value calculated from Equation 5.2.4-11 should be doubled.
• It is permissible to determine β adn θ from Equation 5.2.4.8-10 using a value of εs which
is greater than that calculated from Equation 5.2.4-11. However εs should not be taken
greater than 6.0×10-3.
2. The shear design of all nono-prestressed members shall be based on either the general
procedure, or the simplified procedure of LRFD Article 5.8.3.4.1 using shear design
parameters of:
β = 2.0
θ = 45°

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

3. The Strut-and-tie model shall be employed where applicable. The Strut-and-tie model is
applicable to members where the plane section assumption of traditional engineering beam
theory in not valid. The Strut-and-tie model as required by LRFD Article 5.8.1.1 and 2,
applies to components in which the distance from the point of zero shear to the face of the
support is less than 2d, or component in which the load causing more than ½ of the shear at
the support is closer than 2d from the face of the support. Other potential application of Strut-
and-tie model includes regions adjacent to abrupt changes in cross-section, opening, draped
ends, deep beams corbels, integral bent caps, c-bent caps, outrigger bents, deep footings,
and pile caps. The use of Strut-and-Tie model shall be in accordance with the requirement of
LRFD Article 5.6.3.
4. LRFD 4th Edition Article 5.8.3.4.3 "Simplified Procedure for Shear design of Prestressed
and Non-prestressed Concrete Sections" based on Vci and Vcw shall not be used in design of
WSDOT bridges.
D. Interface Shear
Shear friction provisions discussed in AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.8.3 are applied
to transfer shear across a plane, such as: an existing or potential crack, an interface between
dissimilar materials, or at a construction joint between two sections of concrete placed at
different times.
Interface shear in prestressed girder bridge design is critical at the interface connection between
slab and girder, and at the end connection of the girder to the crossbeam in continuous bridges.
Shear in these areas will normally be resisted by reinforcement extending from the girder.
1. Interface Shear Between Slab and Girder
This shear represents a rate of change of compression load in the flange of simple span
girders or a rate of change of tension load in the flange near the piers of continuous girders.
For a simple span girder as represented by Figure 5.2.4-2, the top flange stress is the factored
centerline moment divided by the section modulus of the composite girder at the centerline
of the slab. The horizontal force in slab is this stress times the area of the slab. The factored
centerline moment can be taken as total factored moment less 1.0 times dead load applied
to girder.

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Shear Design for a Simple Span Girder

Figure 5.2.4-2

This shear is resisted by the girder stirrups which extend up through the interface between
the girder and the slab. The top surface of the girder top flange must be roughened. The force
may be assumed to be carried uniformly over the entire girder top surface from centerline
of bearing to centerline of span.
For continuous girders, the span, shear, and moment relationships are shown in Figure
5.2.4-3. Similar methods are used to analyze slab to girder shear. For positive moment
resistance, only those stirrups within length Lc are considered effective in resisting the slab
force due to moment. Likewise, only those stirrups within one continuous length Le are used
to resist the negative moment slab force (tension) in that area.
For illustrative purposes, a single concentrated load has been shown. In actual practice, the
point of factored maximum moment of the actual moment diagram would be used.
Other flange shear problems are described in Section 5.4. These problems also need to be
considered for prestressed girder bridges.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Shear Design for Continuous Span Girder

Figure 5.2.4-3

2. Interface Shear Friction at Girder End

A continuous prestressed girder will nearly always be required to carry end reaction shears at
the surface of the end of the girder.

End Connection for a Continuous Span Prestressed Girder

Figure 5.2.4-4

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

The usual end condition is similar to that shown in Figure 5.2.4-4. The shear which must be
carried along the interface A-A is the actual factored dead load and live load shear acting
on the section. The girder end is required by the plans to be roughened. The saw-toothed
shear key shown on the office standard girder plans may be assumed to provide a friction
factor of 1.0. Shear resistance must be developed using shear friction theory assuming the
longitudinal bars and the extended strands are actively participating. The main longitudinal
slab reinforcement is already fully stressed by girder bending moments and thus cannot be
considered for shear requirements. All bars, including the extended strands, must be properly
anchored in order to be considered effective. This anchorage requirement must be clearly
shown on the plans.
The factored shear at the end of prestressed girders shall be transferred to diaphragm.
The design for saw tooth shear keys at girder ends for shear transfer to cast-in-place pier
diaphragm shall be based on AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.8.4.1.
Vn = c Acv + μ (Auf.fy + Pc) <0.2 f'c Acv < 0.8 Acv (5.2.4-1)
Where:
c = 0.10 ksi, and μ = 1.0 λ, with λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
Note that similar requirements exist for connecting the end diaphragm at bridge ends where
the diaphragm is cast on the girders. In this case, however, loads consist only of the factored
diaphragm dead load, approach slab dead load, and those wheel loads which can distribute
to the interface. Longitudinal reinforcement provided at girder ends shall be identical in both
ends of the girder for construction simplicity.
3. Stirrups
Shear for computation of stirrup requirements is computed at dv from the end of the girder
and at the harping point. Ultimate shear is computed at these points based on 1.25 DC + 1.75
(LL + IM). The portion of this shear which is carried by the concrete is given in Section 5.8.4
of AASHTO LRFD Specifications. The stirrup spacing is then calculated using the formula:

Av· fy dv
S= (5.2.4-2)
Vs
where :
V
Vs = u - Vc
0.9
dv = distance from the extreme compressive fiber to the centroid of the
prestressing force.
For precast girders made continuous for live load, d shall be the distance from the extreme
compressive fiber to the centroid of the negative moment reinforcement, i.e.,
d = h + A - 4.5″,
where:
h = height of the girder
A = as defined in Appendix B.
If the stirrup spacing at the point of critical section for shear, dv from the end of the girder,
is smaller than about 1′-2″, further interpolation may be done to obtain a multiple step
increment of stirrup spacing.

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4. End Section Reinforcement

The Washington State Standard Prestressed Concrete Girders are not provided with a
thickened end block section, but have constant thickness webs. The end section reinforcement
is detailed on the Office Standard Plans. This reinforcement is based on the requirement
to resist bursting forces due to strand force development in this area. If the stirrup spacing
required at the end of the girder is less than shown on the Office Standard Plans, end section
stirrups spacing on the Standard Plans should be altered to show this spacing. For a distance
of 1.5d from the end of the girder, reinforcement shall be placed to confine the prestressing
steel in bottom flange. The spacing of confinement reinforcement shall not exceed 6 inch and
shall be shaped to enclose the strands.
E. Shear Reinforcement in End Region
1. The end region is considered to be about 1.5 times the depth of the girder, h, from the end of
the girder.
2. The splitting resistance, Pr, of pretensioned anchorage zones provided by vertical
reinforcement in the ends of pretensioned beams at the service limit state shall be taken as:
Pr = fs As
where:
fs = stress in steel not to exceed 20 ksi
As = total area of vertical reinforcement located within the distance h/4 from the end of
the pretensioned girder (in.2)
h = overall depth vertical or horizontal dimension of pretensioned girder where slpitting
resistance is being evaluated (in.)
The resistance shall not be lass than 4 percent of the total prestressing force at prior
to transfer.
For pretensioned I-girders or bulb tees, As shall be taken as the total area of the vertical
reinforcement located within a distance of h/4 from the end of the member, where the overall
height of the member. The end vertical reinforcement shall not be larger than #5 bars and
spacing shall not be less than 2¼˝. The remaining splitting reinforcement not fitting within the
h/4 zone my be placed beyond the h/4 zone at a spacing of 2¼˝.
For pretensioned solid or voided slabs, As shall be taken as the total area of the horizontal
reinforcement located within a distance of h/4 from the end of the member, where h is the
overall width of the member.
For pretensioned solid or voided slabs, As shall be taken as the total area of vertical
reinforcement or horizontal reinforcement located within a distance h/4 from the end of the
member, where h is the lesser of the overall width or height of the member.
For pretensioned double tees and tri beams, As shall be taken as the total area of vertical
reinforcement, divided evenly among the webs, and located within a distance h/4 from the
end of each web.

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3. Other reinforcement shown in the end region accounts for vertical shear for the span
configurations above and four (4) support conditions,
1. Lifting with no reaction at the end region, i.e. lifting devices located interior from the end
of the girder,
2. Girder plus three intermediate diaphragms plus 20 psf supported on oak bunking block,
3. Bridge reactions on elastomeric bearings introducing compression into the end
region, and
4. Bridge reactions at the end face of the girder (End Types C and D).
The designer shall investigate any additional vertical reinforcement for reaction forces, in the
direction of the applied shear, along the vertical end face of the girder. This applies to girder
end types A, C and D, where all loads are eventually transferred to the face of the hinge
diaphragm or crossbeam. Adequate vertical shear reinforcing is required to take the reaction
back up to the top of the girder near the diaphragm interface.
F. Shear Reinforcement Beyond End Region
1. Shear reinforcement size and spacing beyond the end region of the girder shall be determined
by the designer. The variation in reinforcing demand for the entire range of span and spacing
configurations is considerable. The shear reinforcement is likely to be light, or nominal, for
the longest single piece spans with a narrow girder spacing, whereas the demand will be
significant well out into the span for shorter spans with wide girder spacing.
2. The minimum angle theta, θ, for calculating shear reinforcement should be 25 degrees to
avoid excessive horizontal tension demand through the bottom corner of the girder by the
AASHTO LRFD modified compression field theory.
G. Shear and Torsion
The design for shear and torsion is based on ACI 318-02 Building Code7 Requirements for
Structural Concrete and Commentary (318F‑02) and is satisfactory for bridge members with
dimensions similar to those normally used in buildings. The AASHTO LRFD Specifications
Section 5.8.3.6 may also be used for design of sections subjected to shear and torsion.
According to Hsu10, utilizing ACI 318-02 for members is awkward and overly conservative
when applied to large-size hollow members. Collins and Mitchell11 propose a rational design
method for shear and torsion based on the compression field theory or strut and tie method for
both prestressed and non-prestressed concrete beams. These methods assume that diagonal
compressive stresses can be transmitted through cracked concrete. In addition to transmitting
these diagonal compressive stresses, shear stresses are transmitted from one face of the crack to
the other by a combination of aggregate interlock and dowel action of the stirrups.
For recommendations and design examples for beams in shear and torsion, the designer can
refer to the paper by M.P. Collins and D. Mitchell, Shear and Torsion Design of Prestressed and
Non‑Prestressed Concrete Beams, PCI Journal, September-October 1980, pp. 32-10011.

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5.2.5  Strut-and-tie Model

A. General
Strut-and-tie models may be used to determine internal force effects near supports and the points
of application of concentrated loads1.
The strut-and-tie model should be considered for the design of deep beams and pile caps or other
situations in which the distance between the centers of applied load and supporting reaction is less
than twice the member thickness. Design and detailing considerations for strut-and-tie modeling
is covered in AASHTO LRFD Section 5.6.3. The resistance factors applicable to strut-and-tie
design is covered in AASHTO LRFD Section 5.5.4.2. See Appendix 5-B for a strut and tie design
example for a pier cap.

5.2.6  Deflection and Camber

A. General
Flexural members are designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections or any deformations
which may adversely affect the strength or serviceability of the structure at service load plus
impact. The minimum superstructure depths are specified in AASHTO LRFD Table 2.5.2.6.3-1
and deflections shall be computed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section
5.7.3.6.2.
B. Camber Multiplier
Deflections of prestressed concrete beams can be predicted with greater accuracy than those for
reinforced concrete beams. Since prestressed concrete is more or less homogeneous and obeys
ordinary laws of flexure and shear, the deflection can be computed using elementary methods.
However, accurate predictions of the deflections are difficult to determine, since modulus of
elasticity of concrete, Ec, varies with stress and age of concrete. Also, the effects of creep on
deflections are difficult to estimate. For practical purposes, an accuracy of 10 to 20 percent is
often sufficient. Prestressing can be used advantageously to control deflections, however, there
are cases where excessive camber due to prestress have caused problems. For normal design,
in lieu of more accurate methods, the deflection and camber of prestressed members may be
estimated by the multipliers as given in Table 5.2.6-1.
40 Days 120 Days
Non- Non-
Composite Composite
Composite Composite
Deflection at Erection
Apply to the elastic deflection due to the
1.85 1.85 1.75 1.75
member weight at release of prestress
Apply to the elastic deflection due to
1.80 1.80 1.70 1.70
prestressing at release of prestress
Deflection at Final
Apply to the elastic deflection due to the
2.70 2.40 2.50 2.20
member weight at release of prestress
Apply to the elastic deflection due to
2.45 2.20 2.25 2.10
prestressing at release of prestress
Apply to the elastic deflection due
3.00 3.00 2.75 2.75
to the Super Imposed Dead Loads
Apply to the elastic deflection due
---- 2.30 ---- 2.15
to weight of slab

Multipliers for Estimating Long-term Deflection of Prestressed Concrete Girders

Table 5.2.6-1

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The computer program ‘PGSUPER’ is used to determine the amount of girder camber for
prestressed girder bridges. This program computes the deflections due to prestress, girder dead
load, slab dead load, and live load.
C. Deflection Calculation
Figure 5.2.6-1 shows a typical pattern of girder deflection with time at centerline span. Portions of
this characteristic curve are described below. The subparagraph numbers correspond with circled
numbers on the curve.
1. Elastic Deflection Due to Prestress Force
The prestress force produces moments in the girder tending to bow the girder upward.
Resisting these moments are girder section dead load moments. The result is a net upward
deflection. In addition, a shortening of the girder occurs due to axial prestress loading.
2. Creep Deflection Before Cutting Temporary Strands
The girder continues to deflect upward due to the effect of creep. This effect is computed
using the equation stated in Section 5.1.1E.
3. Deflection Due to Removal of Temporary Strands
Removal of temporary strands results in an elastic upward deflection.
4. Diaphragm Load Deflection
The load of diaphragm is applied to the girder section resulting in an elastic downward
deflection.
5. Creep Deflection After Casting Diaphragms
The girder continue to deflect upward for any time delay between diaphragms and
slab casting.
6. Slab Load Deflection
The load of the slab is applied to the girder section resulting in an elastic downward
deflection. It is this deflection which is offset by the screed camber that is to be applied to the
bridge deck during construction.
7. Superimposed Dead Load Deflection
Downward deflection due to SIDL such as traffic barriers, sidewalk, and overlay.
8. Final Camber
It might be expected that the above slab dead load deflection would be accompanied by
a continuing downward deflection due to creep. Many measurements of actual structure
deflections have shown, however, that once the slab is poured, the girder tends to act as
though it is locked in position. To obtain a smooth riding surface on the deck, the deflection
indicated on Figure 5.2.6-1 as “Screed Camber” is added to the profile grade elevation of the
deck screeds. The actual position of the girder at the time of the slab pour has no effect on the
screed camber.

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 

 
 
 

  


 

  
 



Prestressed Girder Camber

Figure 5.2.6-1

5.2.7  Serviceability
In addition to the deflection control requirements described above, service load stresses shall
be limited to satisfy fatigue and for distribution of tension reinforcement when fy for tension
reinforcement exceeds 40,000 psi.
A. Serviceability Requirements
The cracking control of the concrete, tension reinforcement at maximum positive and negative
moment sections shall satisfy the requirements of AASHTO-LRFD Section 5.7.3.4 for class 2
exposure condition.

5.2.8  Connections (Joints)

The connections or joints must divide the structure into a logical pattern of separate elements which
also permit ease of manufacture and assembly.
The connection or joint surfaces should be oriented perpendicular to the centroidal axis of the precast
element.
A. Types of Connections (Joints):
Connections or joints are either wide or match cast. Depending on their width, they may be
filled with cast-in-place concrete or grout. Match cast joints are normally bonded with an epoxy
bonding agent. Dry match cast joints are not recommended.

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 Concrete Structures Chapter 5

B. Shear and Alignment Keys:

In order to assist shear transmission in wide joints, use a suitable system of keys. The shape of the
keys may be chosen to suit a particular application and they can be either single keys or multiple
keys. Single keys are generally large and localized whereas multiple keys generally cover as
much of the joint surface area as is practical.
Single keys provide an excellent guide for erection of elements. Single keys are preferred for all
match cast joints.
For all types of joints, the surfaces must be clean, free from grease and oil, etc. When using epoxy
for bonding, the joints should be lightly sandblasted to remove laitance. For cast-in-place or other
types of wide joints, the adjacent concrete surfaces should be roughened and kept thoroughly wet,
prior to construction of the joint. Cast-in-place joints are generally preferred.

5.2.9  Revised Provisions for Flexural Design

A. Introduction
This section introduces the necessary revisions to AASHTO LRFD specifications for more
accurate flexural resistance calculations. The provisions described herein are adapted to WSDOT
PGSuper program for the design of prestressed members.
B. Necessary Revisions to LRFD Specification
The AASHTO LRFD Specifications contain provisions for calculating the flexural strength of
T-beams that are not consistent with the original derivation of the effective rectangular stress
block as applied to beams where the neutral axis drops into the web. The proposed revisions
revert to the calculation methods of the ACI 318 and the Standard Specifications, with the
exception that the LRFD method of calculating the stress in the prestressing steel at nominal
flexural strength is retained. Research31, 32, 33, 34 has shown that the LRFD equations provide a
more realistic estimate of the stress in the prestressing steel at nominal flexural strength if T-beam
behavior is assumed to begin when “a” becomes greater than hf.
Chapter 5 To implement these revisions, the current LRFD Equations 5.7.3.1.1-3Concrete Structures
and 5.7.3.1.2-3 for T-beam
Forbehavior
sectionsshall
withbe modified
bonded by deleting β2 from the last term of the numerator as shown below:
tendons:
For sections
A ps f pu with
A s fbonded tendons:
y  A's f' y -0.85 f'c (b  b w )h f
c  A ps f pu  A s f y  A's f'y -0.85 f'c (b  b w )h f 5.2.9-1
c f pu 5.2.9-1 (5.2.9-1)
0.85f' β b  kA f (5.2.9-1)
0.85f'cc ȕ11b ww  kA psps dpup
dp
For sections with unbonded tendons:
For sections with unbonded tendons:

A ps f ps  A s f y  A's f'y -0.85 f'c (b  b w )h f (5.2.9-2)
c 5.2.9-2 (5.2.9-2)
0.85f'c β1b w

Consequently, the nominal flexural resistance of LRFD Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1 shall be modified by
Consequently, the nominal flexural resistance of LRFD Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1 shall be
deleting β from the last term as shown below:
modified by 1deleting aβ · 1 from the last a · term as§shown a ·below:
§
§ §a h ·
M n A ps f ps ¨¨ d p - ¸¸  A s f y ¨ d s - ¸  A's f'y ¨ d's  ¸  0.85f'c b  b w h f ¨  f ¸ 5.2.9-2 (5.2.9-3)
¨ ¸

2a   2a   2a   2a h2 
M n  A ps f ps © d p - ¹  A s f y © d s - ¹  A's f'y © d's  ¹  0.85f'c b  b w h f ©  f ¹ (5.2.9-3)

5.2.9-2

 2
 2  2 2 2 

C. Nominal Flexural Resistance

1. Theoretical Background
These provisions could be considered a philosophical change to traditional
flexural resistance calculations of reinforced and prestressed concrete members.
Page 5.2-16 Bridge Design
In these provisions sections are considered either tension –controlled, Manual 
transition or M 23-50.02
May 2008
- compression controlled. Classifying sections as tension-controlled, transition or
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

C. Nominal Flexural Resistance

1. Theoretical Background
These provisions could be considered a philosophical change to traditional flexural resistance
calculations of reinforced and prestressed concrete members. In these provisions sections
are considered either tension –controlled, transition or - compression controlled. Classifying
sections as tension-controlled, transition or compression-controlled, and linearly varying
the resistance factor in the transition zone between values for the two extremes, provides a
rational approach for determining φ and limiting the capacity of over-reinforced sections.
Sections are compression-controlled when the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel
is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit at the time the concrete in
compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The compression-controlled strain
limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain conditions. For Grade 60
reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, the compression-controlled strain limit
may be set equal to 0.002.
Sections are tension-controlled when the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel
is equal to or greater than 0.005 just as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed
strain limit of 0.003. Sections with net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel between
the compression-controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between
compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections.
Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the
strain corresponding to its specified yield strength fy just as the concrete in compression
reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
For beams with compression reinforcement, or T-beams, the effects of compression
reinforcement and flanges are automatically accounted for in the computation of net tensile
strain εt. The use of compression reinforcement in conjunction with additional tension
reinforcement is permitted to increase the strength of flexural members.
2. Nominal Flexural Resistance
The nominal flexural resistance of a member is reached when the strain in the extreme
compression fiber reaches the assumed strain limit of 0.003. The net tensile strain εt is the
tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength, exclusive of strains due to
prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature. The net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel
is determined from a linear strain distribution at nominal strength, as shown in Figure 5.2.9-1,
using similar triangles.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5







Strain distribution and net tensile strain
Figure 5.2.9-1

When the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is sufficiently large (equal to or
greater than 0.005), the section is defined as tension-controlled where ample warning of
failure with excessive deflection and cracking may be expected. When the net tensile strain
in the extreme tension steel is small (less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain
limit), a brittle failure condition may be expected, with little warning of impending failure.
Flexural members are usually tension-controlled, while compression members are usually
compression-controlled. Some sections, such as those with small axial load and large bending
moment, will have net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel between the above limits.
These sections are in a transition region between compression- and tension-controlled
sections.
3. Resistance Factors
The resistance factors for tension-controlled and compression-controlled sections, and for
intermediate cases in the transition region shall be taken as follows:
Precast Cast-in-Place
Members Members
Conventional Construction Mild Reinforcement 1.0 0.9
(other than Segmentally Prestressed 1.0 0.9
constructed Bridges) Spliced Girders 0.95
Flexural Resistance Factor for
Tension-Controlled Concrete Members
Table 5.2.9-1

For compression-controlled members, regardless of the method of construction, the flexural

resistance factor will continue to be taken as 0.75.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures
In applying the resistance factors for tension-controlled and compression-controlled sections,
the axial tensions and compressions to be considered are those caused by external forces.
For members in prestressing
Effects of the transition zone
forces arebetween tension-controlled and compression-controlled,
not included.
the flexural resistance factor shall be taken as follows:
A lower I-factor is used for compression-controlled sections than is used for tension-
For precast members:
controlled sections because compression-controlled sections have less ductility, are more
sensitive to variations in concrete strength, and generally occur in members that support
§ dt ·
0.75 d M larger
0.583  0.25areas
loaded ¨  1than .0
¸ d 1members with tension-controlled sections. (5.2.9-4)
©c ¹
For sections subjected to axial load with flexure, factored resistances are determined by
multiplying both Pn and Mn by the appropriate single value of I. Compression-controlled and
For cast-in-place members:
tension-controlled sections are defined as those that have net tensile strain in the extreme
§ dt ·
0.75 d Mtension
0.650steel
 0.15¨ 0.9
 1¸ dstrength
at nominal less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain (5.2.9-5)
limit,
© c ¹
and equal to or greater than 0.005, respectively. For sections with net tensile strain İt in the
extreme tension steel at nominal strength between the above limits, the value of I may be
For precast splicedbygirders
determined with cast-in-place
linear interpolation, as shownclosures:
in Figure 5.2.9-2.

§d ·
0.75 d M 0.616  0.20¨ t  1¸ d 0.95 (5.2.9-6)
© c ¹

1.2
§d ·
0 .75 d M 0 .583  0 .25¨ t  1 ¸ d 1 .0
© c ¹
1.1
§d ·
I 0 .75 d M 0 .616  0 .20 ¨ t  1 ¸ d 0 .95
© c ¹ Precast Members
1.0
Precast Spliced Members with CIP Closures
Cast-in-Place Members Deleted:
0.9

0.8

§d ·
0.7 0 .75 d M 0 .650  0 .15¨ t  1 ¸ d 0 .9
© c ¹

0.6 Compression Transition Tension

Controlled Controlled

0.5
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Deleted: Variation o
tensile strain İt and d
Variation
Variation ofof φ with
I with Net Strain
Net Tensile Tensile
H t strain εt Figure 5.2.9-2¶
Figure 5.9.2-25.2.9-2
Figure

D. Limit of Reinforcement
The LRFD Specifications do not handle maximum reinforcement limits for prestressed and
non-prestressed flexural members in a consistent manner. While over-reinforced non-prestressed
flexural members are not allowed, over-reinforced prestressed flexural members are allowed if
sufficient ductility of the structure can be achieved.
LRFD specifications limit the tension reinforcement quantity to a maximum amount such that
the ratio c/de did not exceed 0.42. Sections with c/de > 0.42 were considered over-reinforced.
Over-reinforced nonprestressed members were not allowed, whereas prestressed and partially
prestressed members with PPR greater than 50 percent were if “it is shown by analysis and
experimentation that sufficient ductility of the structure can be achieved.” No guidance was given
for what “sufficient ductility” should be, and it was not clear what value of φ should be used for
such over-reinforced members. These provisions eliminate this limit and unify the design of
prestressed and nonprestressed tension- and compression-controlled members. The background
and basis for these provisions are given in references 31, 32, 33 and 34.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

E. Moment Redistribution
In lieu of more refined analysis, where bonded reinforcement is provided at the internal supports
of continuous reinforced concrete beams, negative moments determined by elastic theory at
strength limit states may be increased or decreased by not more than 1000 εt percent, with a
maximum of 20 percent. Redistribution of negative moments shall be made only when εt is equal
to or greater than 0.0075 at the section at which moment is reduced.
Unless unusual amounts of ductility are required, the 0.005 limits will provide ductile behavior
for most designs. One condition where greater ductile behavior is required is in design for
redistribution of moments in continuous members and frames. Since moment redistribution is
dependent on adequate ductility in hinge regions, moment redistribution is limited to sections that
have a net tensile strain of at least 0.0075.
Design example 12 in Appendix B illustrates the flexural strength calculations for Composite
T-Beam

5.2.10  Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of concrete
exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete. Temperature and shrinkage
reinforcement shall ensure that the total reinforcement on the exposed surfaces in not less than that
specified herein. Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature may be in the form of bars, welded
wire fabric or prestressing tendons.
For bar or welded wire fabric, the area or reinforcement per foot, on each face and in each direction
shall satisfy:
1.30bh (5.2.10-1)
As t
2b  h  f y

0.11 < As < 0.60 (5.2.10-2)

where:
As = area of reinforcement in each direction and each face (in2/ft)
b = least width of component section (in.)
h least thickness of component section (in.)
b specified yield strength of reinforcing bars < 75 ksi
Where the least dimension varies along the length of wall, footing, or other component, multiple
sections should be examined to represent the average condition at each section. Spacing is not the
exceed:
• 3.0 times the component thickness, or 18.0 in.
• 12.0 in. for walls and footings over 18.0 in. thick
• 12.0 for other components over 36.0 in. thick
For components 6.0 in. or less in thickness the minimum steel specified may be placed in a single
layer. Shrinkage and temperature steel is not required for:
• End face of walls 18 in. or less in thickness
• Side faces of footings 36 in. or less in thickness
• Faces of all other components, with smaller dimension less than or equal to 18.0 in.

Page 5.2-20 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

If prestressing tendons are used as steel for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, the tendons
shall provide a minimum average compressive stress of 0.11 reinforcement, the tendons shall provide
a minimum average compressive stress of 0.11 ksi on the gross concrete area through which a crack
plane may extend, based on the effective prestress after losses. Spacing of tendons should not exceed
either 72.0 in. or the distance specified in Article 5.10.3.3. Where the spacing is greater than 54.0 in.,
bonded reinforcement shall be provided between tendons, for a distance equal to the tendon spacing.

5.2.11  Minimum Reinforcement Requirement

Unless otherwise specified, at any section of a flexural component, the amount of tensile
reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance, Mr at least equal to:
• For nonprestressed flexural members, the amount of tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to
develop 1.0 times the cracking moment, Mcr, and for prestressed flexural members, the amount of
prestressed and nonprestressed tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to develop 1.33 times the
cracking moment; where
• The cracking moment, Mcr is determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution and the
modulus of rupture, fr, of concrete as specified in LRFD Article 5.4.2.6. Mcr may be taken as:
  M cr Sc  f r  f cpe   M dnc §¨ Sc  1·¸ (5.2.11-1)
¨S ¸
where: © nc ¹

fcpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after
allowance for all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is cause by externally applied loads (ksi)
Mdnc = total unfactored dead load moment acting on the monolithic or noncomposite
section (kip-ft.)
Sc = section modulus for the extreme fiber of the composite section where tensile
stress is caused by externally applied loads (in.3)
Snc = section modulus for the extreme fiber of the monolithic or noncomposite section
where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads (in.3)
Appropriate values for Mdnc and Snc shall be used for any intermediate composite sections. Where
the beams are design for the monolithic or noncomposite section to resister all loads, substitute
Snc for Sc in the above equation for the calculation of Mcr.
This provision shall be permitted to be waived for:
• Nonprestressed members with flexural strength at least 1.33 times the factored moment required
by the applicable strength load combinations specified in LRFD Table 3.4.1-1, and
• Prestressed members with flexural strength at least 2.0 times the factored moment required by the
applicable strength load combinations specified in LRFD Table 3.4.1.-1

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5.3  Reinforced Concrete Box Girder Bridges

This type of superstructure shall only be used for bridge widening and for bridges with tight curvature
or unusual geometry.
A typical box girder bridge is comprised of top and bottom concrete slabs connected by a series of
vertical girder stems. This section is a guide for designing top slab, bottom slab, and girder web. For
design criteria not covered, see BDM Section 2.4.1.C.

5.3.1  Box Girder Basic Geometries

A. Web Spacing
The most economical web spacing for ordinary box girder bridges varies from about 8 to 12 feet.
Greater girder spacing requires some increase in both top and bottom slab thickness, but the cost
of the additional concrete can be offset by decreasing the total number of girder stems. Fewer
girder stems reduces the amount of form work required and a lower cost.
The number of girder stems can be reduced by cantilevering the top slab beyond the exterior
girders. A deck overhang of approximately one-half the girder spacing generally gives satisfactory
results. This procedure usually results in a more aesthetic as well as a more economical bridge.
For girder stem spacing in excess of 12 feet or cantilever overhang in excess of 6 feet, transverse
post-tensioning shall be used.
B. Basic Dimensions
The basic dimensions for concrete box girders with vertical web is shown in Figure 5.3.1-1 and
the basic dimensions for box girders with sloped exterior webs is shown in Figure 5.3.1-2.
1. Top Slab Thickness, T1
(includes ½″ wearing surface)

12(S+10)
T1 = but not less than 7″ with overlay or 7.5″ without overlay.
30

2. Bottom Slab Thickness, T2

a. Near center span
12(Sclr)
T2 = but not less than 5.5″ (normally 6.0″ is used).
16
b. Near intermediate piers
Thickening of the bottom slab is often used in negative moment regions to control
compressive stresses that are significant.
Transition slope = 24:1 (see T2 in Figure 5.3.1-1).

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

3. Girder Stem (Web) Thickness, T3

a. Near center span
Minimum T3 = 9.0″ — vertical
Minimum T3 = 10.0″ — if sloped
b. Near supports
Thickening of girder stems is used in areas adjacent to supports to control shear
requirements.
Changes in girder web thickness shall be tapered for a minimum distance of 12 times the
difference in web thickness.
Maximum T3 = T3+4.0″ maximum
Transition length = 12 x (T3) in inches














   



 




    



Basic Dimensions— Vertical Webs

Figure 5.3.1-1

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

4. Intermediate Diaphragm Thickness, T4 and Diaphragm Spacing

a. For tangent and curved bridge with R > 800 feet
T4 = 0″ (Diaphragms are not required.)
b. For curved bridge with R < 800 feet
T4 = 8.0″
Diaphragm spacing shall be as follows:
For 600′ < R < 800′at ½ pt. of span.
For 400′ < R < 600′ at 1/3 pt. of span.
For R < 400′ at ¼ pt. of span.
C. Construction Considerations
Review the following construction considerations to minimize constructability problems:
1. Construction joints at slab/stem interface or fillet/stem interface at top slab are appropriate.
2. All construction joints to have roughened surfaces.
3. Bottom slab is parallel to top slab (constant depth).
4. Girder stems are vertical.
5. Dead load deflection and camber to nearest ⅛″.
6. Skew and curvature effects have been considered.
7. Thermal effects have been considered.
8. The potential for falsework settlement is acceptable. This always requires added stirrup
reinforcement in sloped outer webs.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

   

 


 



 






 

 






 

  



   


 













 
  


















Basic Dimensions-Sloped Webs

Figure 5.3.1-2

Page 5.3-4 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

D. Load Distribution
1. Unit Design
According to the AASHTO LRFD Specifications, the entire slab width shall be assumed
effective for compression. It is both economical and desirable to design the entire
superstructure as a unit rather than as individual girders. When a reinforced box girder
bridge is designed as an individual girder with a deck overhang, the positive reinforcement
is congested in the exterior cells. The unit design method permits distributing all girder
reinforcement uniformly throughout the width of the structure.
2. Dead Loads
a. Box dead loads.
b. D.L. of top deck forms:
5 lbs. per sq. ft. of the area.
10 lbs. per sq. ft. if web spacing > 10′−0″.
c. Traffic barrier.
d. Overlay, intermediate diaphragm, and utility weight if applicable.
3. Live Load
a. Superstructure
The load distribution factor for multicell CIP concrete box girders shall be pre AASHTO
LRFD Specifications for interior girders form Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1 for bending moment,
and Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1 for shear. The live load distribution factor for interior girders
shall then be multiplied by the number of webs to obtain the design live load for entire
superstucture. The correction factor for live load distribution for skewed support as
specified in Table 4.6.2.2.2e-1 for bending moment and 4.6.2.2.3c-1 for shear shall be
considered.
DF = Nb x Dfi  Live load distribution factor for multicell box girder
Where:
Dfi  =  Live load distribution factor for interior web
Nb  =  Number of webs
b. Substructure
No. of lanes = slab width (curb to curb) / 12
Fractional lane width will be ignored
For example, 58 roadway / 12 = 4.83, then No. of lanes = 4.0
c. Overload if applicable.

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-5

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

5.3.2   Reinforcement
This section discusses Flexural and Shear reinforcement for top slab, bottom slab, webs, and
intermediate diaphragms in box girders.
A. Top Slab Reinforcement
1. Near Center of Span
Figure 5.3.2-1 shows the reinforcement required near the center of the span and
Figure 5.3.2-2 shows the overhang reinforcement.
a. Transverse reinforcing in the top and bottom layers to transfer the load to the main girder
stems.
b. Bottom longitudinal “distribution reinforcement” in the middle half of the deck span in Seff
is provided to aid distributing the wheel loads.
c. Top longitudinal “temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.”
2. Near Intermediate Piers
Figure 5.3.2-3 illustrates the reinforcement requirement near intermediate piers.
a. Transverse reinforcing same as center of span.
b. Longitudinal reinforcement to resist negative moment (see Figure 5.3.2-3).
c. “Distribution of flexure reinforcement” to limit cracking shall satisfy the requirement of
AASHTO LRFD Section 5.7.3.4 for class 2 exposure condition.
3. Bar Patterns
a. Transverse Reinforcement
It is preferable to place the transverse reinforcement normal to bridge center line and the
areas near the expansion joint and bridge ends are reinforcement by partial length bars.
b. Longitudinal Reinforcement



















Partial Section Near Center of Span

Figure 5.3.2-1

Page 5.3-6 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures














Overhang Detail
Figure 5.3.2-2




 








 


Top Slab Flexural Reinforcing Near Intermediate Pier

Figure 5.3.2-3

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May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5



 







Partial Plans at Abutments
Figure 5.3.2-4

B. Bottom Slab Reinforcement

1. Near Center of Span
Figure 5.3.2-5 shows the reinforcement required near the center of the span.
a. Minimum transverse “distributed reinforcement.”
As=0.005 x flange area with ½ As distributed equally to each surface.
b. Longitudinal “main reinforcement” to resist positive moment.
c. Check “distribution of flexure reinforcement” to limit cracking per AASHTO LRFD
Section 5.7.3.4 for class 2 exposure condition.
d. Add steel for construction load (sloped outer webs).
2. Near Intermediate Piers
Figure 5.3.2-6 shows the reinforcement required near intermediate piers.
a. Minimum transverse reinforcement same as center of span.
b. Minimum longitudinal “temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.”
As=0.004 x flange area with ½ As distributed equally to each face.
c. Add steel for construction load (sloped outer webs).

Page 5.3-8 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

3. Bar Patterns
a. Transverse Reinforcement
See top slab bar patterns, Figures 5.3.2-1, 5.3.2-2, and 5.3.2-3.
All bottom slab transverse bars shall be bent at the outside face of the exterior web. For a
vertical web, the tail splice will be 1′−0″ and for sloping exterior web 2′−0″ minimum
splice with the outside web stirrups. See Figure 5.3.2-7. The bottom transverse slab
reinforcement is discontinued at the crossbeam (see Figure 5.3.2-4).
b. Longitudinal Reinforcement
For longitudinal reinforcing bar patterns, see Figure 5.3.2-5 and 5.3.2-6.
C. Web Reinforcement
1. Vertical Stirrups
Vertical stirrups for a reinforced concrete box section is shown in Figure 5.3.2-8.
The web reinforcement should be designed for the following requirements:
Vertical shear requirements.
• Out of plane bending on outside web due to live load on cantilever overhang.
• Horizontal shear requirements for composite flexural members.
• Minimum stirrups shall be:
Av bw
50 (5.3.2-2)
s fy

but not less than #5 bars @ 1′−6″,
Where: bw is the number of girder webs x T3
2. Web Longitudinal Reinforcement
Web longitudinal reinforcement for reinforced concrete box girders is shown in Figure 5.3.2-8
and Figure 5.3.2-9. The area of skin reinforcement Ask per foot of height on each side face
shall be:
Ask ≥ 0.012 (d – 30) (5.3.2-3)
Reinforcing steel spacing < Web Thickness (T3) or 12″.
The maximum spacing of skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/6 and 12 inches.
Such reinforcement may be included in strength computations if a strain compatibility
analysis is made to determine stresses in the individual bars or wires. The total area of
longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed one half of the required flexural
tensile reinforcement.
For cast-in-place sloped outer webs, increase inside stirrup reinforcement and bottom slab top
transverse reinforcement as required for the web moment locked-in during construction of the
top slab. This moment about the bottom corner of the web is due to tributary load from the
top slab concrete placement plus 10 psf form dead load. See Figure 5.3.2-10 for typical top
slab forming.

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-9

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5
















Bottom Slab Reinforcement Near Center of Span

Figure 5.3.2-5


 


Bottom Slab Reinforcement Near Intermediate Pier

Figure 5.3.2-6

Page 5.3-10 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Web Reinforcement
Figure 5.3.2-7

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-11

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5




  


 




   



 
 


  
 

 
  









  










Web Reinforcement Details

Figure 5.3.2-8

Page 5.3-12 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

D. Intermediate Diaphragm
Intermediate diaphragms are not required for bridges on tangent alignment or curved bridges with
an inside radius of 800 feet or greater.








 





 




 


Web Reinforcement Details

Figure 5.3.2-9

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Notes:
1. The diagonal brace supports web forms during web pour. After cure, the web is stiffer than the brace, and
the web attracts load from subsequent concrete placements.
2. The tributary load includes half the overhang because the outer web form remains tied to and transfers load
to the web which is considerably stiffer than the formwork.
3. Increase web reinforcement for Locked-in Construction Load due to top slab forming for sloped web
box girders.

Typical Top Slab Forming for Sloped Web Box Girder

Figure 5.3.2-10

5.3.3  Crossbeam
A. General
Crossbeam shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of strength limit state design of
AASHTO LRFD Specifications and shall satisfy the serviceability requirements for crack control.
B. Basic Geometry
For aesthetic purposes, it is preferable to keep the crossbeam within the superstructure so that the
bottom slab of the entire bridge is a continuous plane surface interrupted only by the columns.
Although the depth of the crossbeam may be limited, the width can be made as wide as necessary
to satisfy design requirements. Normally, it varies from 3 feet to the depth of box but is not less
than the column size plus 1'-0" to allow placement of the column reinforcement as shown in see
Figures 5.3.3-1 and 5.3.3-2.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures



 
 



  



 





Crossbeam Top Reinforcement for Skew Angle ≤ 25°

Figure 5.3.3-1









Crossbeam Top Reinforcement for Skew Angle > 25°

Figure 5.3.3-2


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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Crossbeams on box girder type of construction shall be designed as a T beam utilizing the flange
in compression, assuming the deck slab acts as a flange for positive moment and bottom slab a
flange for negative moment. The effective overhang of the flange on a cantilever beam shall be
limited to six times the flange thickness.
The bottom slab thickness is frequently increased near the crossbeam in order to keep the main
box girder compressive stresses to a desirable level for negative girder moments as shown in
Figures 5.3.3-1 and 5.3.3-2. This bottom slab flare also helps resist negative crossbeam moments.
Consideration should be given to flaring the bottom slab at the crossbeam for designing the cap
even if it is not required for resisting main girder moments.
C. Loads
For concrete box girders the superstructure dead load shall be considered as uniformly distributed
over the crossbeam. For concrete box girders the live load shall be considered as the truck load
directly to the crossbeam from the wheel axles. Truck axles shall be moved transversely over the
crossbeam to obtain the maximum design forces for the crossbeam and supporting columns.
D. Reinforcement Design and Details
The crossbeam section consists of rectangular section with overhanging deck and bottom slab if
applicable. The effective width of the crossbeam flange overhang shall be taken as the lesser of:
• 6 times slab thickness,
• 1/10 of column spacing, or
• 1/20 of crossbeam cantilever as shown in Figure 5.3.3-3.
The rectangular section of the crossbeam shall have a minimum width of column dimension plus
6 inches.

Page 5.3-16 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures



 
 

 
 
 
 



 


Effective Width of Crossbeam

Figure 5.3.3-3

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Crossbeam is usually cast to the fillet below the top slab. To avoid cracking of concrete on top
of the crossbeam, construction reinforcement shall be provided at approximately 3 inches below
the construction joint. The design moment for construction reinforcement shall be the factored
negative dead load moment due to the weight of crossbeam and adjacent 10 feet of superstructure
each side. The total amount of construction reinforcement shall be adequate to develop an
ultimate moment at the critical section at least 1.2 times the cracking moment Mcr.
Special attention should be given to the details to ensure that the column and crossbeam
reinforcement will not interfere with each other. This can be a problem especially when round
columns with a great number of vertical bars must be meshed with a considerable amount of
positive crossbeam reinforcement passing over the columns.
1. Top Reinforcement
Provide negative moment reinforcement at the ¼ point of the square or equivalent square
columns.
a. When Skew Angle < 25°
If the bridge is tangent or slightly skewed deck transverse reinforcement is normal or
radial to centerline bridge, the negative cap reinforcement can be placed either in contact
with top deck negative reinforcement or directly under the main deck reinforcement (see
Figure 5.3.3-1). Reinforcement must be epoxy coated if the location of reinforcement is
less than 4″ below top of deck.
b. When Skewed Angle > 25°
When the structure is on a greater skew and the deck steel is normal or radial to the
longitudinal centerline of the bridge, the negative cap reinforcement should be lowered to
below the main deck reinforcement (see Figure 5.3.3-2).
c. To avoid cracking of concrete, interim reinforcements are required below the construction
joint in diaphragms and crossbeams.
The interim reinforcements shall develop a moment capacity of 1.2 Mcr where Mcr may
be given as:

fr I g
M cr (5.3.3-1)
yt

fr 7.5 f ' c (5.3.3-2)

M cr 1.25bh 2 f 'c (5.3.3-3)

Mn 1.2M cr 1.5bh 2 f 'c (5.3.3-4)

0.85 f ' c(b) §¨ 31.3725M u ·

¸
AS
¨
d  d2 
¸ (5.3.3-5)
fy © f ' c(b) ¹

Page 5.3-18 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

2. Skin Reinforcement
If the depth of crossbeam exceeds 3 feet, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be provided on
both sides of the member for a distance of d/2 nearest the flexural reinforcement. The area of
skin reinforcement per foot of height on each side shall be: Ask >= 0.012 (d-30)
The maximum spacing of skin reinforcement shall not exceed d/6 or 12 inches whichever is
less.

5.3.4  End Diaphragm

A. Basic Geometry
Bearings at the end diaphragms are usually located under the girder stems and transfer loads
directly to the pier as shown in Figure 5.3.4-1. In this case, the diaphragm width should be equal
to or greater than bearing grout pads as shown Figure 5.3.4-2.
Designer should provide access space for maintenance and inspection of bearings.
Allowance should be provided to remove and replace the bearings. Lift point locations, jack
capacity, number of jacks, and maximum permitted lift should be shown in the plan details.

Bearing Locations, Lift Points, Jack Capacity,

and Maximum Lift Permitted at End Diaphragm
Figure 5.3.4-1

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

L-shape Abutment End Diaphragm

Figure 5.3.4-2

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

The end diaphragms should be wide enough to provide adequate reinforcing embedment length.
When the structure is on a skew greater than 25 degrees and the deck steel is normal or radial to
the center of the bridge, the width should be enough to accommodate the embedment length of
the reinforcement.
The most commonly used type of end diaphragm is shown in Figure 5.3.4-3. The dimensions
shown here are used as a guideline and should be modified if necessary. This end diaphragm is
used with a stub abutment and overhangs the stub abutment. It is used on bridges with an overall
or out-to-out length less than 400 feet. If the overall length exceeds 400 feet, an L-shape abutment
should be used.




  






End Diaphragm With Stub Abutment

Figure 5.3.4-3

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

B. Reinforcing Steel Details

Typical reinforcement details for an end diaphragm are shown in Figure 5.3.4-4.




 













Typical End Diaphragm Reinforcement

Figure 5.3.4-4

5.3.5  Dead Load Deflection and Camber

Camber is the adjustment made to the vertical alignment to compensate for the anticipated dead
load deflection and the long-term deflection caused by shrinkage and creep. Estimating long-term
deflection and camber for reinforced concrete flexural members should be based on the creep
coefficient given in section 5.1.1E. See table 5.3.5-1 for long-term camber multipliers.

Multiplier
Coefficient
Girder Adjacent to Existing/Stage Construction
Deflection (downward) — apply to the elastic deflection due to the weight of 1.90
member
Deflection (downward) — apply to the elastic deflection due to superimposed 2.20
dead load only
Girder Away From Existing/Stage Construction
Deflection (downward) — apply to the elastic deflection due to the weight of 2.70
member
Deflection (downward) — apply to the elastic deflection due to superimposed 3.00
dead load only

Long-term Camber Multipliers

Table 5.3.5-1

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

In addition to dead load deflection, forms and falsework tend to settle and compress under the weight
of freshly placed concrete. The amount of this take-up is dependent upon the type and design of the
falsework, workmanship, type and quality of materials and support conditions. The camber should be
modified to account for anticipated take-up in the falsework.

5.3.6  Thermal Effects

Concrete box girder bridges are subjected to stresses and/or movements resulting from temperature
variation. Temperature effects result from time-dependent variations in the effective bridge
temperature and from temperature differentials within the bridge superstructure.
A. Effective Bridge Temperature and Movement
Fluctuation in effective bridge temperature causes expansion and contraction of the structure.
Proper temperature expansion provisions are essential in order to ensure that the structure will
not be damaged by thermal movements. These movements, in turn, induce stresses in supporting
elements such as columns or piers, and result in horizontal movement of the expansion joints and
bearings. For more details, see Chapter 8.
B. Differential Temperature
Although time-dependent variations in the effective temperature have caused problems in both
reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges, detrimental effects caused by temperature differential
within the superstructure have occurred only in prestressed bridges. Therefore, computation
of stresses and movements resulting from the vertical temperature gradients is not included in
this chapter. For more details, see AASHTO Guide Specifications, Thermal Effects on Concrete
Bridge Superstructures dated 1989.

5.3.7   Hinges
Hinges are one of the weakest links of box girder bridges subject to earthquake forces and it is
desirable to eliminate hinges or reduce the number of hinges. For more details on the design of
hinges, see Section 5.4.
Designer should provide access space or pockets for maintenance and inspection of bearings.
Allowance should be provided to remove and replace the bearings. Lift point locations, maximum lift
permitted, jack capacity, and number of jacks should be shown in the hinge plan details.

5.3.8  Utility Openings

A. Confined Spaces
A confined space is any place having a limited means of exit which is subject to the accumulation
of toxic or flammable contaminants or an oxygen deficient environment. Confined spaces include
but are not limited to pontoons, box girder bridges, storage tanks, ventilation or exhaust ducts,
utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open-topped spaces more than 4 feet in depth such as pits,
tubes, vaults, and vessels. The designer should provide for the following:
• A sign with “Confined Space Authorized Personnel Only.”
• In the “Special Provisions Check List,” alert and/or indicate that a special provision might be
needed to cover confined spaces.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

B. Drain Holes
Drain holes should be placed in the bottom slab at the low point of each cell to drain curing water
during construction and any rain water that leaks through the deck slab. Additional drains shall
be provided as a safeguard against water accumulation in the cell (especially when waterlines are
carried by the bridge). In some instances, drainage through the bottom slab is difficult and other
means shall be provided (i.e., cells over large piers and where a sloping exterior web intersects
a vertical web). In this case, a horizontal drain should be provided through the vertical web.
Figure 5.3.8-1 shows drainage details for the bottom slab of concrete box girder bridges with steel
wire screen.

Drain Hole Details

Figure 5.3.8-1

C. Access Hatch and Air Vent Holes

Access hatches with doors should be placed in the bottom slab if necessary to inspect utilities
inside cells (i.e., waterline, conduits, E.Q. restrainers, etc.). Figure 5.3.8-2 and 5.3.8-3 shows
Access hatch details and Air Vent details respectively. Air vents are required when access holes
are used.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures



 
 
 
















 





 

Access Hatch Details

Figure 5.3.8-2

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Air Vent Opening Detail

Figure 5.3.8-3

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5.4  Hinges and Inverted T-Beam Pier Caps

Hinges and inverted T-beam pier caps require special design and detailing considerations. Continuous
hinge shelves (both top and bottom projecting shelves) and continuous ledges of inverted T-beam pier
caps, which support girders, is shown in Figure 5.4-1. In each case, vertical tensile forces (hanger
tension) act at the intersection of the web and the horizontal hinge shelf or ledge. In the ledges of
inverted T-beam pier caps, passage of live loads may also cause reversing torsional stresses which
together with conventional longitudinal shear and bending produce complex stress distributions in the
ledges12, 13.
Figure 5.4-2 provide minimum shelf or ledge support lengths (N, L1, and L2) and provide positive
longitudinal linkage (e.g., earthquake restrainers) in accordance with the current AASHTO LRFD
Specifications for seismic design requirements. Design considerations for Beam Ledges, Inverted T
beam and Hinges is given in AASHTO LRFD Section 5.13.2-5.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5























Hinge and Inverted T-beam pier Cap

Figure 5.4-1

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

In-Span Hinge
Figure 5.4-2

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5.5  Bridge Widenings

This section provides general guidance for the design of bridge widenings. Included are additions
to the substructure and the superstructure of reinforced concrete box girder, flat slab, T-beam, and
precast prestressed girder bridges. For additional information, see ACI Committee Report, Guide for
Widening Highway Bridges15.

5.5.1  Review of Existing Structures

A. General
Obtain the following documents from existing records for preliminary review, design, and plan
preparation:
1. Copy of “As-Built” contract plans from in Bridge Records, Office of Bridges and Structures.
2. Copy of original contract plans and special provisions, which can be obtained from
Engineering Records (Plans Vault), Records Control. These will not include the “As-Built”
plans, since they are made prior to receiving the “As-Built” plans from the Project Engineer.
3. Check with the Bridge Preservation Unit for records of any unusual movements/rotations and
other structural information.
4. Original design calculations, which are stored in State Archives and can be retrieved by
Bridge Records personnel.
5. Current field data on Supplemental Site Data Form (including current deck elevations at
interface of widening and existing deck, as well as cross slopes), are obtained from Region.
Current field measurements of existing pier crossbeam locations are recommended so that
new prestressed girders are not fabricated too short or too long. This is particularly important
if piers have been constructed with different skews.
6. Original and current Foundation Reports from the Materials Lab or from the Plans Vault.
7. Change Order files to the original bridge contract in Records Control Unit.
B. Original Contract Plans and Special Provisions
Location and size of reinforcement, member sizes and geometry, location of construction joints,
details, allowable design soil pressure, and test hole data are given on the plans. Original contract
plans can be more legible than the microfilm copies.
The special provisions may include pertinent information that is not covered on the plans
or in the LRFD Specifications.
C. Original Calculations
The original calculations should be reviewed for any “special assumptions” or office criteria used
in the original design. The actual stresses in the structural members, which will be affected by the
widening, should be reviewed. This may affect the structure type selected for the widening.
D. Final Records
For major widening/renovation projects, the Final Records should be reviewed particularly
for information about the existing foundations and piles. Sometimes the piles indicated on the
original plans were omitted, revised, or required preboring. Final Records are available from
Records Control or Bridge Records (Final Records on some older bridges may be in storage at the
Materials Lab).

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5.5.2  Analysis and Design Criteria

A. General
Each widening represents a unique situation and construction operations may vary between
widening projects. The guidelines in this section are based on years of WSDOT design experience
with bridge widenings.
1. Appearance
The widening of a structure should be accomplished in such a manner that the existing
structure does not look “added on to.” When this is not possible, consideration should be
given to enclosure walls, cover panels, paint, or other aesthetic treatments. Where possible
and appropriate, the structure’s appearance should be improved by the widening.
2. Materials
Preferably, materials used in the construction of the widening shall have the same thermal and
elastic properties as the materials used in the construction of the original structure.
3. Load Distribution and Construction Sequence
The members of the widening should be proportioned to provide similar longitudinal and
transverse load distribution characteristics as the existing structure. Normally this can be
achieved by using the same cross sections and member lengths that were used in the existing
structure.
The construction sequence and degree of interaction between the widening and the existing
structure, after completion, shall be fully considered in determining the distribution of
the dead load for design of the widening and stress checks for the existing structure. The
distribution of live load shall be in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD specifications.
Where precast-prestressed girders are used to widen an existing cast-in-place concrete box
girder or T-beam bridge, the live load distribution factor for interior girder(s) shall be per
AASHTO LRFD Specifications.
The construction sequence or stage construction should be clearly shown in the plans to
avoid confusion and misinterpretation during construction. A typical construction sequence
may involve placing the deck concrete, removing the falsework, placing the concrete for the
closure strip, and placing the concrete for the traffic barrier. Indicate in the plans a suggested
stage construction plan to avoid misinterpretation.
4. Specifications
The design of the widening shall conform to the current AASHTO LRFD Specifications
and the state of Washington’s Standard Specifications for Road, Bridge, and Municipal
Construction.
The method of design for the widening shall be by strength design even though the original
design may have been by service load design.
5. Geometrical Constraints
The overall appearance and geometrical dimensions of the superstructure and columns of the
widening should be the same or as close as possible to those of the existing structure. This is
to ensure that the widening will have the same appearance and similar structural stiffness as
the original structure.

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6. Strength of Concrete
For concrete structures located in rural areas or where the volume of concrete is less than 30
cubic yards, use Class 4000 (f’c = 4.0 ksi) and Grade 60 reinforcement. For projects located
in urban areas and having a volume of concrete greater than 30 cubic yards, Class 5000 may
be specified only if necessary to meet structural requirements and if facilities are available.
Concrete with a greater strength may be used, if needed, with consultation and approval of
the Bridge Design Engineer.
7. Overlay
It should be established at the preliminary plan stage if an overlay is required as part of the
widening.
8. Strength of the Existing Structure
A review of the strength of the main members of the existing structure shall be made for
construction conditions utilizing AASHTO LRFD Load Factors.
A check of the existing main members after attachment of the widening shall be made for the
final design loading condition.
If the existing structural elements do not have adequate strength, consult your supervisor or in
the case of consultants, contact the Consultant Liaison Engineer for appropriate guidance.
If significant demolition is required on the existing bridge, consideration should be given to
requesting concrete strength testing for the existing bridge and including this information in
the contract documents.
9. Special Considerations
a. For structures that were originally designed for HS-20 loading, HL-93 shall be used to
design the widening. For structures that were originally designed for less than HS-20,
consideration should be given to replacing the structure instead of widening it.
b. Where large cambers are expected, a longitudinal joint between the existing structure
and the widening may be considered. Longitudinal joints, if used, should be located out
of traveled lanes or beneath median barriers to eliminate potentially hazardous vehicle
control problems.
c. The WSDOT Standard Specifications do not permit falsework to be supported from the
existing structure unless the Plans and Specifications state otherwise. This requirement
eliminates the transmission of vibration from the existing structure to the widening during
construction. The existing structure may still be in service.
d. For narrow widenings where the Plans and Specifications require that the falsework
be supported from the original structure (e.g., there are no additional girders, columns,
crossbeams, or closure strips), there should be no external rigid supports such as posts
or falsework from the ground. Supports from the ground do not permit the widening to
deflect with the existing structure when traffic is on the existing structure. This causes the
uncured concrete of the widening to crack where it joins the existing structure. Differen-
tial dead load deflection during construction should be given consideration.
e. Precast members may be used to widen existing cast-in-place structures. This method is
useful when the horizontal or vertical clearances during construction are insufficient to
build cast-in-place members.
f. The alignment for diaphragms for the widening shall generally coincide with the existing
diaphragms.

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g. When using battered piles, estimate the pile tip elevations and ensure that they will have
ample clearance from all existing piles, utilities, or other obstructions. Also check that
there is sufficient clearance between the existing structure and the pile driving equipment.
B. Seismic Design Criteria for Bridge Widenings
1. Adequacy of Existing Structure
Early in the project, determine whether earthquake loading poses any problems for the
structural adequacy of the existing structure (e.g., original unwidened structure). The amount
of reinforcement and structural detailing of older structures may not meet the current
AASHTO LRFD seismic design requirements. It is important that these deficiencies be
determined as soon as possible so that remedial/retrofitting measures can be evaluated. It
should be noted that for some structures, because of deterioration and/or inadequate details,
the widening may not be structurally or economically feasible. In this case, the Bridge Design
Engineer should be consulted for possible structure replacement instead of proceeding with
widening the structure.
2. Superstructure Widening Without Adding Substructure
No seismic analysis is necessary for this condition. Check the support shelf length required
at all piers. Check the need for longitudinal earthquake restrainers and transverse earthquake
stops.
3. Superstructure Widening by Adding Column(s) and Substructure
Use the AASHTO LRFD/BDM seismic design criteria with appropriate R factors to design
and detail the new columns and footings for the maximum required capacity.
Analyze the widening and the existing structure as a combined unit.
If the existing structure is supported by single column piers, and is located in seismic zones 2,
3 or 4, the existing column should be retrofitted if it does not have adequate ductility to meet
the current standards.
a. For existing bridges in Zone 2, 3, or 4 that are widened with additional columns and
substructure, existing columns should be considered for retrofitting unless calculations or
column details indicate that the existing columns have adequate ductility. Nonductile ex-
isting columns will likely not be able to carry vertical load if they experience the inelastic
deflection that a new (ductile) column can tolerate.
b. Only the columns should be retrofitted. Retrofitting the foundations supporting existing
columns is generally too expensive to consider for a widening project. Experience in past
earthquakes in California has shown that bridges with columns (only) retrofitted have
performed quite well.
c. Approval for retrofitting existing multiple column piers is subject to available funding
and approval of the Bridge Design Engineer.
4. Other Criteria
a. If recommended in the foundation report, the superstructure widening with new substruc-
ture shall also be checked for differential settlement between the existing structure and
the new widened structure. All elements of the structure shall be analyzed and detailed to
account for this differential settlement especially on spread footing foundations.
Refer to Section 6.2.1.1.1 of the WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual for further infor-
mation on seismically-induced geologic hazards.

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b. Check support width requirements; if there is a need for earthquake restrainers on the
existing structure as well as the widened portion, they shall be included in the widening
design.
c. The current AASHTO LRFD seismic design criteria may result in columns with more
reinforcement and larger footings for the widened portion than those on the existing
structure. If it is not possible to use larger footings because of limited space, an alternate
design concept such as drilled shafts may be necessary.
d. When modifications are made near or on the existing bridge, be careful to isolate any
added potential stiffening elements (such as traffic barrier against columns).
e. The relative stiffness of the new columns compared to the existing columns should be
considered in the combined analysis. The typical column retrofit is steel jacketing with
grouted annular space (between the existing column and the steel jacket).
f. When strutted columns (horizontal strut between existing columns) are encountered, re-
move the strut and analyze the existing columns for the new unbraced length and retrofit,
if necessary.
C. Substructure
1. Selection of Foundation
a. The type of foundation to be used to support the widening should generally be the same
as that of the existing structure unless otherwise recommended by the Geotechnical
Engineer. The effects of possible differential settlement between the new and the existing
foundations shall be considered.
b. Consider present bridge site conditions when determining new foundation locations. The
conditions include: overhead clearance for pile driving equipment, horizontal clearance
requirements, working room, pile batters, channel changes, utility locations, existing
embankments, and other similar conditions.
2. Scour and Drift
Added piles and columns for widenings at water crossings may alter stream flow
characteristics at the bridge site. This may result in pier scouring to a greater depth than
experienced with the existing configuration. Added substructure elements may also increase
the possibility of trapping drift. The Hydraulics Engineer should be consulted concerning
potential problems related to scour and drift on all widenings at water crossings.
D. Superstructure
1. Camber
Accurate prediction of dead load deflection is more important for widenings than for new
bridges, since it is essential that the deck grades match12.
To obtain a smooth transition in transverse direction of the bridge deck, the camber of the
girder adjacent to the existing structure shall be adjusted for the difference in camber between
new and existing structure. A linear interpolation may be used to adjust the camber of the
girders located away from the existing structure. The multipliers for estimating camber of
new structure may be taken as shown in Table 5.3.5-1.

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2. Closure Strip
Except for narrow deck slab widenings a closure strip is required for all cast-in-place
widenings. The width shall be the minimum required to accommodate the necessary
reinforcement and for form removal. Reinforcement, which extends through the closure strip
shall be investigated. Shear shall be transferred across the closure strip by shear friction and/
or shear keys.
All falsework supporting the widening shall be released and formwork supporting the closure
strip shall be supported from the existing and newly widened structures prior to placing
concrete in the closure strip. Because of deck slab cracking experienced in widened concrete
decks, closure strips are required unless the mid-span dead load camber is ½ inch or less.
3. Stress Levels and Deflections in Existing Structures
Caution is necessary in determining the cumulative stress levels, deflections, and the need for
shoring in existing structural members during rehabilitation projects.
For example, a T-beam bridge was originally constructed on falsework and the falsework was
released after the slab concrete gained strength. As part of a major rehabilitation project, the
bridge was closed to traffic and the entire slab was removed and replaced without shoring.
Without the slab, the stems behave as rectangular sections with a reduced depth and width.
The existing stem reinforcement was not originally designed to support the weight of the
slab without shoring. After the new slab was placed, wide cracks from the bottom of the stem
opened, indicating that the reinforcement was overstressed. This overstress resulted in a lower
load rating for the newly rehabilitated bridge. This example shows the need to shore up the
remaining T-beam stems prior to placing the new slab so that excessive deflections do not
occur and overstress in the existing reinforcing steel is prevented.
It is necessary to understand how the original structure was constructed, how the rehabilitated
structure is to be constructed, and the cumulative stress levels and deflections in the structure
from the time of original construction through rehabilitation.
E. Stability of Widening
For relatively narrow box girder and T-beam widenings, symmetry about the vertical axis should
be maintained because lateral loads are critical during construction. When symmetry is not
possible, use pile cap connections, lateral connections, or special falsework. A minimum of two
webs is generally recommended for box girder widenings. For T-beam widenings that require
only one additional web, the web should be centered at the axis of symmetry of the slab. Often
the width of the closure strip can be adjusted to accomplish this.

5.5.3  Removing Portions of the Existing Structure

Portions of the existing structure to be removed shall be clearly indicated on the plans. Where a
clean break line is required, a ¾″ deep saw cut shall be specified for a slab with normal wear and a
½″ deep saw cut for worn roadway slabs. In no case, however, shall the saw blade cut or nick the
main transverse top slab reinforcement. The special provisions shall state that care will be taken not
to damage any reinforcement which is to be saved. Hydromilling is preferred where reinforcing bar
cover is shallow and can effectively remove delaminated decks because of the good depth control
it offers. When greater depths of slab are to be removed, special consideration should be given to
securing exposed reinforcing bars to prevent undue vibration and subsequent fatigue cracks from
occurring in the reinforcing bars.
The current General Special Provisions should be reviewed for other specific requirements on slab
removal.

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Removal of any portion of the main structural members should be held to a minimum. Careful
consideration shall be given to the construction conditions, particularly when the removal affects
the existing frame system. In extreme situations, preloading by jacking is acceptable to control
stresses and deflections during the various stages of removal and construction. Removal of the main
longitudinal slab reinforcement should be kept to a minimum. See “Slab Removal Detail” Figure
5.5.4-1 for the limiting case for the maximum allowable removal.
The plans should include a note that critical dimensions and elevations are to be verified in the field
prior to the fabrication of precast units or expansion joint assemblies.
In cases where an existing sidewalk is to be removed but the supporting slab under the sidewalk is to
be retained, Region personnel should check the feasibility of removing the sidewalk. Prior to design,
Region personnel should make recommendations on acceptable removal methods and required
construction equipment. The plans and specifications should then be prepared to accommodate
these recommendations. This will ensure the constructibility of plan details and the adequacy of the
specifications.

5.5.4  Attachment of Widening to Existing Structure

A. General
1. Lap and Mechanical Splices
To attach a widening to an existing structure, the first choice is to utilize existing reinforcing
bars by splicing new bars to existing. Lap splices or mechanical splices should be used.
However, it may not always be possible to splice to existing reinforcing bars and spacing
limitations may make it difficult to use mechanical splices.
2. Welding Reinforcement
Existing reinforcing steel may not be readily weldable. Mechanical splices should be used
wherever possible. If welding is the only feasible means, the chemistry of the reinforcing
steel must be analyzed and acceptable welding procedures developed.
3. Drilling Into Existing Structure
It may be necessary to drill holes and set dowels in epoxy resin in order to attach the
widening to the existing structure.
When drilling into heavily reinforced areas, chipping should be specified to expose the main
reinforcing bars. If it is necessary to drill through reinforcing bars or if the holes are within
4 inches of an existing concrete edge, core drilling should be specified. Core drilled holes
shall be roughened before resin is applied. If this is not done, a dried residue, which acts as a
bond breaker and reduces the load capacity of the dowel, will remain. Generally, the drilled
holes are ⅛ inch in diameter larger than the dowel diameter for #5 and smaller dowels and ¼
inch in diameter larger than the dowel diameter for #6 and larger dowels.
In special applications requiring drilled holes greater than 1½ inch diameter or deeper than
2 feet, core drilling shall be specified. These holes should also be intentionally roughened
prior to applying epoxy resin.
Core drilled holes should have a minimum clearance of 3 inches from the edge of the
concrete and 1-inch clearance from existing reinforcing bars in the existing structure. These
clearances should be noted in the plans.

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4. Dowelling Reinforcing Bars Into the Existing Structure

a. Dowel bars shall be set with an approved epoxy resin. The existing structural element
shall be checked for its adequacy to transmit the load transferred to it from the dowel
bars.
b. Dowel spacing and edge distance affect the allowable tensile dowel loads. Allowable
tensile loads, dowel bar embedment, and drilled hole sizes for reinforcing bars (Grade 60)
used as dowels and set with an approved epoxy resin are shown in Table 5.5.4-1. These
values are based on an edge clearance greater than 3 inch, a dowel spacing greater than
6 inch, and are shown for both uncoated and epoxy coated dowels. Table 5.5.4-2 lists
dowel embedment lengths when the dowel spacing is less than 6 inch. Note that in Table
5.5.4-2 the edge clearance is equal to or greater than 3 inch, because this is the minimum
edge clearance for a drilled hole from a concrete edge.
If it is not possible to obtain these embedment, such as for traffic railing dowels into
existing deck slabs, the allowable load on the dowel shall be reduced by the ratio of the
actual embedment divided by the required embedment.
c. The embedment shown in Table 5.5.4-1 and Table 5.5.4-2 are based on dowels embedded
in concrete with f’c=4,000 psi.

Required Embedment, Le
Bar Allowable Design Drill Hole
Size Tensile Load, T* Size Uncoated Epoxy Coated
(kips) (in) (in) (in)
#4 12.0 ⅝ 7 8
#5 18.6 ¾ 8 9
#6 26.4 1 9 10
#7 36.0 1⅛ 11 12
#8 47.4 1¼ 13 14.5
#9 60.0 1⅜ 16 17½
#10 73.6 1½ 20 22
#11 89.0 1⅝ 25 28

* Allowable Tensile Load (Strength Design) = (f )(A ).

y s

Allowable Tensile Load for Dowels Set With Epoxy Resin

f’c=4,000 psi, Grade 60 Reinforcing Bars, Edge Clearance ≥ 3 in.,
and Spacing ≥ 6 in.
Table 5.5.4-1

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Drill Required Embedment, Le

Bar Allowable Design
Hole
Size Tensile Load, T*
Size Uncoated Epoxy Coated
(kips) (in) (in) (in)
#4 12.0 ⅝ 9½ 10½
#5 18.6 ¾ 10½ 11½
#6 26.4 1 11½ 12½
#7 36.0 1⅛ 13½ 15
#8 47.4 1¼ 16½ 18
#9 60.0 1⅜ 20 22
#10 73.6 1½ 24 27
#11 89.0 1⅝ 30 33

* Allowable Tensile Load (Strength Design) = (fy)(As).

Allowable Tensile Load for Dowels Set With Epoxy Resin

f’c=4,000 psi, Grade 60 Reinforcing Bars, Edge Clearance ≥ 3 in.,
and Spacing < 6 in.
Table 5.5.4-2

5. Shear Transfer Across a Dowelled Joint

Shear should be carried across the joint by shear friction on an intentionally roughened
surface instead of depending on the dowels to transmit the shear force. Chipping shear
keys in the existing concrete can also be used to transfer shear across a dowelled joint,
but is expensive.
6. Preparation of Existing Surfaces for Concreting
See “Removing Portions of Existing Structure” in the General Special Provisions for
requirements. Unsound, damaged, dirty, porous, or otherwise undesirable old concrete
should be removed, and the remaining concrete surface should be clean, free of laitance, and
intentionally roughened to ensure proper bond between the old and new concrete surfaces.
7. Control of Shrinkage and Deflection on Connecting Reinforcement
Dowels that are fixed in the existing structure may be subject to shear as a result of
longitudinal shrinkage and vertical deflection when the falsework is removed. These shear
forces may result in a reduced tensile capacity of the connection. When connecting the
transverse reinforcing bars across the closure strip is unavoidable, the interaction between
shear and tension in the dowel or reinforcing bar should be checked. The use of wire rope or
sleeved reinforcement may be acceptable, subject to approval by your supervisor.
Where possible, transverse reinforcing bars should be spliced to the existing reinforcing bars
in a blocked-out area which can be included in the closure strip. Nominal, shear friction,
temperature and shrinkage, and distribution reinforcing bars should be bent into the closure
strip.
Rock bolts may be used to transfer connection loads deep into the existing structure, subject
to the approval of your supervisor.

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8. Post-Tensioning
Post-tensioning of existing crossbeams may be utilized to increase the moment capacity
and to eliminate the need for additional substructure. Generally, an existing crossbeam can
be core drilled for post-tensioning if it is less than 30 feet long. The amount of drift in the
holes alignment may be approximately 1 inch in 20 feet. For crossbeams longer than 30 feet,
external post-tensioning should be considered.
For an example of this application, refer to Contract 3846, Bellevue Transit Access
— Stage 1.
B. Connection Details
The details on the following sheets are samples of details which have been used for widening
bridges. They are informational and are not intended to restrict the designer’s judgment.
1. Box Girder Bridges
Figures 5.5.4-1 through 5.5.4-6 show typical details for widening box girder bridges.
Welding or mechanical butt splice are preferred over dowelling for the main reinforcement
in crossbeams and columns when it can be done in the horizontal or flat position. It shall be
allowed only when the bars to be welded are free from restraint at one end during the welding
process. If bars are to be dowelled, provide a sufficient embedment depth for moment
connection bars into existing structure that will provide the required moment capacity in the
existing structure. See Table 5.5.4-1 or 5.5.4-2.

Slab Removal Detail

Figure 5.5.4-1

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Box Girder Section in Span

Figure 5.5.4-2

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
 












Box Girder Section Through X-Beam

Figure 5.5.4-3

Page 5.5-12 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures


 










 





 

 







 


Box Girder Section in Span at Diaphragm Alternate I

Figure 5.5.4-4

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.5-13

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5



  
 
 




 






 



 




Box Girder Section in Span at Diaphragm Alternate II

Figure 5.5.4-5

Page 5.5-14 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures








 



    







 
 

 




 
 


 
   
 
   

 
 
 

 

  






Narrow Box Girder Widening Details

Figure 5.5.4-6

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.5-15

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

2. Flat Slab Bridges

It is not necessary to remove any portion of the existing slab to expose the existing transverse
reinforcing bars for splicing purposes, because the transverse slab reinforcement is only
distribution reinforcement. The transverse slab reinforcement for the widening may be
dowelled directly into the existing structure without meeting the normal splice requirements.
For the moment connection details, see Figure 5.5.4-7 for “Flat Slab — Section through
X-Beam.”
Note: Falsework shall be maintained under pier crossbeams until closure pour is made and
cured for 10 days.



 


















Flat Slab Section through Cross Beam

Figure 5.5.4-7

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

3. T-Beam Bridges
Use details similar to those for box girder bridges for crossbeam connections. See Figure
5.5.4-8 for slab connection detail.

T-Beam — Section in Span

Figure 5.5.4-8

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

4. Prestress Concrete Girder Bridges

Use details similar to those for box girder bridges for crossbeam moment connections and use
details similar to those in Figure 5.5.4-9 for connecting to the slab.

Prestressed Girder — Section in Span

Figure 5.5.4-9

5.5.5  Expansion Joints

The designer should determine if existing expansion joints can be eliminated. It will be necessary to
determine what modifications to the structure are required to provide an adequate functional system
when existing joints are eliminated.
For expansion joint design, see Section 9.1 “Expansion Joints.” Very often on widening projects it
is necessary to chip out the existing concrete deck and rebuild the joint. Figures Figure 5.5.5-1 and
5.5.5-2 show details for rebuilding joint openings for compression seal expansion joints.
If a widening project includes an overlay, the expansion joint may have to be raised, modified or
replaced. See the Joint Specialist for plan details that are currently being used to modify or retrofit
existing expansion joints.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Expansion Joint Detail Shown for Compression Seal —

Existing Reinforcing Steel Saved
Figure 5.5.5-1

Expansion Joint Detail shown for compression seal

with new reinforcing steel added
Figure 5.5.5-2

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

5.5.6  Possible Future Widening for Current Designs

For current projects that include sidewalks (and where it is anticipated that the structure may be
modified or widened in the future), provide a smooth rather than a rough construction joint between
the sidewalk and the slab. This will normally pertain to flat slab bridges or where the sidewalk width
exceeds the slab cantilever overhang.

5.5.7  Bridge Widening Falsework

For widenings which do not have additional girders, columns, crossbeams, or closure pours,
falsework should be supported by the existing bridge. There should be an external support from
the ground. The reason is that the ground support will not allow the widening to deflect the existing
bridge when traffic is on the bridge. This will cause the “green” concrete to crack where it joins
the existing bridge. Designer should contact the bridge construction support unit regarding falsework
associated with widenings.

5.5.8  Existing Bridge Widenings

Appendix 5-B3 lists bridge widenings projects that may be used as design aids for the designers.
These should not be construed as the only acceptable methods of widening; there is no substitute
for the designer’s creativity or ingenuity in solving the challenges posed by bridge widenings.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5.6  Precast Prestressed Girder Superstructures

The precast prestressed girder bridge is an economical and rapid type of bridge construction and often
preferred for WSDOT bridges. This section discusses the essential of design, detailing, fabrication,
and handling of precast prestressed girder bridges.
Precast sections are generally fabricated in plant or somewhere near the construction site and then
erected. Precasting permits better material quality control and is often more economical than cast-in-
place concrete.
Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing strands to a predetermined tension and then placing
concrete around the strands, while the stress is maintained. After the concrete has hardened, the
strands are released and the concrete, which has become bonded to the tendon, is prestressed as a
result of the strands attempting to relax to their original length. The strand stress is maintained during
placing and curing of the concrete by anchoring the ends of strands to abutments that may be as much
as 500 feet apart. The abutments and appurtenances used in the prestressing procedure are referred to
as a pre-tensioning bed or bench.

5.6.1  WSDOT Standard Prestressed Girders

Washington State Standard girders were adopted in the mid-1950s. These girder shapes proved to be
very efficient due to their thin webs and small flange fillets. These are still the most efficient shapes
available and variations of these girders have been adopted by other states. The original series was
graduated in 10‑foot increments from 30 feet to 100 feet.
In 1990, revisions were made to the prestressed concrete girder standards incorporating the results of
the research done at Washington State University on girders without end blocks. The new standards
incorporate three major changes. They have a thicker web, the end blocks are eliminated, and have
increased distance between strands. The new standard designations are W74G, W58G, W50G, W42G,
and deck bulb tee standards W53DG and W35DG. The numbers refer to the depth of the section.
In 1999, deeper girders, commonly called “Supergirders” were added to the WSDOT prestressed
concrete girder standards. These new supergirders may be pretensioned or post-tensioned. The
pretensioned standards are designated as WF74G, WF83G and WF95G and the post-tensioned
standards are designated as WF74PTG, WF83PTG and WF95PTG.
In 2004 WF42G, WF50G, WF58G, W32BTG, W38BTG and W62BTG were added to WSDOT
prestressed girder standards. In 2004 Prestressed concrete tub girders were also added to WSDOT
Standard girders. The standard tub girders are 4’-0”, 5’-0” and 6’-0” bottom Flange width and 4’-6”
to 7’-0” deep. A Sub Flange could be added to tub girders to improve Structural efficiency and to
accommodate placement of stay-in-place precast deck panels.
All WSDOT prestressed girders are high performance high strength concrete girders. They
generally rely on high strength concrete to be effective for the spans expected as a single piece. The
approximate range of maximum span lengths are as shown in Table 5.6.1-1.
Standard drawings for WSDOT prestressed girders are shown in Appendix 5.6-A and 5.9-A.
Table 5.6.1-2 shows the list of WSDOT prestressed girders.
The use of decked bulb-Tee, Double-Tee, and Ribbed Girders shall be limited to state routes with the
Average Daily Traffic (ADT) of 30,000 or less. An HMA overlay with membrane over girders shall be
specified for all girders of these types.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Volume to
Depth Area Iz Yb Wt Max. Span Max. Length
Type Surface
(in) (in2) (in4) (in) (k/ft) Capability (ft) (190 kips Limit) (ft)
Ratio (in)
W42G 42.00 381.3 77467 18.67 0.424 2.83 85 -
W50G 50.00 526.5 165462 22.77 0.585 3.11 110 -
W58G 58.00 604.5 265374 27.96 0.672 3.09 125 -
W74G 73.50 747.7 547533 38.03 0.831 2.89 150 -
WF42G 42.00 728.5 184043 20.33 0.806 3.22 115 -
WF50G 50.00 777.5 283126 24.12 0.859 3.21 130 -
WF58G 58.00 826.5 407028 27.93 0.918 3.20 145 -
WF74G 74.00 924.6 735675 35.62 1.020 3.18 175 -
WF83G 82.62 977.9 961875 39.81 1.087 3.18 185 184
WF95G 94.49 1050.7 1332264 45.58 1.167 3.17 160 171
W32BTG 32.00 538.0 74039 17.88 0.598 2.88 75 -
W38BTG 38.00 574.0 114540 21.08 0.638 2.88 90 -
W62BTG 62.00 718.0 385995 33.68 0.798 2.81 130 -
U54G4 54.00 1038.8 292423 20.97 1.154 3.51 130 -
U54G5 54.00 1110.8 314382 19.81 1.234 3.47 130 -
U54G6 54.00 1254.8 341728 18.16 1.394 3.66 120 -
U66G4 66.00 1208.5 516677 26.45 1.343 3.51 155 148
U66G5 66.00 1280.5 554262 25.13 1.423 3.47 150 140
U66G6 66.00 1424.5 605412 23.15 1.583 3.64 145 126
U78G4 78.00 1378.2 827453 32.06 1.531 3.51 170 130
U78G5 78.00 1450.2 885451 30.62 1.611 3.48 170 124
U78G6 78.00 1594.2 969347 28.35 1.771 3.62 165 112
UF60G4 60.00 1207.7 483298 26.03 1.342 3.48 150 149
UF60G5 60.00 1279.7 519561 24.74 1.422 3.45 150 140
UF60G6 60.00 1423.7 568717 22.79 1.582 3.61 135 126
UF72G4 72.00 1377.4 787605 31.69 1.530 3.48 165 130
UF72G5 72.00 1449.4 844135 30.26 1.610 3.45 170 124
UF72G6 72.00 1593.4 925720 28.03 1.770 3.60 160 113
UF84G4 84.00 1547.1 1190828 37.42 1.719 3.48 190 116
UF84G5 84.00 1619.1 1272553 35.89 1.799 3.46 185 111
UF84G6 84.00 1763.1 1395939 33.41 1.959 3.59 170 102

Section Properties of WSDOT Standard Precast Pretensioned Girders

Table 5.6.1-1

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Standard Drawing Drawing Number

I-Girder Sections 5.6-A1-1
Decked Girder Sections 5.6-A1-2
Spliced-Girder Sections 5.6-A1-3
Tub Sections 5.6-A1-4

Prestressed Girder Construction Sequence 5.6-A2-1 through 3

W42G 5.6-A3-1 through 10

W50G 5.6-A4-1 through 9
W58G 5.6-A5-1 through 10
W74G 5.6-A6-1 through 10
WF42G 5.6-A7-1 through 3
WF50G 5.6-A8-1 through 3
WF58G 5.6-A9-1 through 3
WF74G 5.6-A10-1 through 11
WF83G 5.6-A11-1 through 10
WF95G 5.6-A12-1 through 10
W32BTG 5.6-A13-1 through 3
W38BTG 5.6-A14-1 through 3
W62BTG 5.6-A15-1 through 3
Tub Girders without Top Flange 5.6-A16-1 through 6
Tub Girders with Top Flange 5.6-A17-1 through 7
Stay-in-place Deck Panel 5.6-A18-1
1’-0” Solid Slabs 5.6-A19-1 through 3
1’-6” Voided Slabs 5.6-A20-1 through 3
2’-2” Voided Slabs 5.6-A21-1 through 4
Ribbed Girders 5.6-A22-1 through 3
Double-Tee Girders 5.6-A23-1 through 2
W35DG Decked Bulb-Tee 5.6-A24-1 through 3
W41DG Decked Bulb-Tee 5.6-A25-1 through 3
W53DG Decked Bulb-Tee 5.6-A26-1 through 3
W65DG Decked Bulb-Tee 5.6-A27-1 through 4

WF74PTG Spliced Girder 5.9-A1-1 through 5

WF83PTG Spliced Girder 5.9-A2-1 through 5
WF95PTG Spliced Girder 5.9-A3-1 through 5
Spliced Tub-Girder without Top Flange 5.9-A4-1 through 8
Spliced Tub-Girder With Top Flange 5.9-A5-1 through 8

List of WSDOT Standard Drawings

Table 5.6.1-2

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

5.6.2   Criteria for Girder Design

The present WSDOT criteria is to design prestressed girder bridges as simple span for all simple
span and continuous spans. Effects of creep and shrinkage are not considered. This is a somewhat
conservative procedure, but it minimizes engineering time. For continuous structures consisting of
a large number of girders, a more exact analysis could be used, as directed by the design supervisor.
Additional comments concerning special problems in design of continuous bridges are added below.
The design criteria for prestressed girders is summarized in Table 5.2.2-1.
For continuous structure same type and number of prestressed girders shall be used. Girder type or
number of girder could only be changed at expansion joints at piers if applicable.
A. Support Conditions
The prestressed girders are assumed to be supported on rigid permanent simple supports. These
supports can be either bearing seats or elastomeric pads. The design span length is the distance
center to center of bearings for simple spans. For continuous spans erected on falsework (raised
crossbeam), the effective point of support for girder design is assumed to be the face of the
crossbeam. For continuous spans on crossbeams (dropped or semi-dropped crossbeam), the
design span length is usually the distance center to center of temporary bearings as shown in
Figure 5.6.2-1.



 






 


  


 

 
 

Typical Prestressed Girder Span


Figure 5.6.2-1


 




 


Typical Section for Computation of Composite Section Properties

Figure 5.6.2-2

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

B. Composite Action
1. General
The sequence of construction and loading is extremely important in the design of prestressed
girders. The composite section has a much larger capacity than the basic girder section
but it cannot take loads until the slab has obtained adequate strength. Assumptions used in
computing composite section properties are shown in Figure 5.6.2-2.
2. Load Application
The following sequence and method of applying loads is used in girder analysis:
a. Girder Dead Load is applied to the girder section.
b. Diaphragm Dead Load is applied to the girder section.
c. Slab Dead Load is applied to the girder section.
d. Barrier, Overlay Dead Load, and Live Load are applied to the composite section.
Dead load of one traffic barrier is divided among a maximum of three girders and this
uniform load is applied to the composite section. The dead load of any overlay and live
load plus impact is applied to the composite section.
3. Composite Section Properties
Minimum deck slab thickness is specified as 7 ½ inches by office practice, but may be thicker
if girder spacing dictates. This slab forms the top flange of the composite girder in prestressed
girder bridge construction. The properties of this slab-girder composite section are affected by
specification and by physical considerations.
a. Flange Width
The effective width of slab on each side of the girder centerline which can be considered
to act as a compressive flange shall not exceed any of the following:
1. One-eighth of the span length.
2. Six times the thickness of slab plus one-fourth of the girder flange width.
3. One-half the distance to the next girder.
4. The actual distance to the edge of slab.
For effective tension flange widths, see AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.7.3.4.
b. Flange Position
For purposes of calculating composite section properties, the bottom of the slab shall be
assumed to be directly on the top of the girder. This assumption may prove to be true at
center of span when excess girder camber occurs.
For dimensioning the plans, an increased dimension from top of girder to top of slab is
used at centerline of bearing. This is called the “A” dimension. This dimension accounts
for the effects of girder camber, vertical curve, slab cross slope, etc. See Appendix 5-B1
for method of computing.

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c. Flange Thickness
For purposes of computing composite section properties, the slab thickness shall be
reduced by ½ inch to account for wearing. Where it is known that a bridge will have an
asphalt overlay applied prior to traffic being allowed on the bridge, the full slab thickness
can be used as effective slab thickness. The effective slab width shall be reduced by the
ratio Es/Eg. The effective modulus of composite section is then Eg.
d. Section Dead Load
The slab dead load to be applied to the girder shall be based on full thickness plus any
overhang. The full effective pad (“A”-t) weight shall be added to that load. This assumed
pad weight is applied over the full length of the girder.
C. Design Procedure
1. General
The WSDOT Prestressed Girder Design computer program PGSuper uses a trial and error
method to arrive at solution for stress requirement and is the preferred method for final design
of length and spacing. Some publications suggest various direct means for determining stress
and position, but the procedures are generally quite complex.
2. Stress Conditions
The stress limits as described in Table 5.2.3-1 must be met for prestressed girder. One or
more of the conditions described below may govern design. Each condition is the result of
the summation of stresses with each load acting on its appropriate section (such as girder
only, composite section). Precast girders shall also be checked during lifting, transportation,
and erection stages by the designer to assure that girder delivery is feasible. Impact during
the lifting stage shall be 0 percent and during transportation shall be 20 percent of the dead
load of the girder. Impact shall be applied either upward or downward to produce maximum
stresses.
D. Basic Assumptions
The following basic assumptions are used in the design of these standard girders. Figure 5.6.2-1
illustrates some of the factors which are constant in the WSDOT Prestressed Girder Design
computer program, PGSuper. Strand location at end and midspan of typical prestressed girder
is shown in Figure 5.6.2-3. Appendices 5.6-A and 5.9-A shows the standard strand positions in
these girders.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

 


 







 









 




















 
 



Figure 5.6.2-3

E. Girder End Types

There are four end types shown on the girder sheets. Due to the extreme depth of the WF83G and
WF95G girders, and possible end of girder tilt at the piers for profile grades, the designer will
need to pay particular attention to details to assure the girders will fit and perform as intended.
The four end types are identified with pertinent detailing dimensions as follows:

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

1. End Type A
End Type A as shown in Figure 5.6.2-4 is for cantilever end piers with an end diaphragm cast
on the end of the girders. End Type A has a recess at the bottom of the girder near the end
for an elastomeric bearing pad. The maximum bearing pad size expected for wide Flange
I-girders is 18 inches long x 35 inches wide. The recess at the centerline of bearing is ¾ inch
deep to accommodate an elastomeric pad length of 18 inches. This recess is to be used for
profile grades up to and including 4 percent. The recess is to be replaced by an embedded
steel plate flush with the bottom of the girder for grades over 4 percent. A tapered bearing
plate, with stops at the edges to contain the elastomeric pad, can be welded or bolted to the
embedded plate to provide a level bearing surface.
Reinforcing bars and pretensioned strands project from the end of the girder. The designer
shall assure that these bars and strands fit into the end diaphragm. Embedment of the girder
end into the end diaphragm shall be a minimum of 3 inches and a maximum of 6 inches. For
girder ends where the tilt would exceed 6 inches of embedment, the girder ends shall be tilted
to attain a plumb surface when the girder is erected to the profile grade. Embedment into the
end wall shall be 3 inches.
The gap between the end diaphragm and the stem wall shall be a minimum of 2½″ or ½″
greater than required for longitudinal bridge movement.

End Type A (End Diaphragm on Girder)

Figure 5.6.2-4

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

2. End Type B
End Type B as shown in Figure 5.6.2-5 is for “L” type abutments. End Type B also has a
recess at the bottom of the girder for an elastomeric bearing pad. Notes regarding the bearing
recess on End Type A also apply to End Type B. End Type B is the only end type that does
not have reinforcing or strand projecting from the girder end.
Note that the centerline of the bearing is not coincident with the centerline of the diaphragm.
For girders on a grade, dimensions for each bearing, P1 and P2, from the ends of the girder
will be different. Typically the centerline of bearing will be 1′−3″ minimum from the end of
the girder to fit the bearing and provide adequate edge distance. The designer may want to
locate the diaphragm such that it is equal distance from the centerline of the bearing, and the
centerline of the bearing is equal distance from the face of the back wall of both abutments.
This should create consistency in dimensions and make it easier to calculate girder lengths.

End Type B (L-Shape End Pier)

Figure 5.6.2-5

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

3. End Type C
End Type C as shown in Figure 5.6.2-6 is for continuous spans and an intermediate hinge
diaphragm at an intermediate pier. There is no bearing recess and the girder is temporarily
supported on oak bunking blocks. This detail is generally used only in low seismic areas. This
end type is generally used for bridges east of the Cascade Mountains.
The designer shall check the edge distance and provide a dimension that prevents edge
failure, or spalling, at the top corner of the supporting cross beam for load from the oak block
including dead loads from girder, slab, and construction loads.
Notes to Designer for Prestressed Girders Intermediate Hinge Diaphragms
a. All girders in each bridge shall be of the same depth.
b. Design girders as simple span (do not deduct negative moments from maximum simple
beam positive moments).
c. Provide reinforcement for negative moments at intermediate piers in the deck due to live
loads and superimposed dead loads from traffic barrier, pedestrian walkway, utilities, etc.
d. Check hinge bars size and minimum embedment in crossbeam.












  
 






End Type C (Intermediate Hinge Diaphragm)
Figure 5.6.2-6



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4. End Type D
End Type D as shown in Figure 5.6.2-7 is for continuous spans fully fixed to columns at
intermediate piers. There is no bearing recess and the girder is temporarily supported on oak
bunking blocks.
The designer shall check the edge distance and provide a dimension that prevents edge
failure, or spalling, at the top corner of the supporting cross beam for load from the oak block
including dead loads from girder, slab, and construction loads.





 
  






 

 





End Type D
Figure 5.6.2-7

F. Minimum Crossbeam Width

In order to have room for placing oak blocks with required clearances on cross-beams, the
cross-beams must be designed with a minimum width of 5′−0″ for WF95G and WF83G,
WF74G, W74G, and 4′−6″ for all other girders. Designer is to check edge distance of oak blocks
to top outside corner of cross-beam for reaction from girder weight + diaphragms + (20 psf)
construction load. Adjust minimum width of cross-beam as necessary to prevent corner
support failure.

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5.6.3  Fabrication and Handling

A. Shop Plans
Fabricators of prestressed girders are required to submit shop plans which show specific details
for each girder that they construct. These shop plans are checked and approved by the Project
Engineer’s office for conformance with the Contract Plans and specifications.
B. Special Problems for Fabricators
1. Strand Tensioning
The method selected for strand tensioning may affect the design of the girders. The strand
arrangements shown in the office standard plans and included in the Prestressed Girder
Design computer program are satisfactory for tensioning methods used by fabricators in this
state. Harped strands are normally tensioned by pulling them as straight strands to a partial
tension. The strands are then deflected vertically as necessary to give the required harping
angle and strand stress. In order to avoid overtensioning the harped strands by this procedure,
the slope of the strands is limited to a maximum of 6:1 for 0.5″ φ strands and 8:1 for 0.6″ φ
strands. The straight strands are tensioned by straight jacking.
2. Hold Down Forces
Forces on the hold-down units are developed as the harped strands are raised. The hold-down
device provided by the fabricator must be able to hold the vertical component of the harping
forces. Normally a two or more hold-down unit is required. Standard commercial hold-down
units have been preapproved for use with particular strand groups.
3. Numbers of Strands
Since the prestressing beds used by the girder fabricators can carry several girders in a line, it
is desirable that girders have the same number of strands where practical. This allows several
girders to be set up and cast at one time and saves both time and strand material.
C. Handling and Hauling of Long Prestressed Girders
1. General
The designer shall specify the lifting device locations and the corresponding concrete transfer
strength that provides an adequate factor of safety for lateral stability. The calculations shall
conform to Article 5.2.9 of the PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed Concrete, Fifth
Edition 17, or other approved methods. Other references 5, 6, 18, 19, 20 provide the derivation of
the theory and design examples. Temporary top strands may be used to improve the stability
of the girder during handling, and to reduce the required concrete transfer strength.
Considerations for handling and shipping long prestressed girders relate primarily to weight,
length, height, and lateral stability. The effect of each variable differs considerably depending
on where the handling is taking place: in the plant, on the road, or at the jobsite.
2. In-Plant Handling
The primary considerations for in-plant handling are weight and lateral stability. The
maximum weight that can be handled by precasting plants in the Pacific Northwest is
200 kips. Pretensioning lines are normally long enough so that the weight of a girder governs
capacity, rather than its length. Headroom is also not generally a concern for the deeper
sections.

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Lateral stability can be a concern when handling long, slender girders. When the girder forms
are stripped from the girder, the prestressing level is higher and the concrete strength is lower
than at any other point in the life of the member.
The WSDOT prestressed girder sections are relatively wide and stiff about their weak axes
and, as a result, exhibit good stability, even at their longer pretentioned lengths. The simplest
method of improving stability is to move the lifting devices away from the ends. This
invariably increases the required concrete release strength, because decreasing the distance
between lifting devices increases the concrete stresses at the harp point. Stresses at the
support may also govern, depending on the exit location of the harped strands.
Alternatively, the girder sections may be braced to provide adequate stability. Temporary
prestressing in the top flange can also be used to provide a larger factor of safety against
cracking.
Other types of bracing have also been used successfully for many years. These systems
are generally based on experience rather than theory. Other methods of improving lateral
stability, such as raising the roll axis of the girder, are also an option.
For stability analysis of prestressed girder during in-plant handling in absence of more
accurate information, the following parameters shall be used:
1. Height of pick point above top of girder = 0.0 in
2. Lifting loop or lifting bars placement tolerance = 0.25 in
3. Maximum girder sweep tolerance = 0.00052 in/in
3. Pick Up Points
The office standard plans show pick-up points for the girders. These points are critical
since the girder is in its most highly stressed condition just after strand release. In some
cases, fabricators may request to move the pick-up points toward the center of the girder.
The request must be reviewed carefully since a decrease in girder dead load moment near
centerline span may cause overstressing of the girder. Similarly, the girders must never be
supported at any point other than the centerline of bearing during storage. The girders are also
very sensitive to lateral loads and accordingly must be stored in a true vertical position.
4. Girder Lateral Bending
Long prestressed girders are very flexible and highly susceptible to lateral bending. Lateral
bending failures are sudden, catastrophic, costly, pose a serious threat to workers and
surroundings, and therefore must be guarded against. The office standard plans state that
girders over certain given lengths must be laterally braced and that all girders must be
handled carefully. It is the fabricator’s responsibility to provide adequate bracing and provide
suitable handling facilities. On unusually long girders, however, the designer should give
this matter additional consideration. Published material on girder lateral bending should be
consulted and used to assure the constructability of the girder design chosen: see references
[5,18,19,20].

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D. Shipping
1. General
The designer shall assure that the girders can be reasonably delivered to the site as part of the
preliminary design. Vertical and horizontal clearances along the selected delivery route shall
be verified.
The ability to ship deep girder sections can be influenced by a large number of variables,
including mode of transportation, weight, length, height, and lateral stability. Some variables
have more influence than others. As such, the feasibility of shipping deep girders is
strongly site-dependent. It is recommended that routes to the site be investigated during the
preliminary design phase. To this end, on projects using long, heavy girders, WSDOT can
place an advisory in their special provisions including shipping routes, estimated permit fees,
escort vehicle requirements, Washington State Patrol requirements, and permit approval time.
2. Mode of Transportation
Three modes of transportation are commonly used in the industry: truck, rail, and barge.
In Washington State, an overwhelming percentage of girders are transported by truck,
so discussion in subsequent sections will be confined to this mode. However, on specific
projects, it may be appropriate to consider rail or barge transportation.
Standard rail cars can usually accommodate larger loads than a standard truck. Rail cars range
in capacity from approximately 120 to 200 kips. However, unless the rail system runs directly
from the precasting plant to the jobsite, members must be trucked for at least some of the
route, and weight may be restricted by the trucking limitations.
For a project where a large number of girders are required, barge transportation is usually
the most economical. Product weights and dimensions are generally not limited by barge
delivery, but by the handling equipment on either end. In most cases, if a product can be made
and handled in the plant, it can be shipped by barge. Of course, this applies only if both the
plant and jobsite are fully accessible by barge.
3. Weight Limitations
Girders shipped in some states have weighed in excess of 200 kips. The net weight limitation
with trucking equipment currently available in Washington State is approximately 190 kips, if
a reasonable delivery rate (number of pieces per day) is to be maintained. Product weights of
up to 240 kips can be hauled with currently available equipment at a limited rate.
Long span prestressed concrete girder bridges may bear increased costs due to difficulties
encountered during the fabrication, shipping, and erection of such long one-piece girders.
Providing an alternate spliced-girder design to long span one-piece pretensioned girders
may eliminate the excessive cost through competitive bidding. The following procedure for
alternative design of prestressed concrete girders in the Plans shall be followed:
• All prestressed concrete girders with shipping weight less than 190 kips shall be pre-
tensioned only (no alternative design.).
• All prestressed concrete girders with shipping weight between 190 and 240 kips shall
include both pretensioned and post-tensioned spliced prestressed concrete girder
alternatives as part of the PS&E, with post-tensioning to be applied before the casting of
deck slab. Post-tensioning may be applied after the casting of deck slab at the option of
the Contractor with approval of the designer of record.
• All prestressed concrete girders with shipping weight exceeding 240 kips shall be spliced
prestressed concrete girders, with post-tensioning applied after the casting of the girder
closures and deck slab.

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When a spliced prestressed concrete girder alternative is presented in the Plans, the
substructure shall be design and detailed for the maximum force effect case only (no
alternative design for substructure).
Local carriers should be consulted on the feasibility of shipping heavy girders on specific
projects.
4. Length Limitations
Length limitations are generally governed by turning radii on the route to the jobsite.
Potential problems can be circumvented by moving the support points closer together (away
from the ends of the girder), or by selecting alternate routes. A rule of thumb of 130 feet
between supports is commonly used. The support points can be moved away from the ends
while still maintaining the concrete stresses within allowable limits. Length limitations are
not expected to be the governing factor for most project locations.
5. Height Limitations
The height of a deep girder section sitting on a jeep and steerable trailer is of concern when
considering overhead obstructions on the route to the jobsite. The height of the support
is approximately 6 feet above the roadway surface. When adding the depth of the girder,
including camber, the overall height from the roadway surface to the top of concrete can
rapidly approach 14 feet. Overhead obstructions along the route should be investigated for
adequate clearance in the preliminary design phase. Obstructions without adequate clearance
must be bypassed by selecting alternate routes.
Expectations are that, in some cases, overhead clearance will not accommodate the vertical
stirrup projection on deeper WSDOT standard girder sections. Alternate stirrup configurations
can be used to attain adequate clearance, depending on the route from the plant to the jobsite.
6. Lateral Stability During Shipping
Long, slender members can become unstable when supported near the ends. However, the
stability of girders sitting on flexible supports is governed by the rotational stiffness of the
support rather than the girder. Recommended factors of safety 1.0 against cracking, and 1.5
against failure (rollover of the truck) should be used.
The control against cracking the top flange is obtained by introducing the number of
temp­orary top strands, jacked to the same load as the permanent strands, required to provide
6.a
a factor of safety of 1.0. This variable depends on the combination of girder dead load,
pre-stressing, and tension in the top flange induced by the girder tilt. The calculated tilt
kip  in
includes both the superelevation « Wgits
ª
and º
» magnification based on the truck’s rotational stiffness.
28,000 d Ka6.a
« »
rad
For stability analysis of «¬ Wa »¼
prestressed girders during shipping, in absence of more accurate
information, the following parameters shall be used:
a. Roll stiffness of truck/trailer = 28,000 kip  in d Ka ««Wg »»
ª º

6.b rad ¬« Wa ¼»
Where

kip  in
KaKa= 4000
rad  axle 6.b
Wg = girder weight
Wa = 18 kip/axle kip  in
Ka 4000
b. Height of girder bottom above roadway =rad inaxle
72 
c. Height of truck roll center above road = 24 in

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

d. Center to center distance between truck tires = 72 in

e. Maximum expected roadway superelevation = 0.06
f. Maximum girder sweep tolerance = 0.001042 in/in
g. Support placement lateral tolerance = 1 in
h. Increase girder C.G. height for camber by 2%
i. Maximum distance between truck supports = 130ft
E. Erection
A variety of methods are used to erect precast concrete girders, depending on the weight, length,
available crane capacity, and site access. Lifting long girders during erection is not as critical as
when they are stripped from the forms, particularly when the same lifting devices are used for
both. However, if a separate set of erection devices are used, the girder should be checked for
stresses and lateral stability. In addition, once the girder is set in place, the free span between
supports is usually increased. Wind can also pose a problem. Consequently, when long girders are
erected, they should immediately be braced at the ends. Generally, the temporary support of the
girders is the contractor’s responsibility.
F. Construction Sequence for Multi-Span Prestressed Girder Bridges
For multi-span prestressed girder bridges, the sequence and timing of the superstructure
construction has a significant impact on the performance and durability of the bridge. In order
to maximize the performance and durability, the “construction sequence” details shown on the
attached sheets shall be followed for all new WSDOT multi-span prestressed girder bridges.
Particular attention shall be paid to the timing of casting the lower portion of the pier diaphragms/
crossbeams (30 days minimum after release of prestress) and the upper portion of the diaphragms/
crossbeams (10 days minimum after placement of the roadway slab). The requirements apply to
multi-span prestressed girder bridges with monolithic and hinge diaphragms/crossbeams.

5.6.4  Superstructure Optimization

A. Girder Selection
Cost of the girders is a major portion of the cost of prestressed girder bridges. Much care
is therefore warranted in the selection of girders and in optimizing their position within the
structure. The following general guidelines should be considered.
1. Girder Series Selection
All girders in a bridge shall be of the same series unless approved otherwise by the Bridge &
Structures Engineer. If vertical clearance is no problem, a larger girder series, utilizing fewer
girder lines, may be a desirable solution. This must be balanced with considerations such as
appearance. The relative girder series cost factors shown in Table 5.6.4-1 may be used as a
guide for this decision:
The wider spacing expected when using larger series girders may result in extra
reinforcement and concrete but less forming cost. These items must also be considered.
2. Girder Concrete Strength
Higher girder concrete strengths should be specified where that strength can be effectively
used to reduce the number of girder lines, see Section 5.1.1.A-2. When the bridge consists of
a large number of spans, consideration should be given to using a more exact analysis than
the usual design program in an attempt to reduce the number of girder lines. This analysis
should take into account actual live load, creep, and shrinkage stresses in the girders.

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Final
Unit Weight Max. Relative Fabrication
Type Depth in In-Place
k/ft Span ft Cost Factor Cost Range
Cost**
W42G 42.00 0.424 85 0.75 $85 $90 $200
W50G 50.00 0.585 110 0.83 $95 $100 $220
W58G 58.00 0.672 125 0.92 $105 $110 $240
W74G 73.50 0.831 150 1.00* $115 $120 $250
WF42G 42.00 0.806 115 1.35 $150 $155 $250
WF50G 50.00 0.859 130 1.44 $160 $165 $275
WF58G 58.00 0.913 145 1.52 $170 $175 $300
WF74G 74.00 1.020 165 1.61 $180 $185 $325
WF83G 82.61 1.087 175 1.70 $190 $195 $350
WF95G 94.49 1.167 160 2.00 $200 $230 $400
W32BTG 32.00 0.598 75 1.57 $150 $180 $250
W38BTG 38.00 0.638 90 1.61 $155 $185 $275
W62BTG 62.00 0.798 130 1.74 $170 $200 $300
U54G4 54.00 1.154 130 3.40 $290 $390 $500
U54G5 54.00 1.234 130 3.44 $295 $395 $510
U54G6 54.00 1.394 120 3.48 $300 $400 $520
U66G4 66.00 1.343 155 3.44 $295 $395 $530
U66G5 66.00 1.423 150 3.48 $300 $400 $540
U66G6 66.00 1.583 145 3.53 $305 $405 $560
U78G4 78.00 1.531 170 3.70 $325 $425 $570
U78G5 78.00 1.611 170 3.79 $335 $435 $580
U78G6 78.00 1.771 165 3.88 $345 $445 $660
UF60G4 60.00 1.342 150 3.48 $300 $400 $520
UF60G5 60.00 1.422 150 3.53 $305 $405 $530
UF60G6 60.00 1.582 135 3.57 $310 $410 $540
UF72G4 72.00 1.530 165 3.62 $315 $415 $550
UF72G5 72.00 1.610 170 3.66 $320 $420 $560
UF72G6 72.00 1.770 160 3.70 $325 $425 $570
UF84G4 84.00 1.719 190 3.96 $355 $455 $580
UF84G5 84.00 1.799 185 4.05 $365 $465 $590
UF84G6 84.00 1.959 170 4.14 $375 $475 $600
WF74PTG 74.00 1.173 175 1.31 $120 $150 $250
WF83PTG 82.61 1.250 205 1.35 $130 $155 $260
WF95PTG 94.49 1.354 235 1.31 $145 $150 $270

* W74G is used as basis for relative cost analysis

** The final In-Place Cost is based on 1.15 x Fabrication Cost. Producers should be consulted for
shipping circumstances

Precast Prestressed Girder Cost Estimate (Per Linear Foot)

Table 5.6.4-1

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3. Girder Spacing
Consideration must be given to the slab cantilever length to determine the most economical
girder spacing. This matter is discussed in Section 5.6.4.B. The slab cantilever length should
be made a maximum if a line of girders can be saved. It is recommended that the overhang
length, from edge of slab to center line of exterior girder, be less than 40% of girder spacing;
then the exterior girder can use the same design as that of the interior girder. Once the
positions of the exterior girders have been set, the positions and lengths of interior girders can
be established. The following guidance is suggested.
a. Straight Spans
On straight constant width roadways, all girders should be parallel to bridge centerline
and girder spacing should be equal.
b. Tapered Spans
On tapered roadways, the minimum number of girder lines should be determined as
if all girder spaces were to be equally flared. As many girders as possible, within the
limitations of girder capacity should be placed. Slab thickness may have to be increased
in some locations in order to accomplish this.
c. Curved Spans
On curved roadways, normally all girders will be parallel to each other. It is critical
that the exterior girders are positioned properly in this case, as described in Subsection
5.6.4.B.
d. Geometrically Complex Spans
Spans which are combinations of taper and curves will require especially careful
consideration in order to develop the most effective and economical girder arrangement.
Where possible, girder lengths and numbers of straight and harped strands should be
made the same for as many girders as possible in each span.
e. Number of Girders in a Span
Usually all spans will have the same number of girders. Where aesthetics of the
underside of the bridge is not a factor and where a girder can be saved in a short side
span, consideration should be given to using unequal numbers of girders. It should be
noted that this will complicate crossbeam design by introducing torsion effects and that
additional reinforcement will be required in the crossbeam.
B. Slab Cantilevers
The selection of the location of the exterior girders with respect to the curb line of a bridge is a
critical factor in the development of the framing plan. This location is established by setting the
curb distance, which is that dimension from centerline of the exterior girder to the adjacent curb
line. For straight bridges, the distance between the edge of girder and the curb will normally be no
less than 2′−6″ for W42G, W50G, and W58G; 3′−0″ for W74G; and 3′−6″ for WF74G, WF83G,
and WF95G. Some considerations which affect this are noted below.
1. Appearance
In the past, some prestressed girder bridges have been designed by placing the exterior
girders directly under the curb (traffic barrier). This gives a very poor bridge appearance and
is uneconomical. Normally, for best appearance, the largest slab overhang which is practical
should be used.

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2. Economy
Fortunately, the condition tending toward best appearance is also that which will normally
give maximum economy. Larger curb distances may mean that a line of girders can be
eliminated, especially when combined with higher girder concrete strengths.
3. Slab Strength
This is one of the governing conditions which limits the maximum practical curb distance.
It must be noted that for larger overhangs, the slab section between the exterior and the first
interior girder may be critical and may require thickening. In some cases, live load moments
which produce transverse bending in the exterior girder should be considered.
4. Drainage
Where drainage for the bridge is required, water from bridge drains is normally piped across
the top of the girder and dropped inside of the exterior girder line. A large slab cantilever
length may severely affect this arrangement and it must be considered when determining
exterior girder location.
5. Bridge Curvature
When straight prestressed girders are used to support curved roadways, the curb distance
must vary. Normally, the maximum slab overhang at the centerline of the long span will
be made approximately equal to the overhang at the piers on the inside of the curve. At the
point of minimum curb distance, however, the edge of the girder top surface should be no
closer than 1’-0” from the slab edge. Where curvature is extreme and the difference between
maximum and minimum curb distance becomes large, other types of bridges should be
considered. Straight girder bridges on highly curved alignments have a poor appearance and
also tend to become structurally less efficient.
C. Diaphragm Requirements
1. General
Diaphragms used with prestressed girder bridges serve two purposes. During the construction
stage, the diaphragms provide girder stability for pouring the slab. During the life of the
bridge, the diaphragms act as load distributing elements, and are particularly advantageous
for distribution of large overloads. Standard diaphragms and diaphragm spacings are given in
the office standards for prestressed girder bridges. Diaphragms that fall within the limitations
stated on the office standards need not be analyzed. Where large girder spacings are to be
used or other unusual conditions exist, special diaphragm designs should be performed.
2. Design
Diaphragms shall be designed as transverse beam elements carrying both dead load and live
load. Wheel loads for design shall be placed in positions so as to develop maximum moments
and maximum shears.
3. Geometry
Diaphragms shall normally be oriented parallel to skew (as opposed to normal to girder
centerlines). This procedure has the following advantages:
a. The build-up of higher stresses at the obtuse corners of a skewed span is minimized. This
build-up has often been ignored in design.

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b. Skewed diaphragms are connected at points of approximately equal girder deflections

and thus tend to distribute load to the girders in a manner which more closely duplicates
design assumptions.
On curved bridges, diaphragms shall normally be placed on radial lines.
D. Skew Effects
Skew in prestressed girder bridges affects structural behavior and member analysis and
complicates construction.
1. Analysis
Normally, the effect of skew on girder analysis is ignored. It is assumed that skew has
little structural effect on normal spans and normal skews. For short, wide spans and for
extreme skews (values over 50 degrees), the effect of the skew on structural action should
be investigated. All short span prestressed slabs, tri-beams, and bulb-tee girders have a skew
restriction of 30 degrees.
2. Detailing
To minimize labor costs and to avoid stress problems in prestressed girder construction, the
ends of girders for continuous spans shall normally be made skewed. When girder ends are
skewed, the angle of the girder end should be rounded to the nearest 5 degrees. If this causes
problems where the girder extends into the crossbeam, the angle can be specified to the
nearest degree. Skew ends of prestressed girders shall always match the piers they rest on at
either end.
E. Grade and Cross Slope Effects
Large cross slopes require an increased amount of the girder pad dimension (‘A’ dimension)
necessary to ensure that the structure can be built. This effect is especially pronounced if the
bridge is on a horizontal or vertical curve. Care must be taken that deck drainage details reflect
the cross slope effect. Girder lengths may need to be modified to correct for added length along
slope. Remember that the girder is a rectangle in elevation; thus, the position of the girder top
corner is affected by grade, girder camber, and tolerances. Details must account for this.
F. Curve Effect and Flare Effect
Curves and tapered roadways each tend to complicate the design of straight girders. The designer
must determine what girder spacing to use for dead load and live load design and whether or
not a refined analysis, that considers actual load application, is warranted. Normally, the girder
spacing at centerline of span can be used for girder design, especially in view of the conservative
assumptions made for the design of continuous girders.

5.6.5  Repair of Damaged Girders at Fabrication

This section pertains only to girders which have been damaged before becoming part of a final
structure. Repair of damaged girders in existing bridges is covered in Section 5.6.6.
A. Repairs to Girders Prior to Strand Release
When girders suffer defects during casting or damage prior to strand release, the repair procedures
are documented in reference 21. Normally, no designer action is required. In prescribing repairs
for unusual situations not covered in reference 21, the designer must ensure that the required
strength and appearance of the girder can be maintained. Since stressing will occur after the repair
is made, normally no test loading is required; however, such a test should be considered.

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5.6.6  Repair of Damaged Bridge Girders

A. General
This section is intended to cover repair of damaged girders on existing bridges. For repair of
newly constructed girders, see Section 5.6.5. Overheight loads are a fairly common source of
damage to prestressed girder bridges. The damage may range from spalling and minor cracking
of the lower flange of the girder to loss of a major portion of a girder section. Occasionally, one
or more strands may be broken. The damage is most often inflicted on the exterior or first interior
girder.
B. Repair Procedure
The determination of the degree of damage to a prestressed girder is largely a matter of
judgment. Where the flange area has been reduced or strands lost, calculations can aid in making
this judgment decision. The following are general categories of damage and suggested repair
procedures22,23.
1. Minor Damage
If the damage is slight and concerns only spalling of small areas of the outside surface of the
concrete, repair may be accomplished by replacing damaged concrete areas with concrete
grout. The area where new concrete is to be applied shall first be thoroughly cleaned of loose
material, dried, and then coated with epoxy.
2. Moderate Damage
If damage is moderate, consisting of loss of a substantial portion of the flange and possibly
loss of one or more strands, a repair procedure must be developed using the following
guidelines. It is probable that some prestress will have been lost in the damaged area due
to reduction in section and consequent strand shortening or through loss of strands. The
following repair procedure is recommended to assure that as much of the original girder
strength as possible is retained:
a. Determine Condition
Sketch the remaining cross section of the girder and compute its reduced section
properties. Determine the stress in the damaged girder due to the remaining prestress
and loads in the damaged state. If severe overstresses are found, action must be taken to
restrict loads on the structure until the repair has been completed. If the strand loss is so
great that AASHTO prestress requirements cannot be met with the remaining strands,
consideration should be given to replacing the girder.
b. Restore Prestress If Needed
If it is determined that prestress must be restored, determine the stress in the bottom
fiber of the girder as originally designed due to DL + LL + I + Prestress. (This will
normally be about zero psi). Determine the additional load (P) that, when applied to the
damaged girder in its existing condition, will result in this same stress. Take into account
the reduced girder section, the effective composite section, and any reduced prestress
due to strand loss. Should the damage occur outside of the middle one-third of the span
length, the shear stress with the load (P) applied should also be computed. Where strands
are broken, consideration should be given to coupling and jacking them to restore their
prestress.

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c. Prepare a Repair Plan

Draw a sketch to show how the above load is to be applied and specify that the damaged
area is to be thoroughly prepared, coated with epoxy, and repaired with grout equal in
strength to the original concrete. Specify that this load is to remain in place until the grout
has obtained sufficient strength. The effect of this load is to restore lost prestress to the
strands which have been exposed.
d. Test Load
Consideration should be given to testing the repaired girder with a load equivalent to
1.0DL + 1.5(LL+IM). The LL Live Load for test load is HL-93.
3. Severe Damage
Where the damage to the girder is considered to be irreparable due to loss of many strands,
extreme cracking, etc., the girder may need to be replaced. This has been done several times,
but involves some care in determining a proper repair sequence.
In general, the procedure consists of cutting through the existing slab and diaphragms and
removing the damaged girder. Adequate exposed reinforcement steel must remain to allow
splicing of the new bars. The new girder and new reinforcement is placed and previously cut
concrete surfaces are cleaned and coated with epoxy. New slab and diaphragm portions are
then poured.
It is important that the camber of the new girder be matched with that in the old girders.
Excessive camber in the new girder can result in inadequate slab thickness. Girder camber
can be controlled by prestress, curing time, or dimensional changes.
Pouring the new slab and diaphragms simultaneously in order to avoid overloading the
existing girders in the structure should be considered. Extra bracing of the girder at the time
of slab pour should be required.
Methods of construction should be specified in the plans that will minimize inconvenience
and dangers to the public while achieving a satisfactory structural result. High early strength
grouts and concretes should be considered.
4. Repair vs. Replacement of Damaged Girder
Several factors need to be considered when evaluating whether to repair or to replace a
damaged girder. Among them are the level of concrete damage, number of broken strands,
location and magnitude of web damage, permanent offset of the original girder alignment,
and overall structural integrity. Other considerations include fresh damage to previously
damaged girders, damage to adjacent girders, and cost of repair versus replacement.
Ultimately, the evaluation hinges on whether the girder can be restored to its original capacity
and whether the girder can be repaired sufficiently to carry its share of the original load.
The following guidelines describe damaged girder conditions which require replacement:
• Strand Damage:  More than 25% of prestressing strands are damaged/severed. If over
25% of the strands have been severed, replacement is required. Splicing is routinely done
to repair severed strands. However, there are practical limits as to the number of couplers
that can be installed in the damaged area.
• Girder Displacements:  The bottom flange is displaced from the horizontal position
more than ½″ per 10′ of girder length. If the alignment of the girder has been permanently
altered by the impact, replacement is required. Examples of non-repairable girder
displacement include cracks at the web/flange interface that remain open. Abrupt lateral
offsets may indicate that stirrups have yielded. A girder that is permanently offset may
not be restorable to its original geometric tolerance by practical and cost-effective means.

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• Concrete Damage at harping point:  Concrete damage at harping point resulting in

permanent loss of prestress. Extreme cracking or major loss of concrete near the harping
point may indicate a change in strand geometry and loss in prestress force. Such loss of
prestress force in the existing damaged girder cannot be restored by practical and cost-
effective means, and requires girder replacement.
• Concrete Damage at girder ends:  Severe concrete damage at girder ends resulting
in permanent loss of prestress. Extreme cracking or major loss of concrete near the end
of a girder may indicate unbonding of strands and loss in prestress force. Such loss of
prestress force in the existing damaged girder cannot be restored by practical and cost-
effective means, and requires girder replacement.
There are other situations as listed below which do not automatically trigger replacement, but
require further consideration and analysis.
• Adjacent Girders:  Capacity of adjacent undamaged girders. Consideration must be
given as to whether dead load from the damaged girder has been shed to the adjacent
girders and whether the adjacent girders can accommodate the additional load.
• Damaged Adjacent Girders:  Damage to adjacent girders. Replacement may also be
warranted if the adjacent girders have been damaged from this or previous impact and
have reduced capacity.
• Previously-damaged Girders:  Damage to a previously damaged girder. An impact to
a girder that has been previously repaired may not be able to be restored to sufficient
capacity. (Otherwise it sounds like it a fabricated defect and hence was a contributing
factor to it’s inability for re-use or repair.)
• Cost:  Cost of repair versus replacement. Replacement may be warranted if the cost of
repair reaches 70% of the replacement project cost.
C. Miscellaneous References
Some of the girder replacement contracts which have been completed are:
C-9593 Columbia Center IC Br. 12/432 Repair (Simple Span)
C-9593 16th Avenue IC Br. 12/344 Repair (Continuous Span)
C-9446 Mae Valley U Xing (Simple Span)
KD-2488 13th Street O Xing 5/220 (Northwest Region)
KD-2488 SR 506 U Xing 506/108 (Northwest Region)
SR 12 U Xing 12/118 (Northwest Region)
C-5328 Bridge 5/411 NCD (Continuous Span)
KD-2976 Chamber of Commerce Way Bridge 5/227
KD-20080 Golder Givens Road Bridge 512/10
KD-2154 Anderson Hill Road Bridge 3/130W
These and other similar jobs should be used for guidance.

5.6.7  Short Span Precast Prestressed Bridges

A. General
To expedite scheduling and promote economy in building short span bridges, the WSDOT’s
Bridge Design Office developed standards for short span bridges (range 12 to 70 feet for length
of spans). A small bridge program was developed in 1983. A National Cooperative Highway
Research Program Report (NCHRP) No. 287, entitled Load Distribution and Connection Design
for Precast Stemmed Multibeam Bridge Superstructures was utilized to obtain the most effective
keyway geometry between adjacent beam for shear transfer and live load distribution to the
girders. These type of bridges are used only for low ADT roads.

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B. Precast Prestressed Slabs

The slab sections utilize low relaxation prestressing strands and are connected together
permanently with transverse weld tie and keyway. The following are recommendations for the
type of precast slab sections to be used for various span lengths:
1. 1′-0″ depth precast section. This section is capable of spanning between 15 to 35 feet.
2. 1′-6″ depth voided precast section. This section is capable of spanning between 30 to 50 feet.
3. 2′-2″ depth voided precast section. This section is capable of spanning between 40 to 70 feet.
C. Precast Prestressed Double-Tee or Ribbed Deck Girders
Double-Tee and Ribbed Deck sections are available as an option to the slab spans. These sections
is capable of spanning 25 to 70 feet.
D. Prestressed Concrete Deck Bulb-Tee Girders
Deck bulb-tee girders are also available as an option to the slab sections. Precast fabricators often
prefer deck bulb-tee girders because voided slabs are less efficient sections. We have developed
four standard sections while working closely with local fabricator requirements or constraints.
65-inch, 53‑inch, 41 inch, and a 35-inch deep bulb-tee girders are used by the state of Washington
4-foot, 5‑foot, and 6-foot wide or variable width deck.

5.6.8  Prestressed Concrete Precast Tub Girders

For moderate bridge spans of up to 140 feet, prestressed concrete tub girders are generally used.
These are in the form of U-sections called bath-tubs. Prestressed concrete tub girders made with light
weight concrete may be used for spans up to 170 feet.

5.6.9  Prestressed Girder Checking Requirement

1. Shear reinforcing size and spacing beyond the end region of the girder shall be determined by
the designer. It is uneconomical to provide a standard pattern to cover all span and girder spacing
arrangements.
2. Determine lifting location and required concrete transfer strength to provide adequate stability
during handling. The lifting bar location, concrete release strength, and “A” dimension should
be checked if temporary strands are used. Generally the temporary strands provide additional
stability for lifting and transportation, and reduce the camber. Less camber allows for less “A”
dimension and concrete pad dead weight on the structure. Temporary strands are assumed to
be cut after all intermediate diaphragms are cast and cured, but before the cast-in-place deck
is placed.
3. Due to the extreme depth of the WF83G and WF95G girders, and possible tilt at the piers for
profile grades, the designer will need to pay particular attention to details to assure the girders will
fit and perform as intended. Girder data required to be placed in the table on Girder Detail plans
include the girder identifiers, “A” dimension, end types, girder geometric data, and strand forces
and pattern required.
4. Check edge distance of supporting cross beam.
5. For continuous bridges, design girders as simple spans for live load (Do not deduct negative
moments from maximum simple beam positive moments).
6. Provide reinforcement in the deck for negative moments at intermediate piers due to live loads
and superimposed dead loads from traffic barrier, pedestrian walkway, utilities, etc.

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5.6.10  Review of shop plans for pretensioned girders

Pretensioning shop drawings should be reviewed by the designer if necessary. Shop drawings, after
reviewed by the design engineer should be stamped with the official rubber seal and returned to the
bridge construction support office. Review of shop drawing must include:
1. All prestressing strands should be of ½” or 0.6” diameter grade 270 low relaxation
uncoated strands.
2. Number of strands per girder shall be specified in the shop drawings and should conform to the
contract plans.
3. Stresses Prestressing strands shall not exceed 0.75fpu.
4. Strand placement patterns and harping points should be verified per contract plans.
5. Temporary Strand pattern, bonded length, location and size of blockouts for cutting strands
should be verified per contract plans.
6. Procedure for cutting temporary strands and patching the blockouts should be specified.
7. Number and length of extended strands and rebars at girder ends shall be verified per
contract plans.
8. Location of holes and shear keys for intermediate and end diaphragms shall be verified per
contract plans.
9. Location and size of bearing recesses shall be verified per contract plans.
10. Saw tooth at girder ends shall be verified per contract plans.
11. Location and size of lifting loops or lifting bars shall be verified per contract plans.
12. All horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be verified per contract plans.
13. Girder length and end skew shall be verified per contract plans.

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5.7  Roadway Slab

The following information is intended to provide guidance for slab thickness and transverse and
longitudinal reinforcement of roadway slab. Information on deck deterioration prevention systems is
Section 5.7.4.

5.7.1  Roadway Slab Requirements

A. Slab Thickness
Slab thickness for prestressed girder bridges shall be taken as shown in Table 5.7.2-2.
The minimum slab thickness is established in order to ensure that overloads on the bridge will not
result in premature slab cracking.
B. Computation of Slab Strength
The thickness for usual slabs are shown in Figure 5.7.1-1 and Figure 5.7.1-2. The slab design
span and thickness are defined in Table 5.7.2-2
The thickness of the slab and reinforcement in the area of the cantilever may be governed by
traffic barrier loading. Wheel loads plus dead load shall be resisted by the sections shown in
Figure 5.7.1-2.
Design of the cantilever is normally based on the expected depth of slab at centerline of girder
span. This is usually less than the dimensions at the girder ends.



 



Depths for Slab Design at Centerline of Girder Span

Figure 5.7.1-1

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


Depths for Slab Design at Deck Overhang

Figure 5.7.1-2

C. Computation of “A” Dimension

The distance from the top of the slab to the top of the girder at centerline bearing is represented
by the “A” Dimension. It is calculated in accordance with the guidance of Appendix B. This
ensures that adequate allowance will be made for excess camber, transverse deck slopes, vertical
and horizontal curvatures. Ideally the section at centerline of span will have the final geometry
shown in Figure 5.7.1-1. Where temporary prestress strands at top of girder are used to control the
girder stresses due to shipping and handling, the “A” dimension must be adjusted accordingly.
The note in left margin of the Layout Sheet should read: “A” Dimen. = X” (not for design).

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5.7.2  Slab Reinforcement

A. Transverse Reinforcement
The size and spacing of transverse reinforcement may be governed by interior slab span design,
cantilever design, or the requirements of traffic barrier load. Where traffic barrier load governs,
short hooked bars may be added at the slab edge to increase the reinforcement available in that
area. Top transverse reinforcement is always hooked at the slab edge unless a traffic barrier is not
used. Top transverse reinforcement is preferably spliced at some point between girders in order
to allow the clearance of the hooks to the slab edge forms to be properly adjusted in the field.
Usually, the slab edge hooks will need to be tilted in order to place them. On larger bars, the
clearance for the longitudinal bar through the hooks should be checked. Bottom transverse slab
reinforcement is normally carried far enough to splice with the traffic barrier main reinforcement.
Appendices 5.3-A5 through 5.3-A8 can be used to aid in selection of bar size and spacing.
For skewed spans, the transverse bars are placed normal to bridge centerline and the areas near
the expansion joints and bridge ends are reinforced by partial length bars. For raised crossbeam
bridges, the bottom transverse slab reinforcement is discontinued at the crossbeam.
The spacing of bars over the crossbeam must be detailed to be open enough to allow concrete to
be poured into the crossbeam. For typical requirements, see Section 5.3.3.D.
For slabs with a crowned roadway, the bottom surface and rebar of the slab should be flat, as
shown in Figure 5.7.2-1.









Bottom of Top Slab at Crown Point

Figure 5.7.2-1

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B. Longitudinal Reinforcement
This section discusses reinforcement requirements for resistance of longitudinal moments in
continuous multi-span precast girder bridges and is limited to reinforcement in the top slab since
capacity for resisting positive moment is provided by the prestressing of the girders.
1. Simple Spans
For simple span bridges, longitudinal slab reinforcement is not required to resist negative
moments and therefore the reinforcement requirements are nominal. Figure 5.7.2-2
defines longitudinal reinforcement requirements for these slabs. The bottom longitudinal
reinforcement is defined by AASHTO LRFD 9.7.3.2 requirements for distribution
reinforcement. The top longitudinal reinforcement is based on current office practice. The
requirements of Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement of LRFD 5.7.3.4 do not apply to
these bars.




 








 
 






Nominal Longitudinal Slab Reinforcement
Figure 5.7.2-2

2. Continuous Spans
Longitudinal reinforcement of continuous spans at intermediate support is dominated by
the moment requirement. Where these bars are cut off, they are lapped by the nominal top
longitudinal reinforcement described in Subsection 5.7.2D. Minimum sub thickness is shown
in Table 5.7.2-1.
C. Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement
The provision of LRFD Section 5.7.3.4 for class 2 exposure condition shall be satisfies.
1. Prestressed Girders Designed as Simple Spans
For bridges designed using the “Prestressed Girder Design” program, “distribution
reinforcement” need not be added to the area of steel required to resist the negative moments.
The bars in the bottom layer, however, shall provide an area not less than that required for
distribution reinforcement.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

2. Other Prestressed Girder Bridges

On bridges where the effect of continuity is taken into account to reduce moments for girder
design, additional longitudinal steel shall be provided as “distribution reinforcement.” The
sum of the areas in both layers of longitudinal bars shall be equal to the area required to resist
negative moments plus the area required by the AASHTO specification for “distribution
reinforcement.” Equal area of reinforcement shall be used in the top and bottom layers
throughout the negative moment region. The total area of steel required in the bottom
longitudinal layer shall not be less than that required for “distribution reinforcement.”
The minimum clearance between top and bottom bars should be 1″. Table 5.7.2-1 shows
required slab thickness for various bar combinations. Table 5.7.2-2 shows the minimum slab
thickness for different types of prestresses girders.

Minimum Slab Slab Thickness (Inches)

Thickness = 7″ Transverse Bar
Longitudinal Bar #5 #6 #7
#4 7½ -- --
#5 7½ 7½ 7¾
#6 7½ 7¾ 8
#7 7¾ 8 8¼
#8 8 8½ 8¾
#9 8½ 8¾ 9
#10 8¾ -- --
Note:
Deduct ½″ from slab thickness shown in table when asphalt overlay is used and 1″ when
concrete overlay is used. However, the minimum slab thickness shall be 7″ when overlay
is used.

Minimum Slab Thickness for Various Bar Sizes

(Slab Without Overlay)
Table 5.7.2-1

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Girder Width of Web Web Effective Girder Minimum Slab Design Min. Slab
Type Top Flange (ft) Thickness (in) Spacing (ft) Spacing (ft) Thickness (in) Thickness (in)
5 4.13 7.50 7 1/2
6 5.13 7.50 7 1/2
7 6.13 7.50 7 1/2
8 7.13 7.50 7 1/2
W42G 1.250 6
9 8.13 7.50 7 1/2
10 9.13 7.65 7 3/4
11 10.13 8.05 8 1/4
12 11.13 8.45 8 1/2
5 3.92 7.50 7 1/2
6 4.92 7.50 7 1/2
7 5.92 7.50 7 1/2
8 6.92 7.50 7 1/2
W50G 1.667 6
9 7.92 7.50 7 1/2
10 8.92 7.57 7 3/4
11 9.92 7.97 8
12 10.92 8.37 8 1/2
5 3.71 7.50 7 1/2
6 4.71 7.50 7 1/2
7 5.71 7.50 7 1/2
8 6.71 7.50 7 1/2
W58G 2.083 6
9 7.71 7.50 7 1/2
10 8.71 7.50 7 1/2
11 9.71 7.88 8
12 10.71 8.28 8 1/2
5 2.96 7.50 7 1/2
6 3.96 7.50 7 1/2
7 4.96 7.50 7 1/2
8 5.96 7.50 7 1/2
W74G 3.583 6
9 6.96 7.50 7 1/2
10 7.96 7.50 7 1/2
11 8.96 7.58 7 3/4
12 9.96 7.98 8
6 3.70 7.50 7 1/2
WF42G,
7 4.70 7.50 7 1/2
WF50G,
8 5.70 7.50 7 1/2
WF58G,
4.083 6 1/8 9 6.70 7.50 7 1/2
WF74G,
10 7.70 7.50 7 1/2
WF83G, &
11 8.70 7.50 7 1/2
WF95G
12 9.70 7.88 8
5 2.71 7.50 7 1/2
6 3.71 7.50 7 1/2
7 4.71 7.50 7 1/2
W32BTG,
8 5.71 7.50 7 1/2
W38BTG, & 4.083 6
9 6.71 7.50 7 1/2
W62BTG
10 7.71 7.50 7 1/2
11 8.71 7.50 7 1/2
12 9.71 7.88 8
6 3.56 7.50 7 1/2
WF74PTG, 8 5.56 7.50 7 1/2
WF83PTG, 4.229 7 7/8 10 7.56 7.50 7 1/2
& WF95PTG 12 9.56 7.82 8
14 11.56 8.62 8 3/4
6 5.08 7.50 7 1/2
7 6.08 7.50 7 1/2
UF60G, 8 7.08 7.50 7 1/2
UF72G, & 1.256 7 9 8.08 7.50 7 1/2
UF84G 10 9.08 7.63 7 3/4
11 10.08 8.03 8 1/4
12 11.08 8.43 8 1/2

Minimum Slab Thickness for Prestressed Girder Bridges

Table 5.7.2-2

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

D. Bar Patterns
Figure 5.7.2-3 shows two typical top longitudinal reinforcing bar patterns. Care must be taken
that bar lengths conform to the requirements of Table 5.1.2-2. Note that the reinforcement is
distributed over a width equal to the girder spacing according to office practice and does not
conform to AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 9.7.3.2.



 
 














Staggered Bar Pattern

Figure 5.7.2-3

The symmetrical bar pattern shown should normally not be used when required bar lengths
exceed 60 feet. If the staggered bar pattern will not result in bar lengths within the limits specified
in Table 5.1.2-2, the method shown in Figure 5.7.2-4 may be used to provide an adequate splice.
All bars shall be extended by their development length beyond the point where the bar is required.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5








 










Bar Splice Within Moment Envelope

Figure 5.7.2-4

In all bar patterns, the reinforcement shall be well distributed between webs. Where this cannot be
done without exceeding the 1′-0″ maximum spacing requirement, the nominal longitudinal bars
may be extended through to provide the 1′-0″ maximum.
Normally, no more than 20% of the main reinforcing bars shall be cut off at one point. Where
limiting this value to 20% leads to severe restrictions on the reinforcement pattern, an increase
in figure may be considered. Two main reinforcement bars shall be carried through the positive
moment area as stirrup hangers.
E. Recommendations for Concrete Deck Slab Detailing
These recommendations are primarily for beam-slab bridges with main reinforcement
perpendicular to traffic.
• The minimum slab thickness including 0.5″ wearing surface shall be 7.5″ for concrete
bridges, 8.0″ for steel girder bridges, and 8.5″ for concrete decks with S-I-P deck panels.
• Minimum cover over the top layer of reinforcements shall be 2.5″ including 0.5″ wearing
surface. The minimum cover over the bottom layer reinforcement shall be 1.0″.
• Maximum bare size of #5 is preferred for all longitudinal and transverse reinforcements in
deck slab except maximum bar size of #7 may be used for longitudinal reinforcements at
intermediate piers.
• The minimum amount of reinforcement in each direction shall be 0.18 in.2/ft for the top layer
and 0.27 in.2/ft for the bottom layer. The amount of longitudinal reinforcement in the bottom
of slabs shall not be less than 220 / S 67 percent of the positive moment as specified in
AASHTO LRFD 9.7.3.2.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

•
Top and bottom reinforcement in longitudinal direction of deck slab shall be staggered to
allow better flow of concrete between the reinforcing bars.
•
The maximum bar spacing in transverse and longitudinal directions for the top mat, and
transverse direction of the bottom mat shall not exceed 12″. The maximum bar spacing for
bottom longitudinal within the effective length, as specified in LRFD article 9.7.2.3, shall not
exceed the deck thickness.
•
For bridges with skew angle exceeding 25°, the amount of reinforcement in both primary and
secondary direction shall be increased in the end zones.
•
The construction joint with roughened surface in the slab at the intermediate pier diaphragm
shall be specified instead of construction joint with shear key.
•
Both, top and bottom layer reinforcement shall be considered when designing for negative
moment at the intermediate piers.
•
Reduce lap splices if possible. Use staggered lap splices for both top and bottom in
longitudinal and transverse directions

5.7.3  Stay-In-Place Deck Panels

A. General
The use of stay-in-place (S-I-P) deck panels for bridge decks shall be investigated at the
preliminary design stage. A minimum slab thickness of 8½", including 3½" precast deck panel
and 5.0″ cast-in-place concrete topping, shall be specified for design if S-I-P deck panels are
considered for the bridge deck. The acceptance evaluation will consider such items as extra
weight for seismic design and the resulting substructure impacts.
The composite deck system consisting of precast prestressed concrete deck panels with a cast-
in-place topping has advantages in minimizing traffic disruption, speeding up construction
and solving constructability issues on certain projects. Contractors, in most cases, prefer this
composite deck panel system for bridge decks in traffic congested areas and other specific cases.
Composite deck slab system consisting of S-I-P precast concrete deck panels combined with cast-
in-place concrete topping may be used on WSDOT bridges upon Region’s request and Bridge and
Structures Office approval. Details for S-I-P deck panels are shown in Appendix 5.6-A18-1.
B. Design Criteria
The design of S-I-P deck panels follows the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and
the PCI Bridge Design Manual. The design philosophy of S-I-P deck panels is identical to simple
span prestressed girders. They are designed for Service Limit State and checked for Strength
Limit State. The precast panels support the dead load of deck panels and C-I-P topping, and the
composite S-I-P deck panel and C-I-P cross-section resists the live load. The tensile stress at the
bottom of the panel is limited to zero per WSDOT design practice.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

C. Limitation on S-I-P Deck Panels

The conventional full-depth cast-in-place deck slab continuous to be preferred by the Bridge and
Structures Office for most applications. However, WSDOT allows the use of S-I-P Deck Panels
upon Regions request and Bridge & Structures Office approval with the following limitations:
1. S-I-P Deck Panels shall not be used in Negative moment region of continuous conventionally
reinforced bridges. S-I-P Deck Panels may be used in post-tensioned continuous bridges.
2. Bridge widening. S-I-P Deck Panels are not allowed in the bay adjacent to the existing
structure because it is difficult to set the panels properly on the existing structure, and the
requirement for C-I-P closure. S-I-P Deck Panels can be used on the other girders when the
widening involves multiple girders.
3. Phased construction. S-I-P Deck Panels are not allowed in the bay adjacent to the previously
placed deck because of the requirement for C-I-P closure.
4. Prestressed girders with narrow flanges. Placement of S-I-P Deck Panels on girders with
flanges less than 12″ wide is difficult. The use of S-I-P Deck Panel shall be investigated at the
preliminary design stage and proper flange width shall be considered.
5. A minimum slab thickness of 8.5″, including 3.5″ precast deck panel and 5″ C-I-P concrete
topping shall be specified for design if S-I-P Deck Panels are considered for bridge deck.
6. S-I-P Deck Panels are not allowed for steel girder bridges. WSDOT’s Bridge Design Engineer
prefers to have a cast-in-place deck on steel girders.

5.7.4  Concrete Bridge Deck Protection Systems

A deck protection system shall be used in all projects involving concrete bridge deck construction
or rehabilitation. For new bridge construction and widening projects, the type of system shall
be determined by the Bridge Office Preliminary Plan and Bridge Management units during the
preliminary plan stage and shall be shown on the preliminary plan in the left margin. For bridge deck
rehabilitation and overlay projects, the Bridge Management Unit shall determine the type of system.
A. System Selection for New Structures
1. System 1 will be used for most New Bridges and Concrete Deck Replacements.
2. System 2 will be used on Segmentally Constructed Bridges with transverse post-tensioning
in the deck. This system provides double protection to the post-tensioning system since
restoration due to premature deck deterioration would be very costly. This system has been
used on approximately 36 bridges to date that are located primarily on Interstate Routes.
3. System 3 will normally be used on bridges with precast Deck bulb “T” girders and Ribbed
girders. The HMA with membrane provides a wearing surface and some protection to the
connections between the girder or slab units.

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B. Deck Overlay Selection for Bridge Widening and Existing Deck Rehabilitation
The Bridge Management Unit will recommend the type of overlay to be used on a bridge
deck overlay project following discussions with the Region.
1. Epoxy-coated reinforcing will be specified in the new widened portion of the bridge.
2. The type of overlay on a deck widening shall be the same as the type used on the existing
bridge. System 1 will be used on a deck widening if the existing deck does not have an
overlay and no overlay is required.
3. There may be bridge widening cases when a modified concrete overlay is used on the
existing bridge deck. The concrete deck profile in the widening may be constructed to match
the profile of the modified concrete overlay. Contact the Bridge Preliminary Plan unit to
determine if this detail applies for a bridge deck widening.
4. A modified concrete overlay will normally be used when one or both of the following criteria
is met:
a. Delaminated and patched areas of the existing concrete deck exceeding 2% of the total
deck area.
b. Exposed reinforcing steel is visible. This condition can exist on older bridges with signifi-
cant traffic related wear.
5. An HMA with membrane overlay provides a short term wearing surface and low level of
deck protection. This system may be used on bridges with existing HMA overlays that are to
be removed and replaced.
6. Other Overlay types, such as a ¾″ Polyester or 1½″ Rapid Set LMC, are available in special
cases on high ADT routes if rapid construction is needed.
C. Deck Protection Systems - New Bridges / Bridge Widenings / Bridge Deck Replacements
System 1:  2½″ of concrete cover over epoxy-coated reinforcing.
The concrete deck is cast-in-place with no overlay. The 2½″ of concrete cover includes a nominal
depth for traction striations in the roadway surface and ¼″ tolerance for the placement of the
reinforcing steel.






Deck Protection System 1

Figure 5.7.4-1

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Only deck steel reinforcing mat and traffic barrier S1 bars are epoxy coated. See Figure 5.7.4-1.
System 2:  1¾″ of concrete cover over epoxy-coated top mat of deck reinforcing and a 1½″
Modified Concrete Overlay. See Figure 5.7.4-2
The concrete deck is cast-in-place. The top surface is built with 1¾" clear, then ¼" of the concrete
deck surface is scarified prior to the placement of the 1½" Modified Concrete Overlay. The final
nominal concrete cover over the top mat reinforcing is 3″. The type of modified concrete overlay
will be specified in the contract special provisions. Generally, the contractor will be allowed to
choose between Latex, Microsilica, or Fly Ash modified concrete.















Figure 5.7.4-2

Only the bridge deck top steel reinforcing mat and traffic barrier S1 bars are epoxy coated.
System 3:—2″ of concrete cover over epoxy-coated top mat of deck reinforcing with a 0.15′-0.25′
HMA with waterproofing membrane overlay. See Figure 5.7.4-3.
The 2″ of concrete cover is used for precast prestressed deck members due to the use of high
quality concrete and better control of reinforcing placement. The 2″ of concrete cover includes a
¼″ tolerance for the placement of the reinforcing steel.
The total asphalt thickness will be determined during the preliminary plan development by
contacting Region Design Office. The 0.25′ HMA overlay thickness is preferred if the additional
deadload can be accommodated. The 0.25′ of HMA will allow future overlays to remove and
replace 0.15′ without damaging the original membrane.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures








Figure 5.7.4.3

Other Systems:  There may be special conditions (i.e. a widening) where it may be desirable to
use a different overlay or rebar cover thickness than those shown in the typical previous Systems.
For example, there have been some System 3 cases that decreased the amount of rebar cover
and used a concrete overlay in order to minimize the total dead load and improve long-term
performance on a high ADT route.
The Bridge Design Engineer and the Bridge Management Unit shall be consulted before one of
these “Other Systems” is considered for use.
D. Deck Protection Systems – Existing Bridge Rehabilitation / Overlay
The Bridge Management unit will determine the type of overlay on deck overlay projects.
Modified Concrete Overlay – 1½″
A 1½″ Modified Concrete Overlay is the preferred overlay system for providing long-term deck
protection and a durable wearing surface. The Modified Concrete Overlay special provision
allows a contractor to choose between a Latex, Microsilica or Fly Ash mix design. This overlay
requires a deck temperature between 45° - 75° and a wind speed less than 10 mph during
construction. The time to construct and cure (42 hours) this overlay along with the traffic control
cost can be significant. This type of overlay was first used on a WSDOT bridge in 1979 and has
an expected life between 20-30 years.
The bridge deck is scarified prior to application of the modified concrete overlay. The depth of
scarification varies between ¼″ to ½″. There are three types of machines used to scarify namely;
Rottomill, Hydromill or a Super shot blaster. There are advantages and disadvantages for each
machine. In some cases the Bridge Management unit will request only one of these machines be
used in a project.
HMA with Membrane Overlay – 0.15′ to 0.25′
An HMAwith membrane overlay provides a low level of deck protection. This type of overlay
is generally used when an overlay is needed but the deck conditions do not warrant the use of a
modified concrete overlay. This type of overlay was first used on a WSDOT bridge in 1971 and
has an expected life between 8-10 years depending on the ADT. The depth of overlay can vary
between 0.15 ft (1.8") and 0.25 ft (3"). The Region should be contacted to determine the depth
of HMA.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Polyester Modified Concrete Overlay – ¾″

This type of overlay uses specialized equipment and materials. A Polyester overlay requires dry
weather with temperatures above 50 degrees during construction and normally cures in 4 hours.
A Polyester overlay has been used on 12 bridges (most in the early 1990’s) and has an expected
life between 20-30 years depending on the ADT. Three bridges on Interstate 5 were overlaid with
polyester successfully during nighttime closures in the summer of 2002 under contract 6403.
A polyester concrete overlay may be used in special cases when rapid construction is needed.
Rapid Set Latex Modified Concrete Overlay – 1½″
A Rapid Set LMC overlay is considered experimental. This overlay uses special cement
manufactured by the CTS company based in California. A Rapid Set LMC overlay is mixed in
a mobil mixing truck and is applied like a regular LMC overlay. This overlay generally cures in
4 hours (verses 42 hours for a modified concrete overlay). The first Rapid Set LMC was applied
to bridge 162/20 South Prairie Creek in the summer of 2002 under contract 6395. This overlay
should be used on a limited basis until more is known about its long-term performance.
Thin Polymer Overlay – ½″
The use of Thin Polymer Overlays has generally been discontinued due to poor performance.
This system has been used on movable bridges and bridges with low vertical clearances.
Concrete bridge deck protection systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of BDM
Section 5.7.4 for new bridge construction and widening projects. To accommodate a future deck
overlay, bridges shall be designed as shown in Table 3.8-2:
Deck overlay may be required at the time of original construction for some bridge widening or
staged construction projects if ride quality is a major concern.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5.8  Cast-in-Place Post-tensioned Bridges

5.8.1  Design Parameters
A. General
Post-tensioning is generally used for cast-in-place construction and spliced precast girders since
pretensioning is generally practical only for fabricator-produced structural members. The Post-
Tensioned Box Girder Bridge Manual24 published by the Post-Tensioning Institute in 1978 is
recommended as the guide for design. This manual discusses longitudinal post-tensioning of box
girder webs and transverse post-tensioning of box girder slabs, but the methods apply equally
well to other types of bridges. The following recommendations are intended to augment the PTI
Manual and the AASHTO Code and point out where current WSDOT practice departs from
practices followed elsewhere.
The AASHTO criteria for reinforced concrete apply equally to bridges with or without post-
tensioning steel. However, designers should note certain requirements unique to prestressed
concrete such as special φ-factors, load factors and shear provisions.
Post-tensioning consists of installing steel tendons into a hollow tight ferrous also referred as
sheath duct in a structure after the concrete sections are cast. These tendons are usually anchored
at each end of the structure and stressed to a design strength using a hydraulic jacking system.
After the tendon has been stressed, the duct is filled with grout which bonds the tendon to the
concrete section and prevents corrosion of the strand. The anchor heads are then encased in
concrete to provide corrosion protection.
B. Bridge Types
Post-tensioning has been used in various types of cast-in-place bridges in Washington State with
box girders predominating. See Appendix B for a comprehensive list of box girder designs. The
following are some examples of other bridge types:
Kitsap County, Contract C-9788, Multi-Span Slab
Peninsula Drive, Contract C-5898, Two- Span Box Girder
Covington Way to 180th Avenue SE, Contract C-4919, Two-Span Box Girder Longitudinal
Post-Tensioning
Snohomish River Bridge, Contract C-4444, Multi-Span Box Girder Longitudinal Post-
Tensioning
See BDM Section 2.4.1 for structure type comparison of post-tensioned concrete box girder
bridges to other structures. In general, a post-tensioned cast-in-place bridge can have a smaller
depth-to-span ratio than the same bridge with conventional reinforcement. This is an important
advantage where minimum structure depth is desirable.
1. Slab Bridge
Structure depth can be quite shallow in the positive moment region when post-tensioning
is combined with haunching in the negative moment region. However, post-tensioned cast-
in-place slabs are usually more expensive than when reinforced conventionally. Designers
should proceed with caution when considering post-tensioned slab bridges because severe
cracking in the decks of bridges of this type has occurred31,32,33.
The Olalla Bridge (Contract 9202) could be reviewed as an example. This bridge has spans of
41.5 feet - 50 feet - 41.5 feet, a midspan structure depth of 15 inches, and some haunching at
the piers.

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2. T-Beam Bridge
This type of bridge, combined with slope-leg columns, can be structurally efficient and
aesthetically pleasing, particularly when the spacing of the beams and the columns are
the same. A T-Beam bridge can also be a good choice for a single-span simply-supported
structure.
When equally spaced beams and columns are used in the design, the width of beam webs
should generally be equal to the width of the supporting columns. See SR 16, Union Avenue
O’Xings, for an example. Since longitudinal structural frame action predominates in this type
of design, crossbeams at intermediate piers can be relatively small and the post-tensioning
tendons can be placed side-by-side in the webs, resulting in an efficient center of gravity
of steel line throughout. For other types of T-Beam bridges, the preferred solution may
be smaller, more closely spaced beams and fewer, but larger pier elements. If this type of
construction is used in a multispan, continuous bridge, the beam cross-section properties in
the negative moment regions need to be considerably larger than the properties in the positive
moment regions to resist compression.
Larger section properties can be obtained by gradually increasing the web thickness in the
vicinity of intermediate piers or, if possible, by adding a fillet or haunch. The slab overhang
over exterior webs should be roughly half the web spacing.
3. Box Girder Bridge
This type of bridge has been a popular choice in this state. The cost of a prestressed box
girder bridge is practically the same as a conventionally-reinforced box girder bridge,
however, longer spans and shallower depths are possible with prestressing.
4. Box Girders
The superstructure of multi-cell box girders shall be designed as a unit. The entire
superstructure section (traffic barrier excluded) shall be considered when computing the
section properties.
Web spacing should normally be 8 to 11 feet and the slab overhang over exterior girders
should be approximately half the girder spacing unless transverse post-tensioning is used. The
apparent visual depth of box girder bridges can be reduced by sloping all or the lower portion
of the exterior web. If the latter is done, the overall structure depth may have to be increased.
Web thickness should be 12 inches minimum, but not less than required for shear and for
concrete placing clearance. Providing 2½-inches of clear cover expedites concrete placement
and consolidation in the heavily congested regions adjacent to the post-tensioning ducts.
Webs should be flared at anchorages. Top and bottom slab thickness should normally meet
the requirements of Section 5.3.1.B, but not less than required by stress and specifications.
Generally, the bottom slab would require thickening at the interior piers of continuous spans.
This thickening should be accomplished by raising the top surface of the bottom slab at the
maximum rate of ½-inch per foot.
For criteria on distribution of live loads, see Section 4.1.2.B. All slender members subjected
to compression must satisfy buckling criteria.

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C. Strand and Tendon Arrangements

The total number of strands selected should be the minimum required to carry the service loads
at all points. Duct sizes and the number of strands they contain vary slightly, depending on the
supplier. Chapter 2 of the PTI Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridge Manual, and shop drawings of
the recent post-tensioned bridges kept on file in the Construction Plans Section offer guidance to
strand selection. In general, a supplier will offer several duct sizes and associated end anchors,
each of which will accommodate a range of strand numbers up to a maximum in the range.
Present WSDOT practice is to indicate only the design force and cable path on the contract
plans and allow the post-tensioning supplier to satisfy these requirements with tendons and
anchors. The most economical tendon selection will generally be the maximum size within the
range. Commonly-stocked tendons include 9, 12, 19, 27, 31, and 37 - ½-inch diameter strands,
and the design should utilize a combination of these commonly-stocked items. For example, a
design requiring 72 strands per web would be most economically satisfied by two standard 37-
strand tendons. A less economical choice would be three standard 27-strand tendons containing
24 strands each. Tendons should not be larger than (37) ½-inch strand units or (27) 0.6-inch
strand units, unless specifically approved by the Bridge Design Engineer and the Design Unit
Supervisor. The duct area should be at least 2.5 times the net area of the prestressing steel. In the
regions away from the end anchorages, the duct placement patterns indicated in Figure 5.8.1-1
through 5.8.1-3 should be used.
Although post-tensioning steel normally takes precedence in a member, sufficient room must be
provided for other essential mild steel and placement of concrete, in particular near diaphragms
and cross-beams.
More prestress may be needed in certain portions of a continuous superstructure than elsewhere,
and the designer may consider using separate short tendons in those portions of the spans only.
However, the savings on prestressing steel possible with such an arrangement should be balanced
against the difficulty involved in providing suitable anchoring points and sufficient room for
jacking equipment at intermediate locations in the structure. For example, torsion in continuous,
multigirder bridges on a curve can be counter-balanced by applying more prestress in the girders
on the outside of the curve than in those on the inside of the curve.
Some systems offer couplers which make possible stage construction of long bridges. With such
systems, forms can be constructed and concrete cast and stressed in a number of spans during
stage 1, as determined by the designer. After stage 1 stressing, couplers can be added, steel
installed, concrete cast and stressed in additional spans. To avoid local crushing of concrete and/
or grout, the stress existing in the steel at the coupled end after stage 1 stressing should not be
exceeded during stage 2 stressing.

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










 






Tendon Placement Pattern for Box Girder Bridges

Figure 5.8.1-1

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures










Tendon Placement Pattern for Girder Bridges

Figure 5.8.1-2

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Tendon Placement Pattern for Flat Slab Bridges

Figure 5.8.1-3

D. Layout of Anchorages and End Blocks

Consult industry brochures and shop plans for recent bridges before laying out end blocks. To
encourage bids from a wider range of suppliers, try to accommodate the large square bearing
plate sizes common to several systems.
Sufficient room must be allowed inside the member for mild steel and concrete placement and
outside the member for jacking equipment. The size of the anchorage block in the plane of the
anchor plates should be large enough to provide a minimum of 1-inch clearance from the plates to
any free edge.
In general, the end block dimensions must meet the requirements of the AASHTO Code. Note
that in long-span box girder superstructures requiring large bearing pads, the end block should be
somewhat wider than the bearing pad beneath to avoid subjecting the relatively thin bottom slab
to high bearing stresses. When the piers of box girder or T-beam bridges are severely skewed,
the layout of end blocks, bearing pads, and curtain walls at exterior girders become extremely
difficult as shown in Figure 5.8.1-4. Note that if the exterior face of the exterior girder is in
the same plane throughout its entire length, all the end block widening must be on the inside.
To lessen the risk of tendon break-out through the side of a thin web, the end block should be
long enough to accommodate a horizontal tendon curve of 200 feet minimum radius. The radial
component of force in a curved cable is discussed in LRFD section 5.10.4.3.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Layout of Anchorages and End Blocks

Figure 5.8.1-4

E. Superstructure Shortening
Whenever members such as columns, crossbeams, and diaphragms in bridges without
prestressing steel are appreciably affected by post-tensioning of the main girders, those effects
should be included in the design. This will generally be true in structures containing rigid frame
elements. For further discussion, see Chapter 2.6 of reference 24 and Section 9.3.2.
Past practice in the state of Washington regarding control of superstructure shortening in post-
tensioned bridges with rigid piers can be illustrated by a few examples. Single-span bridges have
been provided with a hinge at one pier and longitudinal slide bearings at the other pier. Two-span
bridges have been detailed with longitudinal slide bearings at the end piers and a monolithic
middle pier. On the six-span Evergreen Parkway Undercrossing structure, the center pier (pier 4)
was built monolithic with the superstructure, and all the other piers were constructed with slide
bearings. After post- tensioning, the bearings at piers 3 and 5 were converted into fixed bearings
to help resist large horizontal loads such as earthquakes.

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Superstructures which are allowed to move longitudinally at certain piers are typically restrained
against motion in the transverse direction at those piers. This can be accomplished with suitable
transverse shear corbels or bearings allowing motion parallel to the bridge only. The casting
length for box girder bridges shall be slightly longer than the actual bridge layout length to
account for the elastic shortening of the concrete due to prestress.
F. Effects of Curved Tendons
Curved tendons induce deviation forces that are radial to the tendon in the plane of tendon
curvature. Curved tendons with multiple strands also induce out-of-plane forces that are
perpendicular to the plane of the tendon curvature. Resistance to curved tendon induced
forces may be provided by increasing the concrete cover over the duct, by adding confinement
reinforcement or by combination of both.
Confinement reinforcement shall be proportioned to ensure that steel stress at service limit state
does not exceed 0.6fy for grade 60 reinforcement. Spacing of the confinement reinforcement shall
not exceed 3.0 times the outside diameter of the duct or 18.0 in.
The in-plane deviation force effects due to the change in direction of tendons shall be taken as:
Pu
Fu in
R
The PP
out-of-plane
Fuu inout uu force effect due to the wedging action of strands against the duct wall may be
taken as: R SR
Vr 0.125 PuMd c f ' c
Fu out
SR
Vr addition
In Mdthe
0.125to f ' c requirement, supplemental ties shall be provided to confine the PT
c above
tendons when horizontal curvature radius is less than 800 ft or the effect of in-plane and out-of-
plane forces exceeds the limit shown below:
Pu § 1·
¨1  ¸!10 k/ft
R © S ¹

where:
Pu = factored tendon force = 1.2 Pjack (kips)
R = radius of horizontal curvature at the considered locations (ft)
The curved tendon confinement reinforcement includes as shown in Figure 5.8.1.5.

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


 
 






Pu
Fu in
R Figure 5.8.1.5
Pu
Fu out
The shearSresistance
R of the concrete cover against deviation force, Vr shall be taken as:
Vr 0.125Md c f ' c
where:
Fu-in = the in-plane deviation force effect per unit length of girder. k/ft
Fu-out = the out-of-plane deviation force effect per unit length of girder. k/ft
Pu = factored tendon force, kips
R = radius of tendon curvature at the considered location, ft
F = resistance factor
dc = minimum concrete cover over the tendon duct plus one-half of the
duct diameter, in.
f’c = compressive strength of concrete at time of initial loading, ksi
If the above shear resistance is not adequate, local confinement reinforcement shall be provided
throughout the curved tendon segments to resist all of the out-of-plane forces, preferably in form
of spiral reinforcement.
H. Edge Tension Forces
If the centroid of all tendons is located outside of the kern of the section, longitudinal edge
tension force is induced. The longitudinal edge tension force may be determined from an analysis
of a section located at one-half the depth of the section away from the loaded surface taken as a
beam subjected to combined flexural and axial load.

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5.8.2  Analysis
A. General
The procedures outlined in Section 2.1 through 2.5 of reference 24 for computation of stress in
single and multispan box girders can be followed for the analysis of T-beams and slab bridges, as
well.
The BDS program available on the WSDOT system will quickly perform a complete stress
analysis of a box girder, T-beam, or slab bridge, provided the structure can be idealized as a plane
frame. For further information, see the program user instructions.
The STRUDL program is recommended for complex structures which are more accurately
idealized as space frames. Examples are bridges with sharp curvature, varying superstructure
width, severe skew, or slope-leg intermediate piers. An analysis method in Chapter 10 of
reference 25 for continuous prestressed beams is particularly well adapted to the loading
input format in STRUDL. In the method, the forces exerted by cables of parabolic or other
configurations are converted into equivalent vertical linear or concentrated loads applied to
members and joints of the superstructure. The vertical loads are considered positive when acting
up toward the center of tendon curvature and negative when acting down toward the center of
tendon curvature. Forces exerted by anchor plates at the cable ends are coded in as axial and
vertical concentrated forces combined with a concentrated moment if the anchor plate group
is eccentric. Since the prestress force varies along the spans due to the effects of friction, the
difference between the external forces applied at the end anchors at opposite ends of the bridge
must be coded in at various points along the spans in order for the summation of horizontal
forces to equal zero. With correct input (check thoroughly before submitting for computation),
the effects of elastic shortening and secondary moments are properly reflected in all output
listings, and the prestress moments printed out are the actual resultant (total) moments acting
on the structure. For examples of the application of STRUDL to post-tensioning design, see the
calculations for SR 90 West Sunset Way Ramp (simple), SR 5 Nalley Valley Viaduct (complex),
and the STRUDL manuals.
B. Section Properties
As in other types of bridges, the design normally begins with a preliminary estimate of the
superstructure cross-section and the amount of prestress needed at points of maximum stress and
at points of cross-section change. For box girders, See Figure 2-0 through 2-5 of Reference 24.
For T-beam and slab bridges, previous designs are a useful guide in making a good first choice.
For frame analysis, use the properties of the entire superstructure regardless of the type of bridge
being designed. For stress analysis of slab bridges, calculate loads and steel requirements for
a 1-foot wide strip. For stress analysis of T-beam bridges, use the procedures outlined in the
AASHTO specifications.
Note that when different concrete strengths are used in different portions of the same member,
the equivalent section properties should be calculated in terms of either the stronger or weaker
material. In general, the concrete strength should be limited to the values indicated in Section
5.1.1 of this manual.

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C. Preliminary Stress Check

In accordance with AASHTO, flexural stresses in prestressed members are calculated at service
load levels. Shear stresses, stirrups, moment capacities vs. applied moments are calculated at
ultimate load levels.
During preliminary design, the first objective should be to satisfy the allowable flexural stresses
in the concrete at the critical points in the structure with the chosen cross-section and amount of
prestressing steel, then the requirements for shear stress, stirrups, and ultimate moment capacity
can be readily met with minor or no modifications in the cross-section. For example, girder webs
can be thickened locally near piers to reduce excessive shear stress.
In the AASHTO formulas for allowable tensile stress in concrete, bonded reinforcement should be
interpreted to mean bonded auxiliary (nonprestressed) reinforcement in conformity with Article
8.6 of the 2002 ACI Code for Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Structures.
Normal practice is to use the time-dependent prestress loss from Table 5.1.4-1. The long-hand
formulas for computing time-dependent losses in steel stress given in the code should be used
only when a more thorough investigation is deemed necessary. To minimize concrete cracking
and protect reinforcing steel against corrosion for bridges, the allowable concrete stress under
final conditions in the precompressed tensile zone should be limited to zero in the top and bottom
fibers as shown in Figure 5.8.2-1.
In all cases where tension is allowed in the concrete under initial or final conditions, extra mild
steel (auxiliary reinforcement) should be added to carry the total tension present. This steel can be
computed as described in Chapter 9-5 of Reference 25.

Box Girder Stresses

Figure 5.8.2-1

In case of overstress, try one or more of the following remedies: Adjust tendon profiles, add or
subtract prestress steel, thicken slabs, revise strength of concrete of top slab, add more short
tendons locally, etc. Then repeat calculations as necessary.

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D. Camber
The camber to be shown on the plans should include the effect of both dead load and final
prestress and may be taken as given in Table 5.2.6-1.
E. Expansion Bearing Offsets
Figure 5.8.1-4 indicates expansion bearing offsets for the partial effects of elastic shortening,
creep, and shrinkage. The initial offset shown is intended to result in minimal bearing eccentricity
for the majority of the life of the structure. The bearing should be designed for the full range of
anticipated movements: ES+CR+SH+TEMP.

5.8.3  Post-tensioning
A. Tendon Layout
After a preliminary estimate has been made of the concrete section and the amount of prestressing
needed at points of maximum applied load, it may be advantageous in multispan bridges to
draw a tendon profile to a convenient scale superimposed on a plot of the center of gravity of
concrete (c.g.c.) line. The most efficient tendon profile from the standpoint of steel stress loss
will normally be a series of rather long interconnected parabolas, but other configurations are
possible. For continuous bridges with unequal span lengths, the tendon profile (eccentricity) shall
be based on the span requirement. This results in an efficient post-tensioning design. The tendon
profile and c.g.c. line plot is strongly recommended for superstructures of variable cross-section
and/or multiple unsymmetrical span arrangements, but is not necessary for superstructures having
constant cross- section and symmetrical spans. The main advantages of the tendon profile and
c.g.c. plot are:
1. The primary prestress moment curves (prestress force times distance from c.g.c. line to
center of gravity of steel (c.g.s.) lines) at all points throughout all spans are quickly obtained
from this plot and will be used to develop the secondary moment curves (if present) and,
ultimately, to develop the resultant total prestress moment curve.
2. Possible conflicts between prestressing steel and mild steel near end regions, crossbeams, and
diaphragms may become apparent.
3. Possible design revisions may be indicated. For example, camber in bridges with unequal
spans can be balanced by adjusting tendon profiles.
The tendon profile and c.g.c. line diagram should also contain a sketch of how the end
bearing plates or anchors are to be arranged at the ends of the bridge. Such a sketch can be
useful in determining how large the end block in a girder bridge will have to be and how
much space will be required for mild steel in the end region. In general, the arrangement of
anchor plates should be the same as the arrangement of the ducts to which they belong to
avoid problems with duct cross-overs and to keep end blocks of reasonable width.

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B. Prestress Losses
Friction losses occurring during jacking and prior to anchoring, depend on the system and
materials used. For purposes of design, this office has specified a rigid spiral galvanized ferrous
metal duct system for which µ shall be 0.20 and K = 0.0002. This system is at present available
from several large suppliers. To avoid the substantial friction loss caused by sharp tendon
curvature in the end regions where the tendons flare out from a stacked arrangement towards
the bearing plates, use 0.10 times the span length or 20 feet as the minimum flare zone length.
The recommended minimum radius (horizontal or vertical) of flared tendons is 200 feet. In the
special cases where sharp curvature cannot be avoided, extra horizontal and vertical ties should
be added along the concave side of the curve to resist the tendency to break through the web.
See stirrup calculations for SR 2, EU-Line O’Xing, for a suggested method of calculating this
additional steel.
All other losses (those due to shrinkage, elastic shortening, creep, and relaxation of steel) shall be
as indicated in Section 5.2.6-E.
For bridges with horizontal curvature the total friction losses calculation shall be based on the
equation:
C. Friction Coefficient
Effective prestressing force in design of post-tensioned bridges depends on the accumulation of
friction losses due to the horizontal and vertical curvature of the tendons as well as the curvature
of the bridge. Although jacking ends of post-tensioned bridges is important to achieve more
effective design, consideration shall be given to the practicality of jacking during construction.
The following general stressing guidelines shall be considered in specifying jacking end of post-
tensioned bridges.
• All simple or multiple span cast-in-place or precast concrete bridges with total length of less
than 350 ft. shall be stressed from one end only.
• All cast-in-place or precast concrete post tensioned bridges with total length between 350 ft.
to 600 ft. may be stressed from one end or both ends if greater friction losses due to vertical
of horizontal curvature are justified by the designer.
• All cast-in-place or precast concrete bridges with total length of greater than 600 ft. shall be
stressed from both ends.
When stressing tendons from both ends or when alternating a single pull from both ends (half
tendons pulled from one end with the other half pulled from the other end), all tendons shall be
stressed on one end before all tendons are stressed on the opposite end.
Stressing at both ends shall preferably be done on alternate tendons, and need not be done
simultaneously on the same tendon. In rare cased, tendons can be stressed from both ends to
reduce large tendon losses but is undesirable due to worker safety issues and a reduction in
stressing redundancy.
D. Steel Stress Curve
Steel stresses may be plotted either as the actual values or as a percentage of the jacking stresses.
A steel stress diagram for a typical two-span bridge is shown below. Spans are symmetrical
about pier 2 and the bridge is jacked from both ends. All values are in ksi and pertain to 270 ksi
either stress relieved or low relaxation strands. fpu denotes ultimate strength of strands in ksi. All
WSDOT post-tensioning designs are based on low relaxation strands.
Losses due to creep, shrinkage, and relaxation of prestressing steel are given in
Table 5.1.4-1 for structures of usual design and normal weight concrete.
Yield Stress for Stress-Releive Strands = 0.85 fpu
Yield Stress for Low-Relaxation Strands = 0.90 fpu

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Stress Diagram for a 2-span PT Bridge

Figure 5.8.3-1

Accurate plotting of steel stress variation due to local curvature is normally not necessary, and
straight lines between intersection points on the diagram as shown in Figure 5.8.3-1 are usually
sufficient. When tendons are continuous through the length of the bridge, the stress for design
purposes at the jacked end should be limited to 0.75fpu or 202 ksi for 270 ksi stress relieved
strands or 0.79fpu or 213 ksi for 270 ksi low relaxation strands. This would permit the post-
tensioning contractor to jack to the slightly higher value of 0.77fpu for stress relieved strands
or 0.81fpu for low relaxation strands as allowed by the AASHTO Code in case friction values
encountered in the field turn out somewhat greater than the standard values used in design.
Stress loss at jacked end should be calculated from the assumed anchor set of ⅜ inch, the normal
slippage during anchoring in most systems. At the high points on the initial stress curve, the stress
should not exceed 0.70fpu for stress relieved strands or 0.75fpu low relaxation strands after sealing
of anchorage. If these values are exceeded, the jacking stress can be lowered or alternately the
specified amount of anchor set can be increased.
When the total tendon length (L) is less than the length of cable influenced by anchor set (x)
and the friction loss is small, as in short straight tendons, the 0.70fpu value governs. In these
cases, the maximum allowable jacking stress value of 0.75fpu for stress relieved or 0.78fpu for
low relaxation strands cannot be used and a slightly lower value should be specified as shown in
Figure 5.8.3-2.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Stress Diagram at Jacking End

Figure 5.8.3-2

In single-span, simply supported superstructures friction losses are so small that jacking
from both ends is normally not warranted. In the longer multispan bridges where the tendons
experience greater friction losses, jacking from both ends will usually be necessary. Jacking at
both ends need not be done simultaneously, since final results are virtually the same whether or
not the jacking is simultaneous. If unsymmetrical two-span structures are to be jacked from one
end only, the jacking must be done from the end of the longest span.
The friction coefficient for post-tensioning tendons in rigid and semi-rigid galvanized metal
sheathing should be taken as shown in Table 5.8.3-1.

Tendon length µ
500 ft or less 0.15
Over 500 ft to 750 ft 0.20
Over 750 ft to 1000 ft 0.25

Friction Coefficients for Post-Tensioning Tendons

Table 5.8.3-1

For tendon lengths greater than 1000 feet, investigation is warranted on current field data of
similar length bridges for appropriate values of µ.
E. Flexural Stress in Concrete
Stress at service load levels in the top and bottom fibers of prestressed members should be
checked for at least two conditions that will occur in the lifetime of the members. The initial
condition occurs just after the transfer of prestress when the concrete is relatively fresh and the
member is carrying its own dead load. The final condition occurs after all the prestress losses
when the concrete has gained its full ultimate strength and the member is carrying dead load and
live load. For certain bridges, other intermediate loading conditions may have to be checked, such
as when prestressing and false­work release are done in stages and when special construction loads
have to be carried, etc. The concrete stresses shall be within the AASHTO allowable except as
amended in Subsection 5.2.3.B of this manual.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

In single-span simply supported superstructures with parabolic tendon paths, flexural stresses at
service load levels need to be investigated at the span midpoint where moments are maximum, at
points where the cross-section changes, and near the span ends where shear stress is likely to be
maximum (see Section 5.8.4 Shear). For tendon paths other than parabolic, flexural stress should
be investigated at other points in the span as well.
In multispan continuous superstructures, investigate flexural stress at service load should be at
points of maximum moment (in the negative moment region of box girders, check at the quarter
point of the crossbeam), at points where the cross section changes, and at points where shear
is likely to be maximum. At points of maximum moment, the ultimate moment capacity of the
section should exceed or equal the applied ultimate moment. Normally, mild steel should not be
used to supplement the ultimate moment capacity. It may be necessary, however, to determine
the partial temperature and shrinkage stresses that occur prior to post-tensioning and supply mild
steel reinforcing for this condition.
In addition, maximum and minimum steel percentages and cracking moment should be checked.
See Section 2.3.8 of Reference 24.
F. Prestress Moment Curves
1. Single-Span Bridges, Simply Supported
The primary prestress moment curve is developed by multiplying the initial steel stress curve
ordinates by the area of prestressing steel times the eccentricity of steel from the center of
gravity of the concrete section at every tenth point in the span. The primary prestress moment
curve is not necessary for calculating concrete stresses in single-span simply supported
bridges. Since there is no secondary prestress moment developed in the span of a single span,
simply supported bridge which is free to shorten, the primary prestress moment curve is equal
to the total prestress moment curve in the span. However, if the single span is rigidly framed
to supporting piers, the effect of elastic shortening should be calculated. The same would be
true when unexpected high friction is developed in bearings during or after construction.
2. Multispan Continuous Bridges
With the exception of T.Y. Lin’s equivalent vertical load method used in conjunction with the
STRUDL program, none of the methods described in the following section take into account
the elastic shortening of the superstructure due to prestressing. To obtain the total prestress
moment curve used to check concrete stresses, the primary and secondary prestress moment
curves must be added algebraically at all points in the spans. As the secondary moment can
have a large absolute value in some structures, it is very important to obtain the proper sign
for this moment, or a serious error could result.
A discussion of methods for calculating secondary prestress moments follows:
3. WSDOT BEAMDEF Program
If the primary prestress moment values at tenth points are coded into this program, span
stiffness factors, carry-overs, and fixed-end moments will be obtained. Distribution of the
fixed-end moments in all spans will yield the secondary moments at all piers. The secondary
moments will be zero at simply supported span ends and cantilevers.
a. Equivalent Vertical Load
See discussion in Section 5.8.2 of this manual.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

b. Table of Influence Lines

See Appendix A.1 of Reference 24 for a discussion. This method is similar to T. Y. Lin’s
equivalent vertical load method and is a relatively quick way to manually compute
prestress moments in bridges of up to five spans. Since the secondary moment effect due
to vertical support reactions is included in the coefficients listed in the tables, the support
moment computed is the total moment at that point.
c. Slope Deflection
See Section 2.5 of Reference .24 for a discussion. The method, though straightforward, is
time consuming.
G. Partial prestressing
Partial prestressing is not allowed in WSDOT bridge designs. However, mild reinforcement
could be added to satisfy the ultimate flexural capacity under factored loads if following
requirements are satisfied:
a. Allowable stresses, as specified in BDM for Service-I and Service-III limit states, shall be
satisfied with post-tensioning only. The zero-tension policy remains unchanged.
b. Additional mild reinforcement could be used if the ultimate flexural capacity cannot be met
with the prestressing provided for service load combinations. The mild reinforcement is
filling the gap between the service load and ultimate load requirements. This should be a
very small amount of mild reinforcement since adequate post-tensioning is already provided
to satisfy the service load requirement for dead load and live loads.
c. If mild reinforcement added, the resistance factor for flexural design shall be adjusted per
LRFD article 5.5.4.2.1 to account for the effect of partial prestressing.
d. If mild reinforcement added, the section will still be considered uncracked and requirements
for crack control, and side skin reinforcement do not apply.

5.8.4  Shear
A. Shear Capacity
Concrete box girder and T-beam bridges with horizontal construction joints (which result from
webs and slabs being cast at different times) should be checked for both vertical and horizontal
shear capacity. Generally, horizontal shear requirements will control the stirrup design.
Vertical concrete shear capacity for prestressed or post-tensioned structural members is calculated
in AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.8.3. Minimum stirrup area, maximum stirrup
spacing, and maximum stirrup capacity, Vs, are further subject to the limitations presented in
AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 5.8.2.5 and 5.8.2.7. For further explanation, refer to
Section 11.4 of the ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and
Commentary. Chapter 27 of Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete with Design Applications presents two excellent example problems for vertical shear
design. The use of an electronic spreadsheet simplifies the repetitive and detailed nature of these
calculations.

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B. Horizontal Shear
Horizontal shear stress acts over the contact area, of width bv, between two interconnected
surfaces of a composite structural member.
Horizontal shear design is relatively straightforward. The AASHTO LRFD section 5.8.4 shall be
used for shear-friction design.
For cast-in-place sloped outer webs, increase inside stirrup reinforcement and bottom slab top
transverse reinforcement as required for the web moment locked-in during construction of the top
slab. This moment about the bottom corner of the web is due to tributary load from the top slab
concrete placement plus 10 psf form dead load.
For precast tub outer webs, increase the stirrup and bottom slab steel as required by moment
induced by falsework overhang brackets supporting concrete plus 10 psf overhang deck load.
C. End Block Stresses
The highly concentrated forces at the end anchorages cause bursting and spalling stresses
in the concrete which must be resisted by vertical and horizontal reinforcement. For a better
understanding of this subject, see Chapter 7 of Reference 25 and 26, and Section 2.82 of
Reference 24.
Note that the procedures for computing horizontal bursting and spalling steel in the slabs of box
girders and T-beams are similar to those required for computing vertical steel in girder webs,
except that the slab steel is figured in a horizontal instead of a vertical plane. In box girders, this
slab steel should be placed half in the top slab and half in the bottom slab. See Appendix A for
typical box girder end block reinforcement details. The anchorage zones of slab bridges will
require vertical stirrups as well as additional horizontal transverse bars extending across the width
of the bridge. The horizontal spalling and bursting steel in slab bridges shall be placed half in a
top layer and half in a bottom layer.
D. Anchorage Stresses
The average bearing stress on the concrete behind the anchor plate and the bending stress in the
plate material should satisfy the requirements of the AASHTO Code. In all sizes up to the 31-
strand tendons, the square anchor plates used by three suppliers (DSI, VSL, AVAR, Stronghold)
meet the AASHTO requirements, and detailing end blocks to accommodate these plates is the
recommended procedure. In the cases where nonstandard (rectangular) anchor plates must be
specified because of space limitations, assume that the trumpet associated with the equivalent
size square plate will be used. In order to calculate the net bearing plate area pressing on the
concrete behind it, the trumpet size can be scaled from photos in supplier brochures. Assume
for simplicity that the concrete bearing stress is uniform. Bending stress in the steel should be
checked assuming bending can occur across a corner of the plate or across a line parallel to its
narrow edge. See Appendix 5-B2 for preapproved anchorages for post-tensioning.
E. Anchorage Plate Design
The design and detailing of anchorage block in cast-in-place post-tensioned box girders shall
be based on single plane anchorage device. Multi-plane anchorage, however, could be used if
stacking of single plane anchorage plates within the depth of girder is geometrically not possible.
Anchorage plates shall not extend to top and bottom slab of box girders.
If Mutiplane anchorage is used, it shall be specified in the contract plans and bridge special
provisions.

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5.8.5   Temperature Effects

Most specifications for massive bridges call for a verification of stresses under uniform temperature
changes of the total bridge superstructure. Stresses due to temperature unevenly distributed within the
cross-section are not generally verified. In reality, however, considerable temperature gradients are
set up within the cross-section of superstructures. Such temperature differences are mostly of a very
complex nature, depending on the type of cross-section and direction of solar radiation27.
Solar radiation produces uniform heating of the upper surface of a bridge superstructure which is
greater than that of the lower surface. An inverse temperature gradient with higher temperatures
at the lower surface occurs rarely and involves much smaller temperature differences. In statically
indeterminate continuous bridge beams, a temperature rise at the upper surface produces positive
flexural moments which cause tensile stresses in the bottom fibers. When the temperature gradient
is constant over the entire length of a continuous beam superstructure, positive flexural moments
are induced in all spans. These moments are of equal constant magnitude in the interior spans and
decrease linearly to zero in the end spans. The most critical zones are those which have the lowest
compressive stress reserve in the bottom fibers under prestress plus dead load. Normally, these are the
zones near the interior supports where additional tensile stresses develop in the bottom fibers due to
• A concentrated support reaction, and
• Insufficient curvature of prestressed reinforcement.
Studies have shown that temperature is the most important tension-producing factor, especially in
two-span continuous beams in the vicinity of intermediate supports, even when the temperature
difference is only 10°C between the deck and bottom of the beam. In practice, a box girder can
exhibit a ΔT=30°C. The zone at a distance of about 0.3 to 2.0d on either side of the intermediate
support proved to be particularly crack-prone.
Computation of stresses induced by vertical temperature gradients within prestressed concrete bridges
can become quite complex and are ignored in typical designs done by WSDOT. It is assumed that
movements at the expansion devices will generally relieve any induced stresses. However, such
stresses can be substantial in massive, deep bridge members in localities with large temperature
fluctuations. If the structure being designed falls within this category, a thermal stress investigation
should be considered. See Reference .24 and the following temperature criteria for further guidance.
1. A Mean temperature 50°F with Rise 45°F and Fall 45°F for longitudinal analysis using one-half
of the Modulus of Elasticity. (Maximum Seasonal Variation.)
2. The superstructure box girder shall be designed transversely for a temperature differential
between inside and outside surfaces of ±15°F with no reduction in Modulus of Elasticity
(Maximum Daily Variation).
3. The superstructure box girder shall be designed longitudinally for a top slab temperature increase
of 20°F with no reduction in modulus of elasticity. (In accordance with Post-Tensioning Institute
Manual, Precast Segmental Box Girder Bridge Manual, Subsection 3.3.4.)
The coefficient of thermal expansion used is 0.000006.
1.5
Modulus of Elasticity E c = 33000 wc f 'c
Where:
W  =  weight of concrete in kip. per cubic foot
f’c  =  Concrete compressive strength, ksi

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5.8.6  Construction
A. General
Construction plans for conventional post-tensioned box girder bridges include two different sets
of drawings. The first set (contract) is prepared by the design engineer (WSDOT or contracting
agency) and the second set (shop) is prepared by the post-tensioning materials supplier
(contractor).
B. Contract Plans
The plans should be prepared to accommodate any post-tensioning system, so only prestressing
forces and eccen­tricity should be detailed. The concrete sections should be detailed so that
available systems can be installed. Design the thickness of webs and flanges to facilitate concrete
placement. Generally, web thickness for post-tensioned bridges shall be at least 12 inches.
C. Shop Plans
The shop plans are used to detail, install, and stress the post-tensioning system selected by the
Contractor. These plans must contain sufficient information to allow the engineer to check their
compliance with the contract plans. These plans must also contain the location of anchorages,
stressing data, and arrangement of tendons.
D. Review of Shop Plans for Post-tensioned girder
Post-tensioning shop drawings should be reviewed by the designer (or Bridge Technical Advisor
for non bridge office projects) and consulted with the concrete specialist if needed. Shop
drawings, after reviewed by the design engineer should be stamped with the official rubber seal
and returned to the bridge construction support office. Review of shop drawing must include:
1. All post-tensioning strands should be of ½” or 0.6” diameter grade 270 low relaxation
uncoated strands.
2. Tendon profile and tendon placement patterns should be verified per contract plans.
3. Duct size should be based on the duct area at least 2.5 times the total area of prestressing
strands.
4. Anchor set should conform to the contract plans. The post-tensioning design is typically
based on an anchor set of ⅜”.
5. Maximum number of strands per tendon should not exceed 37 - ½” diameter strands or 27 -
0.6” diameter strands per Standard Specifications 6-02.3(26) D.
6. Jacking force per web should be verified per contract plans.
7. Prestress force after anchor set (lift-off force) should conform to contract plans.
8. Number of strands per web shall be specified in the shop drawings and should conform to the
contract plans.
9. Anchorage system should conform to pre-approved list of post-tensioning system per BDM
Appendix B. The anchorage assembly dimensions and reinforcement detailing should
conform to the corresponding post-tensioning catalog.
10. The curvature friction coefficient and wobble friction coefficient should conform to the
contract plans. The curvature friction coefficient of μ= 0.15 for bridges less than 400 feet,
μ= 0.2 for bridges between 400 feet and 800 feet, and μ= 0.25 for bridges longer than 800
feet. The wobble friction coefficient of k = 0.0002 /ft is often used. These coefficients may be
revised by the post-tensioning supplier if approved by the design engineer and conform to the
Standard Specifications 6.02.3(26) E.

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11. Post-tensioning stressing sequence should be in accordance with the contract plan post-
tensioning Notes.
12. Tendon stresses shall not exceed as specified per Figure 5.8.3-2:
1. 0.80fpu at anchor ends immediately before seating.
2. 0.70fpu at anchor ends immediately after seating.
3. 0.74fpu at the end point of length influenced by anchor set.
13. Elongation calculations for each jacking operation should be verified. If the difference in
tendon elongation exceeds 2%, the elongation calculations should be separated for each
tendon per Standard Specification 6-02.3(26) A.
14. Vent points should be provided at all high points along tendon.
15. Drain holes should be provided at all low points along tendon.
16. The concrete strength at the time of post-tensioning, f’ci should not be less than 4000 psi per
Standard Specifications 6-02.3(26) E-1. Different concrete strength may be used if specified
in the contract plans.
17. Concrete stresses at the anchorage should be checked per Standard Specifications 6-02.3(26)
B-1 for bearing type anchorage. For other type of anchorage assemblies, if not covered in
the Appendix 5-B2 for pre-approved list of post-tensioning system, testing per Standard
Specifications 6-02.3(26) B-2 is required.
E. During Construction
1. If the measured elongation of each strand tendon is within +/- 7% of the approved calculated
elongation, the stressed tendon is acceptable.
2. If the measured elongation is greater than 7%, force verification after seating (lift-off force)
is required. The lift-off force should not be less than 99% of the approved calculated force or
more 70% fpu As.
3. If the measured elongation is less than 7%, the bridge construction office will instruct the
force verification.
4. One broken strand per tendon is usually acceptable. (Post-tensioning design should preferably
allow one broken strand). If more than one strand per tendon is broken, the group of tendon
per web should be considered. If a group of tendons in a web is under-stressed, then the
adequacy of the entire structure should be investigated by the designer and consulted with the
bridge construction office.
5. Failed anchorage is usually taken care by the bridge construction office.
6. Over or under elongation is usually taken care by the bridge construction office.
7. In case of low concrete strength the design engineer should investigate the adequacy of
design with lower strength.
8. Other problems such as unbalanced and out of sequence post-tensioning, strands surface
condition, strand subjected to corrosion and exposure, delayed post-tensioning due to
mechanical problems, Jack calibration, etc. should be evaluated per case-by-case basis and
are usually taken care by bridge construction office.

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5.8.7  Post-Tensioning Notes — Cast-in-Place Girders

A. General
The design plans shall contain the following information for use by the post-tensioned and state
inspector: Tendon jacking sequence, friction coefficients, duct type, elastic and time-dependent
losses, anchor set, prestress forces, strand elongations, deviation of ±7 percent between measured
and theoretical elongations, false work construction and removal. If jacking is done at both ends
of the bridge, the minimum strand elongation due to the specified jacking load for the end jacked
first as well as the end jacked last should be indicated. When calculating strand elongation, use
Ep = 28,000 ksi. The calculated strand elongations at the ends of the bridge are compared with the
measured field values to ensure that the friction coefficients (and hence the levels of prestressing
throughout the structure) agree with the values assumed by the designer.
The tendons shall be jacked in a sequence that avoids causing overstress or tension in the bridge.
The post-tensioning notes (see Standard Plans) for the sequence of stressing of longitudinal
tendons should be shown in the Contract Plans.

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5.9  Spliced Precast Girders

5.9.1  Definitions
The provisions herein apply to precast girders fabricated in segments that are spliced longitudinally to
form the girders in the final structure. The cross-section for this type of bridges is typically comprised
of bulb tee girders or trapezoidal tub girders with a composite cast-in-place deck. WSDOT Standard
drawings for Spliced I-girders are shown in Appendices 5.9-A1 through 5.9-A3, and for Spliced-Tub
girders are shown in Appendices 5.9-A1 and 5.9-A5. Span capability of precast spliced girders are
shown in Appendices 5.6-A1-12-1 for I-girders and 5.6-A1-13-1 and 5.6-A1-14-1 for Trapezoidal Tub
girders.
Precast deck bulb tee girder bridges may also be fabricated in segments and spliced longitudinally for
final structure. Splicing in this type of girder because of the significant weight of the cross-section,
which is comprised of both a girder and deck, may exceed usual limits for handling and transportation
may be beneficial. Spliced structures of this type, which have longitudinal joints in the deck between
each deck girder, shall comply with the additional requirements of AASTO LRFD Specifications
Section 5.14.4.3.
Spliced precast girder bridges may be distinguished from what is referred to as “segmental
construction” in Bridge Specifications by several features which typically include:
• The lengths of some or all segments in a bridge are a significant fraction of the span length rather
than having a number of segments in each span.
• Design of joints between girder segments at the service limit state does not typically govern the
design for the entire length of the bridge for either construction or for the completed structure.
• Wet-cast closure joints are usually used to join girder segments rather than match-cast joints.
• The bridge cross-section is comprised of several individual girders with a cast-in-place concrete
composite deck rather than precasting the full width and depth of the superstructure as one piece.
In some cases, the deck may be divided into pieces that are integrally cast with each girder.
Connecting the girders across the longitudinal joints completes a bridge of this type.
• Girder sections are used, such as bulb tee, deck bulb tee or trapezoidal tub girders, rather than
closed cell boxes with wide monolithic flanges.
• Provisional ducts are required for segmental construction to provide for possible adjustment of
prestress force during construction. Similar requirements are not given for spliced precast girder
bridges because of the redundancy provided by a greater number of webs and tendons, and
typically lower friction losses because of fewer joint locations.
• The method of construction and any required temporary support is of paramount importance in
the design of spliced precast girder bridges. Such considerations often govern final conditions in
the selection of section dimensions and reinforcing and/or prestressing.
All supports required prior to the splicing of the girder shall be shown on the contract documents,
including elevations and reactions. The stage of construction during which the temporary supports
are removed shall also be shown on the contract documents. Stresses due to changes in the structural
system, in particular, the effects of the application of load to one structural system and its removal
from a different structural system, shall be accounted for. Redistribution of such stresses by creep
shall be taken into account and allowance shall be made for possible variations in the creep rate
and magnitude.
Prestress losses in spliced precast girder bridges may be estimated using the provisions of Section
5.1.4. The effects of combined pretensioning and post tensioning and staged post tensioning shall be
considered. When required, the effects of creep and shrinkage in spliced precast girder bridges may be
estimated using the provisions of Section 5.1.1.

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5.9.2  WSDOT Criteria for use of Spliced Girders

Long span prestressed concrete girder bridges may bear increased costs due to difficulties encountered
during the fabrication, shipping and erection of such long one-piece girders. Providing an alternate
spliced-girder design to long span one-piece pretensioned girders may eliminate the excessive cost
through competitive bidding. The following procedure for alternative design of prestressed concrete
girders shall be followed:
• All prestressed concrete girders with shipping weight less than 190 kips shall be pre-tensioned
only (no alternative design).
• All prestressed concrete girders with shipping weight between 190 and 240 kips shall include
both pretensioned and post-tensioned spliced prestressed concrete girder alternatives as part of the
PS&E, with post-tensioning to be applied before the casting of deck slab. Post-tensioning may be
applied after the casting of deck slab at the option of the Contractor with approval of the designer
of record.
• All prestressed concrete girders with shipping weight exceeding 240 kips shall be spliced
prestressed concrete girders, with post-tensioning applied after the casting of the girder closures
and deck slab.
• For pretensioned concrete girders, the total number of permanent prestressing strands (straight
and harped) shall be limited to 100-0.6” diameter strands.
When a spliced prestressed concrete girder alternative is presented in the Plans, the substructure
shall be designed and detailed for the maximum force effect case only (no alternative design for
substructure).
Shipping long girder segments may also be constrained by highway route or local features in some
cases. It is therefore prudent to verify delivery for unusually long girders.







Figure 5.9.2-1

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

1.2
§d ·
0.75 d M 0.583  0.25¨ t  1¸ d 1.0
©c ¹
1.1
§d ·
0.75 d M 0.616  0.20¨ t  1¸ d 0.95
© c ¹ Precast Members
1.0
Flexural resistance FactorI

Precast Spliced Members with CIP Closures

Cast-in-Place Members
0.9

0.8

§d ·
0.7 0.75 d M 0.650  0.15¨ t  1¸ d 0.9
© c ¹

0.6 Compression Transition Tension

Controlled Controlled

0.5
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
Net Tensile Strain Ht
Variation of I with Net Tensile Strain Ht
Figure 5.9.2-2
Figure 5.9.2-2

5.9.3  Girder Segment Design

A. Design Considerations
Stress limits for temporary concrete stresses in girder segments before losses and stress limits
for concrete stresses in girder segments at the service limit state after losses specified in BDM
Section 5.1.3 shall apply at each stage of pretensioning or post tensioning with due consideration
for all applicable loads during construction. The concrete strength at the time the stage of
prestressing is applied shall be substituted for f’ci in the stress limits.
The designer shall consider requirements for bracing of the girder segments once they have
been erected on the substructure. Any requirements for temporary or permanent bracing during
subsequent stages of construction, along with the contractor’s responsibilities for designing and
placing them, shall be specified in the contract documents.
B. Post tensioning
Post tensioning may be applied either before and/or after placement of deck concrete. Part of the
post tensioning may be applied prior to placement of the deck concrete, with the remainder placed
after deck concrete placement. In the case of multistage post tensioning, ducts for tendons to be
tensioned before the slab concrete shall not be located in the slab.
All post tensioning tendons shall be fully grouted after stressing. Prior to grouting of post
tensioning ducts, gross cross-section properties shall be reduced by deducting the area of ducts
and void areas around tendon couplers.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Where some or all post tensioning is applied after the deck concrete is placed, fewer post
tensioning tendons and a lower concrete strength in the closure joint may be required. However,
deck replacement, if necessary, is difficult to accommodate with this construction sequence.
Where all of the post tensioning is applied before the deck concrete is placed, a greater number
of post tensioning tendons and a higher concrete strength in the closure joint may be required.
However, in this case, the deck can be replaced if necessary.

5.9.4  Joints Between Segments

A. General
Cast-in-place closure joints are typically used in spliced girder construction. The sequence of
placing concrete for the closure joints and deck shall be specified in the contract documents.
Match-cast joints shall not be specified for spliced girder bridges unless approved by the Bridge
Design Engineer. Prestress, dead load and creep effects may cause rotation of the faces of the
match-cast joints prior to splicing. If match cast joint is specified, the procedures for splicing the
girder segments that overcome this rotation to close the match-cast joint should be shown on the
contract plans.
B. Location of Closure Joints
The location of intermediate diaphragms shall be offset by at least 2’-0” from the edge of cast-
in-place closure joints. The intent of the joint width requirement is to allow proper compaction
of concrete in the cast-in-place closure joint. A wider closure joint may be used to provide more
room to accommodate tolerances for potential misalignment of ducts within girder segments and
misalignment of girder segments at erection.
In horizontally curved spliced girder bridges, intermediate diaphragms could be located at the
cast-in-place closure joints if straight segments are spliced with deflection points at closures.
In this case, diaphragm could be extended beyond the face of exterior girder for improved
development of diaphragm reinforcement.
C. Details of Closure Joints
The width of a closure joint between precast concrete segments shall allow for the splicing
of steel whose continuity is required by design considerations and the accommodation of the
splicing of post tensioning ducts. The width of a closure joint shall not be less than 24.0 in.
Web reinforcement, Av/s within the joint shall be the larger of that in the adjacent girders. The
face of the precast segments at closure joints shall be specified as intentionally roughened surface.
D. Joint Design
Stress limits for temporary concrete stresses in joints before losses specified in Section 5.1.3 for
shall apply at each stage of prestressing post tensioning. The concrete strength at the time the
stage of prestressing is applied shall be substituted for f’ci in the stress limits.
Stress limits for concrete stresses in joints at the service limit state after losses specified in
Section 5.1.3 for shall apply. These stress limits shall also apply for intermediate load stages, with
the concrete strength at the time of loading substituted for f’c in the stress limits. The compressive
strength of the closure joint concrete at a specified age shall be compatible with design stress
limitations. Resistance factors for cast-in-place closure joints shall be 0.95 for flexure and
0.9 for shear.

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

5.9.5  Review of shop plans for precast post-tensioned

spliced-girders
Shop drawings for precast post-tensioned spliced-girders should be reviewed by the designer (or
Bridge Technical Advisor for non bridge office projects) and consulted with the concrete specialist
if needed. Shop drawings, after reviewed by the design engineer should be stamped with the official
rubber seal and returned to the bridge construction support office. Review of shop drawing must
include:
1. All prestressing strands shall be of ½” or 0.6” diameter grade 270 low relaxation uncoated
strands.
2. Number of strands per segment shall be specified in the shop drawings and shall conform to the
contract plans.
3. Pretensioning strands jacking stresses shall not exceed 0.75fpu.
4. Strand placement patterns shall be verified per contract plans.
5. Temporary Strand placement patterns, location and size of blockouts for cutting strands shall be
verified per contract plans.
6. Procedure for cutting temporary strands and patching the blockouts shall be specified.
7. Number and length of extended strands and rebars at girder ends shall be verified per contract
plans.
8. Location of holes and shear keys for intermediate and end diaphragms shall be verified per
contract plans.
9. Location and size of bearing recesses shall be verified per contract plans.
10. Saw tooth at girder ends shall be verified per contract plans.
11. Location and size of lifting loops or lifting bars shall be verified per contract plans.
12. Number and size of horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be verified per contract plans.
13. Segment length and end skew shall be verified per contract plans.
14. Tendon profile and tendon placement pattern shall be verified per contract plans.
15. Duct size shall be based on the duct area at least 2.5 times the total area of prestressing strands.
16. Anchor set shall conform to the contract plans. The post-tensioning design is typically based on
an anchor set of ⅜”.
17. Maximum number of strands per tendon shall not exceed 31½” diameter strands or 22 - 0.6”
diameter strands per Standard Specifications 6-02.3(26) D.
18. Jacking force per girder shall be verified per contract plans.
19. Prestress force after anchor set (lift-off force) shall conform to contract plans.
20. Number of strands per web shall be specified in the shop drawings and shall conform to the
contract plans.
21. Anchorage system shall conform to pre-approved list of post-tensioning system per BDM
Appendix B. The anchorage assembly dimensions and reinforcement detailing shall conform to
the corresponding post-tensioning catalog.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

22. The curvature friction coefficient and wobble friction coefficient shall conform to the contract
plans. The curvature friction coefficient of μ= 0.15 for bridges less than 400 feet, μ= 0.2 for
bridges between 400 feet and 800 feet, and μ= 0.25 for bridges longer than 800 feet. The wobble
friction coefficient of k = 0.0002 /ft is often used. These coefficients may be revised by the post-
tensioning supplier if approved by the design engineer and conform to the Standard Specifications
6.02.3(26) E.
23. Post-tensioning stressing sequence shall be in accordance with the contract plan post-tensioning
Notes.
24. Tendon stresses shall not exceed as specified per Figure 5.8.3-2:
0.80fpu at anchor ends immediately before seating.
0.70fpu at anchor ends immediately after seating.
0.74fpu at the end point of length influenced by anchor set.
25. Elongation calculations for each jacking operation shall be verified. If the difference in tendon
elongation exceeds 2%, the elongation calculations shall be separated for each tendon per
Standard Specification 6-02.3(26) A.
26. Vent points shall be provided at all high points along tendon.
27. Drain holes shall be provided at all low points along tendon.
28. The concrete strength at the time of post-tensioning, f’ci shall not be less than 4000 psi per
Standard Specifications 6-02.3(26)E. Different concrete strength may be used if specified in the
contract plans.
29. Concrete stresses at the anchorage shall be checked per Standard Specifications 6-02.3(26)C-1 for
bearing type anchorage. For other type of anchorage assemblies, if not covered in the Appendix
5-B2 for pre-approved list of post-tensioning system, testing per Standard Specifications
6-02.3(26)B is required.
30. Concrete stresses at cast-in-place closures shall conform to allowable stresses of Table 5.2.3-1.

5.9.6  Post-Tensioning Notes ~ Precast Post-Tensioning

Spliced-Girders
1. The cast-in-place concrete in deck slab shall be Class 4000D. The minimum compressive strength
of the cast-in-place concrete at the wet joint at the time of post-tensioning shall be …. ksi.
2. The minimum prestressing load after seating and the minimum number of prestressing strands for
each girder shall be as shown in post-tensioning table.
3. The design is based on ….. inch diameter low relaxation strands with a jacking load for each
girder as shown in post-tensioning table, an anchor set of ⅜ inch a curvature friction coefficient,
μ= 0.20 and a wobble friction coefficient, k = 0.0002 /ft. The actual anchor set used by the
contractor shall be specified in the shop plans and included in the transfer force calculations.
4. The design is based on the estimated prestress loss of post-tensioned prestressing strands as
shown in post-tensioning table due to steel relaxation, elastic shortening, creep and shrinkage of
concrete.
5. The contractor shall submit the stressing sequence and elongation calculations to the engineer
for approval. All losses due to tendon vertical and horizontal curvature must be included in
elongation calculations. The stressing sequence shall meet the following criteria:

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Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

6. The prestressing force shall be distributed with an approximately equal amount in each web and
shall be placed symmetrically about the centerline of the bridge.
7. No more than one-half of the prestressing force in any web may be stressed before an equal force
is stressed in the adjacent webs. At no time during stressing operation will more than one-sixth of
the total prestressing force is applied eccentrically about the centerline of bridge.
8. The maximum outside diameter of the duct shall be …. inches. The area of the duct shall be at
least 2.5 times the net area of the prestressing steel in the duct.
9. All tendons shall be stressed from pier ….

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.9-8 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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5.99  Bibliography
1. AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition, American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
2. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, 1st Edition 1998, AASHTO, Washington,
D.C., 1998.
3. WSDOT Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Municipal Construction, Olympia,
Washington 98501.
4. ACI Committee 317, Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook — Working Stress Method,
Publication SP-3, American Concrete Institute, 3rd Ed., 1965, 271 pp.
5. Seguirant, S.J., “New Deep WSDOT Standard Sections Extend Spans of Prestressed Concrete
Girders,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 43, No. 4, July-August 1998, pp. 92-119.
6. PCI Bridge Design Manual, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL, 1997.
7. ACI 318-02, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, 1989, pp.353.
8. Ghosh, S. K. and Rabbat, B. G., Editors, Notes on ACI 318-89, Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete with Design Applications, Portland Cement Association, 5th ed., 1990.
9. ACI-ASCE Committee 343, Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Structures,
American Concrete Institute, 1988, 162 pp.
10. Hsu, T. T. C., Torsion of Reinforced Concrete, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1st Ed.,
1984, 516 pp.
11. Collins, M. P. and Mitchell, D., Shear and Torsion Design of Prestressed and Non-Prestressed
Concrete Beams, PCI Journal, September-October, 1980, pp. 32-100.
12. Mirza, S.A., and Furlong, R.W., Design of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Inverted T
Beams for Bridge Structures, PCI Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, July-August 1985, pp. 112-136.
13. Rabbat, B.G., Reader Comments Design of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete inverted T
Beams for Bridge Structures, PCI Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, May-June 1986, pp. 157-163.
14. AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 16th Edition, AASHTO, Washington,
D.C., 1996.
15. ACI Committee 345, Guide for Widening Highway Bridges, ACI Structural Journal, July/August,
1992, pp. 451-466.
16. Babaei, K. and Hawkins, N. M., Bending/Straightening and Grouting Concrete Reinforcing Steel:
Review of WSDOT’s Specifications and Proposed Modifications, Final Report WA-RD 168.1,
Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), December 1988, 75 pp.
17. PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed Concrete, Fifth Edition, Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL, 1999.
18. Mast, R.F., “Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams, Part 1,” PCI JOURNAL, V.
34, No. 1, January-February 1989, pp. 34-53.
19. Mast, R.F., “Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams, Part 2,” PCI JOURNAL, V.
38, No. 1, January-February 1993, pp. 70-88.
20. Imper, R.R., and Laszlo, G., “Handling and Shipping of Long Span Bridge Beams,” PCI
JOURNAL, V. 32, No. 6, November-December 1987, pp. 86-101.

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

21. Preapproved Repair Procedures, WSDOT Manual for Repair of Concrete.

22. Transportation Research Board Report No. 226 titled, Damage Evaluation and Repair Methods
for Prestressed Concrete Bridge Members.
23. Transportation Research Board Report No. 280 titled, Guidelines for Evaluation and Repair of
Prestressed Concrete Bridge Members.
24. Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridge Manual, Post-Tensioning Institute, 301 West Osborn, Phoenix,
Arizona.
25. Prestressed Concrete Structures T. Y. Lin, Wiley.
26. Prestressed Concrete Vol. I and II, Guyon, Wiley
27. Design of Concrete Bridges for Temperature Gradients, ACI Journal, May 1978.
28. Cracking of Voided Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridge Decks, Ministry of Transportation and
Communications, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
29. Post-Tensioned Bridges - Design & Construction Manual of WCRSI, 1499 Bayshore Highway,
Burlingame, California, Copyright 1969.
30. Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Structures, ACI Committee 443 Report 71-14
ACI Journal, April 1974.
31. Mast, R. F., “Unified Design Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Flexural and
Compression Members”, ACI Structural Journal, V. 89, No. 2, March-April 1992, pp. 185-199.
See also discussions by R.K. Devalapura and M.K. Tadros, C.W. Dolan and J.V. Loscheider and
closure to discussions in V. 89, No. 5, September-October 1992, pp. 591-593.
32. Weigel, J.A., Seguirant, S.J., Brice, R., and Khaleghi, B., “High Performance Precast, Prestressed
Concrete Girder Bridges in Washington State,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 48, No. 2, March-April 2003,
pp. 28-52.
33. Seguirant, S. J., Brice, R., and Khaleghi, B., “Flexural Strength of Reinforced and restressed
Concrete T-Beams,” ,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 1, January-February 2005, pp 44-73.
34. Baran, E., Schultz, A. E., and French, C. E., “Analysis of the Flexural Strength of Prestressed
Concrete Flanged Sections”, PCI JOURNAL, V. 50, No. 1, January-February 2005, pp. 74-93.

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Appendix 5.1-A1 Standard Hooks




   
   
  
     



    
      

    
     
     
     



    


    
    

    









 










  




 

    
 

 
 
  
        
    
        
        
         
        
        
        

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A1-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

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Chapter 5 Minimum Reinforcement Clearance
Concrete Structures

Appendix 5.1-A2 and Spacing for Beams and Columns

Minimum Reinforcement Clearance
Appendix 5.1-A2 and Spacing for Beams and Columns

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A2-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Appendix 5.1-A3 Reinforcing Bar Properties

Max. Bar Length

Weight Nominal Outside
Bar Size Area (in2) (Normal Length
(lbs/ft) Diameter (in) Diameter (in)
for Barlist) (ft)
#3 0.376 0.375 0.42 0.11 40 (30)
#4 0.668 0.500 0.56 0.20 40 (40)
#5 1.043 0.625 0.70 0.31 60 (40)
#6 1.502 0.750 0.83 0.44 60 (60)
#7 2.044 0.875 0.96 0.60 60 (60)
#8 2.670 1.000 1.10 0.79 72 (60)
#9 3.400 1.128 1.24 1.00 72 (60)
#10 4.303 1.270 1.40 1.27 72 (60)
#11 5.313 1.410 1.55 1.56 90 (60)
#14 7.65 1.693 1.86 2.25 90 (60)
#18 13.60 2.257 2.48 4.00 90 (60)

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Concrete Structures Chapter 5

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 Tension Development
Appendix 5.1-A4 Length of Deformed Bars

Tension Development Length of Uncoated Deformed Bars

Bar f’c = 3000 psi f’c = 4000 psi f’c = 5000 psi f’c = 6000 psi
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-5” 1’-0”
#4 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-5” 1’-0”
#5 1’-9” 1’-3” 1’-9” 1’-3” 1’-9” 1’-3” 1’-9” 1’-3”
#6 2’-3” 1’-8” 2’-2” 1’-6” 2’-2” 1’-6” 2’-2” 1’-6”
#7 3’-1” 2’-3” 2’-8” 1’-11” 2’-6” 1’-9” 2’-6” 1’-9”
#8 4’-1” 2’-11” 3’-6” 2’-6” 3’-2” 2’-3” 2’-11” 2’-1”
#9 5’-2” 3’-8” 4’-6” 3’-2” 4’-0” 2’-10” 3’-8” 2’-7”
#10 6’-6” 4’-8” 5’-8” 4’-1” 5’-1” 3’-8” 4’-8” 3’-4”
#11 8’-0” 5’-9” 6’-11” 5’-0” 6’-3” 4’-5” 5’-8” 4’-1”
#14 10’-11” 7’-10” 9’-5” 6’-9” 8’-5” 6’-1” 7’-9” 5’-6”
#18 14’-1” 10’-1” 12’-3” 8’-9” 10’-11” 7’-10” 10’-0” 7’-2”

Tension Development Length of Epoxy Coated Deformed Bars

f’c = 3000 psi f’c = 4000 psi f’c = 5000 psi f’c = 6000 psi
Bar
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others

#3 1’-9” 1’-6” 1’-9” 1’-6” 1’-9” 1’-6” 1’-9” 1’-6”

#4 1’-9” 1’-6” 1’-9” 1’-6” 1’-9” 1’-6” 1’-9” 1’-6”
#5 2’-2” 1’-11” 2’-2” 1’-11” 2’-2” 1’-11” 2’-2” 1’-11”
#6 2’-9” 2’-5” 2’-7” 2’-3” 2’-7” 2’-3” 2’-7” 2’-3”
#7 3’-9” 3’-4” 3’-3” 2’-11” 3’-0” 2’-8” 3’-0” 2’-8”
#8 4’-11” 4’-4” 4’-3” 3’-9” 3’-10” 3’-5” 3’-6” 3’-1”
#9 6’-3” 5’-6” 5’-5” 4’-9” 4’-10” 4’-3” 4’-5” 3’-11”
#10 7’-11” 7’-0” 6’-10” 6’-1” 6’-2” 5’-5” 5’-7” 4’-11”
#11 9’-9” 8’-7” 8’-5” 7’-5” 7’-6” 6’-8” 6’-11” 6’-1”
#14 13’-3” 11’-8” 11’-6” 10’-1” 10’-3” 9’-1” 9’-4” 8’-3”
#18 17’-1” 15’-1” 14’-10” 13’-1” 13’-3” 11’-8” 12’-1” 10’-8”

Top bars are so placed that more than 12” of concrete is cast below the reinforcement.
Modifications factor for spacing >=6” and side cover>=3” = 0.8.
Modification factor for reinforcements enclosed in spirals = 0.75.
Minimum development length = 12”.

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.1-A4-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A4-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Compression Development Length and
Appendix 5.1-A5 Minimum Lap Splice of Grade 60 Bars

Compression Development Length and Minimum Lap splice of Uncoated Deformed Bars
Compression Development Length Min. Lap
Bar Size Straight Bars Splice
Hooked Bars f’c > 3.0 ksi
f’c = 3 ksi f’c = 4 ksi f’c = 5 ksi f’c = 6 ksi
#3 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 6” 2’-0”
#4 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 7” 2’-0”
#5 1’-2” 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 9” 2’-0”
#6 1’-5” 1’-3” 1’-2” 1’-2” 10” 2’-0”
#7 1’-8” 1’-5” 1’-4” 1’-4” 1’-0” 2’-3”
#8 1’-10” 1’-7” 1’-6” 1’-6” 1’-2” 2’-6”
#9 2’-1” 1’-10” 1’-9” 1’-9” 1’-3” 2’-10”
#10 2’-4” 2’-1” 1’-11” 1’-11” 1’-5” 3’-3”
#11 2’-7” 2’-3” 2’-2” 2’-2” 1’-7” 3’-7”
#14 3’-1” 2’-9” 2’-7” 2’-7” 2’-10 4’-3”
#18 4’-2” 3’-7” 3’-5” 3’-5” 3’-7” 5’-8”

Compression Development Length and Minimum Lap splice of Epoxy Coated Deformed Bars
Compression Development Length Min. Lap
Bar Size Straight Bars Splice
Hooked Bars f’c > 3.0 ksi
f’c = 3 ksi f’c = 4 ksi f’c = 5 ksi f’c = 6 ksi
#3 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 6” 2’-0”
#4 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 7” 2’-0”
#5 1’-2” 1’-0” 1’-0” 1’-0” 9” 2’-0”
#6 1’-5” 1’-3” 1’-2” 1’-2” 10” 2’-0”
#7 1’-8” 1’-5” 1’-4” 1’-4” 1’-0” 2’-3”
#8 1’-10” 1’-7” 1’-6” 1’-6” 1’-2” 2’-6”
#9 2’-1” 1’-10” 1’-9” 1’-9” 1’-3” 2’-10”
#10 2’-4” 2’-1” 1’-11” 1’-11” 1’-5” 3’-3”
#11 2’-7” 2’-3” 2’-2” 2’-2” 1’-7” 3’-7”
#14 3’-1” 2’-9” 2’-7” 2’-7” 2’-10 4’-3”
#18 4’-2” 3’-7” 3’-5” 3’-5” 3’-7” 5’-8”

Notes:
1. Where excess bar area is provided, the development length may be reduced by ratio of required area to
provided area.
2. When splicing smaller bars to larger bars, the lap splice shall be the larger of the minimum compression
lap splice or development length of the larger bar in compression.

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.1-A5-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A5-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Tension Development Length
Appendix 5.1-A6 of 90º and 180º Standard Hooks

f’c = 3000 psi f’c = 4000 psi f’c = 5000 psi f’c = 6000 psi
Side
Side Side Side Side Side Side Side
Bar Cover
Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover
Size < 2½”
< 2½” >= 2½” < 2½” >= 2½” < 2½” >= 2½” >= 2½”
Cover
Cover on Cover on Cover on Cover on Cover on Cover on Cover on
on Tail
Tail < 2” Tail >= 2” Tail < 2” Tail >= 2” Tail < 2” Tail >= 2” Tail >= 2”
< 2”
#3 0’-9” 0’-6” 0’-8” 0’-6” 0’-7” 0’-6” 0’-6” 0’-6”
#4 0’-11” 0’-8” 0’-10” 0’-7” 0’-9” 0’-7” 0’-8”* 0’-7”
#5 1’-2” 0’-10” 1’-0” 0’-9” 0’-11” 0’-8” 0’-10” 0’-7”
#6 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-3” 0’-10” 1’-1” 0’-9” 1’-0” 0’-8”
#7 1’-8” 1’-2” 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-3” 0’-11” 1’-2” 0’-10”
#8 1’-10” 1’-4” 1’-7” 1’-2” 1’-5” 1’-0” 1’-4” 0’-11”
#9 2’-1” 1’-6” 1’-10” 1’-3” 1’-8” 1’-2” 1’-6” 1’-1”
#10 2’-4” 1’-8” 2’-1” 1’-5” 1’-10” 1’-3” 1’-8” 1’-2”
#11 2’-7” 1’-10” 2’-3” 1’-7” 2’-0” 1’-5” 1’-10” 1’-4”
#14 3’-1” 3’-1” 2’-9” 2’-9” 2’-5” 2’-5” 2’-3” 2’-3”
#18 4’-2” 4’-2” 3’-7” 3’-7” 3’-3” 3’-3” 2’-11” 2’-11”
Modification factor for Epoxy coated reinforcement = 1.2.

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.1-A6-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A6-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Tension Lap Splice Lengths of
Appendix 5.1-A7 Grade 60 Uncoated Bars ~ Class B

Tension Lap Splice Lengths of Grade 60 Uncoated Bars ~ Class B

Bar f’c = 3000 psi f’c = 4000 psi f’c = 5000 psi f’c = 6000 psi
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0”
#4 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0” 2’-0”
#5 2’-4” 2’-0” 2’-4” 2’-0” 2’-4” 2’-0” 2’-4” 2’-0”
#6 2’-11” 2’-1” 2’-9” 2’-0” 2’-9” 2’-0” 2’-9” 2’-0”
#7 4’-0” 2’-11” 3’-6” 2’-6” 3’-3” 2’-4” 3’-3” 2’-4”
#8 5’-3” 3’-9” 4’-7” 3’-3” 4’-11” 2’-11” 3’-9” 2’-8”
#9 6’-8” 4’-9” 5’-9” 4’-2” 5’-2” 3’-9” 4’-9” 3’-5”
#10 8’-6” 6’-1” 7’-4” 5’-3” 6’-7” 4’-8” 6’-0” 4’-4”
#11 10’-5” 7’-5” 9’-0” 6’-5” 8’-1” 5’-9” 7’-4” 5’-3”
#14 Lap Splices Lap Splices Lap Splices Lap Splices
#18 Not Allowed Not Allowed Not Allowed Not Allowed

Tension Lap Splice Lengths of Grade 60 Epoxy Coated Bars ~ Class B

Bar f’c = 3000 psi f’c = 4000 psi f’c = 5000 psi f’c = 6000 psi
Size Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others Top Bars Others
#3 2’-3” 2’-0” 2’-3” 2’-0” 2’-3” 2’-0” 2’-3” 2’-0”
#4 2’-3” 2’-0” 2’-3” 2’-0” 2’-3” 2’-0” 2’-3” 2’-0”
#5 2’-10” 2’-6” 2’-10” 2’-6” 2’-10” 2’-6” 2’-10” 2’-6”
#6 3’-7” 3’-2” 3’-4” 3’-0” 3’-4” 3’-0” 3’-4” 3’-0”
#7 4’-11” 4’-4” 4’-3” 3’-9” 3’-11” 3’-5” 3’-11” 3’-5”
#8 6’-5” 5’-8” 5’-7” 4’-11” 5’-0” 4’-5” 4’-6” 4’-0”
#9 8’-1” 7’-2” 7’-0” 6’-2” 6’-3” 5’-7” 5’-9” 5’-1”
#10 10’3” 9’-1” 8’-11” 7’-10” 8’-0” 7’-0” 7’-3” 6’-5”
#11 12’-8” 11’-2” 10’-11” 9’-8” 9’-9” 8’-0” 8’-11” 7’-11”
#14 Lap Splices Lap Splices Lap Splices Lap Splices
#18 Not Allowed Not Allowed Not Allowed Not Allowed
Top bars are so placed that more than 12” of concrete is cast below the reinforcement.
Modification factor for spacing >=6” and side cover>=3” = 0.8.
Modification factor for reinforcements enclosed in spirals = 0.75.
Definition of splice classes: Class A: Low stressed bars ~ 75% or less are spliced
Class B: Low stressed bars ~ more than 75% are spliced
High stressed bars ~ 50% or less are spliced
Class C: High stressed bars ~ more than 50% are spliced
Class B lap splice is the preferred and most commonly used by Bridge Office.
Modification factor for Class A = 0.77
Modification factor for Class C = 1.31
Modification factor for 3-bar bundle = 1.2

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.1-A7-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A7-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Prestressing Strand Properties

Appendix 5.1-A8 and Development Length

Uncoated Prestressing Strands Properties and Development Length

Strand Weight Nominal Area Transfer Develop. Length Develop. Length
Diameter (in) (lbs/ft) Diameter (in) (in2) length (in) k = 1.0 (ft) k = 1.6 (ft)
3/8 0.29 0.375 0.085 22.5 5.05 8.09
7/16 0.40 0.438 0.115 26.3 5.90 9.43
½ 0.52 0.500 0.153 30.0 6.74 10.78
½S 0.53 0.500 0.167 30.0 6.74 10.78
9/16 0.65 0.563 0.192 33.8 7.58 12.13
0.60 0.74 0.600 0.217 36.0 8.09 12.94

Epoxy Coated Prestressing Strands Properties and Development Length

Strand Weight Nominal Area Transfer Develop. Length Develop. Length
Diameter (in) (lbs/ft) Diameter (in) (in2) length (in) k = 1.0 (ft) k = 1.6 (ft)
3/8 0.31 0.415 0.085 24.9 5.59 8.95
7/16 0.42 0.478 0.115 28.7 6.44 10.31
½ 0.54 0.540 0.153 32.4 7.28 11.64
0.60 0.64 0.648 0.217 38.9 8.73 13.97

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.1-A8-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.1-A8-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Appendix 5.2-A1 Working Stress Design

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.2-A1-1

May 2008
Appendix 5.2-A2
Appendix 5.2-A2 Working Stress Design

Bridge Design
Bridge Manual
Design Manual M M
23-50
23-50.02 Page5.2-A2-1
Page 5.2-A2-1
June 2006
May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.2-A2-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Appendix 5.2-A3
Appendix 5.2-A3 Working Stress Design

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.2-A3-1

Bridge
MayDesign
2008 Manual M 23-50 Page 5.2-A3-1
June 2006
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.2-A3-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Appendix 5.3-A1 Positive Moment Reinforcement

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-A1-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A1-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Appendix 5.3-A2 Negative Moment Reinforcement

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-A2-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A2-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Adjusted Negative Moment Case I

Appendix 5.3-A3 (Design for M @ Face of Support)

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-A3-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A3-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Adjusted Negative Moment
Appendix 5.3-A4 Case II (Design for M @ 1/4 Point)

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.3-A4-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A4-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Slab Design Charts

May 2008
Chapter 5

Required Bar Spacing for Girder Spacings and Slab Thicknesses for the Positive Moment Region

14

7.5" Slab
13 8.0" Slab
8.5" Slab
Appendix 5.3-A5

Maximum Bar Spacing = 12" 9.0" Slab

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

12

#6 Bars

11

10 #5 Bars

Bar Spacing in Inches

9

Note: Control of cracking by distribution of Reinforcement is not shown

7

6
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0
Girder Spacing in Feet

Page 5.3-A5-1
Positive Moment Regions f'c=4, 0 ksi
Cast-In-Place Deck Slab Design for
Concrete Structures

Page 1
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A5-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Slab Design Charts

May 2008
Required Bar Spacing for Girder Spacings and Slab Thicknesses for the Negative Moment Region

14

7.5" Slab
13
8.0" Slab
Maximum Bar Spacing = 12"
8.5" Slab
12 9.0" Slab

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

#6 Bars
11

10

9 #5 Bars

Bar Spacing in Inches

7

6
Note: Control of cracking by distribution of Reinforcement is not checked.
5

4
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0
Girder Spacing in Feet

Page 5.3-A6-1
Appendix 5.3-A6 Negative Moment Regions f'c=4, 0 ksi
Cast-In-Place Deck Slab Design for

Page 1
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A6-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Slab Overhang Required Reinforcement for Vehicle Impact -
Interior Barrier Segment - LRFD A13.4.1 Design Case 1

May 2008
2.8
32in F Shape &
2.6 34in Single Slope
42in F Shape &
2.4 42in Single Slope
Appendix 5.3-A7

2.2

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2

Top Mat Steel As (in2/ft)

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5
d (in)
Notes:
1. Top and bottom mats each carry one-half the tension impact load.
2. Only Design Case 1 of LRFD A13.4.1 is considered. Designer must also check Design Cases 2 and 3.
3. Section considered is a vertical section through the slab overhang at the toe of the barrier.

Page 5.3-A7-1
Interior Barrier Segment
Slab Overhang Design-
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A7-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Slab Overhang Required Reinforcement for Vehicle Impact -
End Barrier Segment - LRFD A13.4.1 Design Case 1

May 2008
3.2 32in F Shape
3 34in Single Slope
2.8 42in F Shape
42in Single Slope
Appendix 5.3-A8

2.6

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6

Top Mat Steel As (in2/ft)

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5
d (in)
Notes:
1. Top and bottom mats each carry one-half the tension impact load.
2. Only Design Case 1 of LRFD A13.4.1 is considered. Designer must also check Design Cases 2 and 3.
3. Section considered is a vertical section through the slab overhang at the toe of the barrier.

Page 5.3-A8-1
End Barrier Segment
Slab Overhang Design-
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.3-A8-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of
Prestressed W Girders
Appendix 5.6-A1-1A with Future Wearing Surface
Appendix 5.6-A1-1A Span Capability of Prestressed W Girders with Future Wearing Surface

f'ci = 7.5 ksi, f'c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6" Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Harped
Girder Span Length Straight Harped Top Temp. "A" Dim. Deck
Spacing Strand
Type (ft) Strands Strands Strands (in) Thickness (in)
(ft) Location*
5 85 14 7 6 - 10.50 7.50
6 80 14 7 7 - 10.25 7.50
7 75 14 7 9 - 10.00 7.50
8 65 12 6 9 - 9.75 7.50
W42G
9 55 10 4 9 - 9.50 7.50
10 45 8 3 8 - 9.50 7.75
11 45 8 4 8 - 10.00 8.25
12 40 8 3 9 - 10.00 8.50
5 115 24 8 3 - 11.00 7.50
6 110 24 8 3 - 11.00 7.50
7 105 24 8 3 - 11.00 7.50
8 95 22 7 3 - 11.00 7.50
W50G
9 90 24 5 5 - 11.00 7.50
10 85 20 8 6 - 11.00 7.75
11 80 20 8 8 - 11.00 8.00
12 75 20 7 9 - 11.00 8.50
5 130 26 11 3 4 10.50 7.50
6 120 26 9 3 2 11.00 7.50
7 115 26 8 3 2 10.75 7.50
8 110 26 8 3 2 10.75 7.50
W58G
9 105 26 8 3 2 10.75 7.50
10 100 26 8 3 2 10.75 7.50
11 95 26 7 3 2 11.00 8.00
12 90 26 6 3 2 11.25 8.50
5 145 26 12 3 6 9.75 7.50
6 140 26 13 3.23 6 10.00 7.50
7 135 26 13 3.23 6 9.75 7.50
8 130 26 13 3.23 6 10.00 7.50
W74G
9 125 26 13 3.23 6 10.00 7.50
10 120 26 13 3.23 6 10.00 7.50
11 115 26 13 3.23 6 10.25 7.75
12 110 26 12 3 4 10.75 8.00
* Vertical location at harping point

Design Parameters:
~PGSuper Ver. 1.12.0 ~No vertical or horizontal curve
~Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to CL bearing ~2% roadway crown slope
~Spans reported in 5 ft. increments ~Standard WSDOT "F" shape barrier
~Slab f'c = 4.0 ksi ~6% roadway superelevation for shipping check
~Under normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity ~2” future HMA overlay with density of 140 pcf

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-1A-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-1A-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of W Girders
Appendix 5.6-A1-1B without Future Wearing Surface
Appendix 5.6-A1-1B Span Capability of W Girders without Future Wearing Surface

f'ci = 7.5 ksi, f'c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6" Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Harped
Girder Span Straight Harped Top Temp. Deck Thickness
Spacing Strand "A" Dim. (in)
Type Length (ft) Strands Strands Strands (in)
(ft) Location*
5 85 14 6 6 - 10.50 7.50
6 80 14 6 8 - 10.50 7.50
7 75 14 6 9 - 10.00 7.50
8 65 12 4 9 - 10.00 7.50
W42G
9 55 10 3 9 - 10.00 7.50
10 50 8 4 9 - 10.00 7.75
11 50 8 5 9 - 10.00 8.25
12 45 8 3 9 - 10.25 8.50
5 115 24 7 3 - 11.00 7.50
6 110 24 7 3 - 11.00 7.50
7 105 24 7 5 - 11.00 7.50
8 100 22 9 6 - 11.00 7.50
W50G
9 95 22 9 7 - 11.00 7.50
10 90 22 8 8 - 11.00 7.75
11 85 20 10 9 - 11.00 8.00
12 80 18 10 9 - 11.00 8.50
5 130 26 8 3 2 11.00 7.50
6 125 26 8 3 2 11.00 7.50
7 120 26 9 3 2 11.00 7.50
8 115 26 8 3 2 11.00 7.50
W58G
9 110 26 8 3 2 11.00 7.50
10 105 26 7 3 2 11.00 7.50
11 100 26 7 3 4 11.25 8.00
12 95 26 6 3 4 11.50 8.50
5 150 26 13 3.23 6 10.00 7.50
6 145 26 13 3.23 6 9.75 7.50
7 140 26 13 3.23 6 9.75 7.50
8 130 26 12 3 6 10.00 7.50
W74G
9 125 26 11 3 6 10.00 7.50
10 125 26 13 3.23 6 9.75 7.50
11 120 26 13 3.23 6 10.00 7.75
12 115 26 12 3 6 10.25 8.00
* Vertical location at harping point

Design Parameters:
~PGSuper Ver. 1.11.1 ~No vertical or horizontal curve
~Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to CL bearing ~2% roadway crown slope
~Spans reported in 5 ft. increments ~Standard WSDOT "F" shape barrier
~Slab f'c = 4.0 ksi ~6% roadway superelevation for shipping check
~Under normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-1B-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-1B-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of Prestressed
Wide Flange Girders
Appendix 5.6-A1-2A with Future Wearing Surface
f’ci = 7.5 ksi, f’c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6” Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Girder Span Straight Harped Top Temp. “A” Deck
Type Spacing (ft) Length (ft) Strands Strands Strands Dim. (in) Thickness (in)
5 115 30 13 0 11.00 7.5
6 110 30 13 0 11.00 7.5
7 110 32 15 2 10.75 7.5
8 105 32 15 4 10.50 7.5
WF42G
9 100 32 13 4 10.25 7.5
10 95 32 12 2 10.75 7.5
11 90 32 11 2 10.75 7.5
12 85 32 9 2 11.00 8.0
5 135 36 14 0 11.00 7.5
6 130 34 17 0 11.25 7.5
7 125 34 17 0 11.25 7.5
8 120 34 17 2 10.75 7.5
WF50G
9 115 34 16 2 10.75 7.5
10 110 34 14 2 10.75 7.5
11 105 34 13 2 10.75 7.5
12 100 34 12 0 11.50 8.0
5 150 36 18 0 11.00 7.5
6 145 36 18 0 11.00 7.5
7 140 36 18 0 11.00 7.5
8 130 36 15 0 11.25 7.5
WF58G
9 130 36 18 2 10.75 7.5
10 125 36 18 4 10.50 7.5
11 115 36 13 0 11.25 7.5
12 115 36 16 4 10.75 8.0
5 170 40 14 2 10.00 7.5
6 165 40 15 2 10.25 7.5
7 160 40 16 2 10.50 7.5
8 155 40 17 2 10.50 7.5
WF74G
9 150 40 17 4 10.25 7.5
10 145 40 17 2 10.75 7.5
11 140 40 17 2 10.75 7.5
12 135 40 17 4 10.75 8.0
5 180 40 16 6 9.50 7.5
6 175 42 14 6 9.50 7.5
7 170 42 16 6 9.50 7.5
8 165 42 17 6 9.75 7.5
WF83G
9 155 42 14 4 10.25 7.5
10 150 42 14 4 10.25 7.5
11 145 44 12 6 10.00 7.5
12 140 44 12 6 10.50 8.0
5 180# 34 16 6 9.50 7.5
6 175# 38 13 6 9.50 7.5
7 175# 40 15 6 9.50 7.5
8 170# 44 11 6 9.50 7.5
WF95G
9 165 46 11 6 10.00 7.5
10 160 46 11 6 10.00 7.5
11 155 46 11 6 10.25 7.5
12 150 46 11 6 10.50 8.0
# Span capability exceeds shipping weight of 190 kips
Design Parameters:
• PGSuper Ver. 1.12.0 • No vertical or horizontal curve
• Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to CL bearing • 2% roadway crown slope
• Spans reported in 5 ft. increments • Standard WSDOT “F” shape barrier
• Slab f’c = 4.0 ksi • 6% roadway superelevation for shipping
• Under normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity check
• 2” future HMA overlay with density of 140 pcf

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-2A-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-2A-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of
Prestressed Wide Flange Girders
Appendix 5.6-A1-2B without Future Wearing Surface
f’ci = 7.5 ksi, f’c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6” Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Girder Span Straight Harped Top Temp. “A” Deck
Type Spacing (ft) Length (ft) Strands Strands Strands Dim. (in) Thickness (in)
5 120 32 13 0 11.00 7.5
6 115 32 13 0 11.00 7.5
7 110 32 12 0 11.00 7.5
8 105 32 12 0 11.25 7.5
WF42G
9 100 32 10 0 11.00 7.5
10 95 32 9 0 11.00 7.5
11 90 32 7 0 11.00 7.5
12 85 32 5 0 11.25 8.0
5 135 34 13 0 11.00 7.5
6 130 36 12 0 11.00 7.5
7 125 36 12 0 11.25 7.5
8 120 36 12 0 11.25 7.5
WF50G
9 115 36 11 0 11.25 7.5
10 110 36 9 0 11.25 7.5
11 105 36 8 0 11.25 7.5
12 100 36 7 0 11.50 8.0
5 150 38 13 0 11.00 7.5
6 145 38 13 0 11.00 7.5
7 140 38 13 0 11.00 7.5
8 135 38 13 0 11.00 7.5
WF58G
9 130 38 13 0 11.25 7.5
10 125 38 12 0 11.25 7.5
11 120 38 11 0 11.25 7.5
12 115 38 10 0 11.50 8.0
5 170 40 11 6 10.00 7.5
6 165 40 11 4 10.00 7.5
7 165 42 14 6 10.50 7.5
8 160 42 14 4 10.50 7.5
WF74G
9 155 42 15 6 11.00 7.5
10 150 42 14 6 10.75 7.5
11 145 42 14 4 10.75 7.5
12 140 42 14 4 11.25 8.0
5 180 36 15 6 10.00 7.5
6 175 40 12 6 10.00 7.5
7 170 42 11 6 10.00 7.5
8 165 44 10 6 10.50 7.5
WF83G
9 160 42 12 6 10.50 7.5
10 155 44 10 6 10.50 7.5
11 150 44 10 6 11.00 7.5
12 145 44 10 6 11.00 8.0
5 180# 30 16 6 10.00 7.5
6 175# 36 10 6 10.00 7.5
7 175# 38 12 6 10.00 7.5
8 170# 38 12 6 10.00 7.5
WF95G
9 160 38 9 6 10.00 7.5
10 155 38 9 6 10.00 7.5
11 155 42 8 6 10.50 7.5
12 150 36 14 6 10.50 8.0
# Span capability exceeds shipping weight of 190 kips
Design Parameters:
• PGSuper Ver. 1.11.1 • No vertical or horizontal curve
• Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to CL bearing • 2% roadway crown slope
• Spans reported in 5 ft. increments • Standard WSDOT “F” shape barrier
• Slab f’c = 4.0 ksi • 6% roadway superelevation for shipping check
• Under normal exposure condition and 75% relative
humidity

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-2B-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-2B-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Span Capability of Thin

Appendix 5.6-A1-3 Flange Bulb Tee Girders

f'ci = 7.5 ksi, f'c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6" Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Span Harped Top Excess Deck
Girder Straight Harped "A" Dim
Spacing Length Strand Temp. Camber thickness
Type Strands Strands (in)
(ft) (ft) Offset* Strands (in) (in)
5 75 20 5 0 6 2.895 11.75 7.50
6 75 18 10 3 6 2.924 11.75 7.50
7 70 18 8 0 6 2.839 11.75 7.50
8 65 18 6 0 6 2.380 11.25 7.50
W32BTG
9 65 18 8 2 6 2.427 11.25 7.50
10 60 16 8 0 6 2.123 11.00 7.50
11 60 18 7 0 6 2.240 11.00 7.50
12 55 16 7 0 6 1.763 11.25 8.00
5 90 22 8 2 6 3.308 12.25 7.50
6 85 22 7 0 6 3.245 12.00 7.50
7 80 22 6 0 6 2.956 11.75 7.50
8 75 20 7 2 6 2.537 11.50 7.50
W38BTG
9 75 20 8 0 6 2.742 11.50 7.50
10 70 18 9 1 6 2.372 11.25 7.50
11 65 20 5 1 6 2.029 11.00 7.50
12 65 20 6 0 6 2.087 11.50 8.00
5 130 26 12 0 6 3.415 12.25 7.50
6 125 26 13 0 6 3.536 12.50 7.50
7 120 26 12 0 6 3.364 12.25 7.50
8 115 26 12 0 6 3.354 12.25 7.50
W62BTG
9 110 26 11 0 6 3.161 12.00 7.50
10 105 26 10 0 6 2.967 11.75 7.50
11 100 26 9 0 6 2.763 11.75 7.50
12 95 26 8 0 6 2.513 12.00 8.00
* Offset at harping point
Design Parameters:
  • PGSuper V.1.4   • Spans reported in 5 ft. increments
  • WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria   • Only flexural service and strength checked; Lifting
  • Slab f'c = 4.0 ksi and hauling checks not necessarily satisfied
  • No vertical or horizontal curve   • Slab F'c = 4.0 ksi
  • 2.0% roadway crown slope   • Under normal exposure condition and 75%
  • Interior Girder w/barrier load (6 girder bridge) relative humidity
  • Standard WSDOT "F" shape barrier   • No vertical or horizontal curve
  • Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to   • Span reported in 5 ft. increments
CL bearing   • 2.0% roadway crown slop
  • Under normal exposure condition and 75%   • Only flexural service and strength checked; Lifting
relative humidity and hauling checks not necessarily satisfied

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-3-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-3-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of Trapezoidal
Appendix 5.6-A1-4 Tub Girders without Top Flange

f’ci = 7.5 ksi, f’c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6” Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Span Harped Top Excess “A” Deck
Girder Straight Harped
Spacing Length Strand Temp. Camber Dim. Thickness
Type Strands Strands
(ft) (ft) Offset* Strands (in) (in) (in)
8 130 32 26 4 0 0.083 9.00 7.5
10 125 32 28 0 0 0.164 9.00 7.5
U54G4
12 120 32 30 2 0 0.691 9.25 7.5
14 115 32 30 0 0 0.757 9.25 7.5
9 130 46 18 0 0 0.284 9.00 7.5
11 125 46 20 0 0 0.671 9.00 7.5
U54G5
13 120 46 20 0 0 0.874 9.25 7.5
15 115 46 20 0 0 1.082 9.50 7.5
10 120 52 10 0 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
12 115 52 10 0 0 0.268 9.00 7.5
U54G6
14 110 52 10 0 0 0.518 9.00 7.5
16 105 52 10 0 0 0.740 9.25 7.5
8 155# 32 38 8 0 0.581 9.00 7.5
10 145 32 36 6 0 0.058 9.00 7.5
U66G4
12 140 32 38 4 0 0.326 9.00 7.5
14 135 32 40 4 0 0.717 9.25 7.5
9 150# 46 24 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
11 145# 46 26 0 0 0.012 9.00 7.5
U66G5
13 140# 46 28 0 0 0.386 9.00 7.5
15 135 46 28 0 0 0.608 9.25 7.5
10 145# 52 24 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
12 140# 52 22 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
U66G6
14 135# 52 24 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
16 130# 52 24 0 0 0.036 9.00 7.5
8 170# 32 42 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
10 165# 32 46 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
U78G4 12 160# 32 48 8 0 0.150 9.00 7.5
14 150# 32 44 4 0 0.354 9.00 7.5
16 145# 32 48 4 0 0.715 9.50 8.0
9 170# 46 34 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
11 165# 46 36 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
U78G5 13 160# 46 38 4 0 0.037 9.00 7.5
15 155# 46 40 4 0 0.439 9.00 7.5
17 150# 46 42 6 0 0.699 9.50 8.0
10 165# 52 32 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
12 160# 52 34 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
U78G6 14 155# 52 34 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
16 150# 52 34 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
18 145# 52 36 4 0 0.000 9.00 8.0
Note: Adding bottom flange width does not necessarily increase the span capabilities
* Offset at girder end
# Span capability exceeds maximum shipping weight of 200 kips
Design Parameters:
• PGSuper V. 1.4 • Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to
• WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria CL bearing
• Slab f’c = 4.0 ksi • Under normal exposure condition and 75%
relative humidity
• No vertical or horizontal curve
• Spans reported in 5 ft. increments
• 2.0% roadway crown slope
• Only flexural service and strength checked;
• Interior Girder w/ barrier load (6 girder bridge) Lifting and hauling checks not necessarily
• Standard WSDOT “F” shape barrier satisfied
Span Capability of Trapezoidal Tub Girders without Top Flange
Table 5-A-23

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-4-1

Bridge
May 2008Design Manual Page 5-A-23
July 2005
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-4-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of
Trapezoidal Tub Girders with
Appendix 5.6-A1-5 Top Flange for S-I-P Deck Panels

f’ci = 7.5 ksi, f’c = 8.5 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6” Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Girder Span Harped Top Excess Deck
Girder Straight Harped “A” Dim.
Spacing Length Strand Temp. Camber Thickness
Type Strands Strands (in)
(ft) (ft) Offset* Strands (in) (in)
9 150# 32 42 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
11 145 32 46 6 0 1.086 9.75 7.5
UF60G4
13 140 32 48 2 0 1.123 9.75 7.5
15 130 32 42 0 0 1.174 9.75 7.5
10 150# 46 34 4 0 0.465 9.00 7.5
12 145# 46 36 4 0 0.830 9.50 7.5
UF60G5
14 140# 46 38 4 0 1.225 9.75 7.5
16 135 46 38 4 0 1.419 10.00 7.5
15 135# 52 32 4 0 0.154 9.00 7.5
UF60G6
17 130# 52 32 4 0 0.453 9.00 7.5
9 165# 32 46 0 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
11 160# 32 48 0 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
UF72G4
13 150# 32 46 0 0 0.657 9.25 7.5
15 145# 32 46 0 0 0.828 9.50 7.5
10 170# 46 42 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
12 165# 46 44 4 0 0.186 9.00 7.5
UF72G5
14 160# 46 46 4 0 0.604 9.25 7.5
16 150# 46 42 0 0 0.903 9.50 7.5
13 160# 52 40 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
UF72G6 15 155# 52 42 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
17 150# 52 42 4 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
10 190# 32 66 12 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
12 185# 32 70 16 0 0.938 9.50 7.5
UF84G4
14 180# 32 72 16 0 1.310 10.00 7.5
16 170# 32 68 8 0 1.074 9.50 7.5
11 185# 46 52 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
13 180# 46 54 8 0 0.269 9.00 7.5
UF84G5
15 175# 46 56 8 0 0.657 9.25 7.5
17 170# 46 58 8 0 1.038 9.50 7.5
16 170# 52 50 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
UF84G6
18 165# 52 50 8 0 0.000 9.00 7.5
Note: Adding bottom flange width does not necessarily increase the span capabilities
* Offset at girder end
# Span capability exceeds maximum shipping weight of 200 kips
Design Parameters:
• PGSuper V. 1.4 • Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to
• WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria CL bearing
• Slab f’c = 4.0 ksi • Under normal exposure condition and 75%
relative humidity
• No vertical or horizontal curve
• Spans reported in 5 ft. increments
• 2.0% roadway crown slope
• Only flexural service and strength checked;
• Interior Girder w/ barrier load (6 girder bridge) Lifting and hauling checks not necessarily
• Standard WSDOT “F” shape barrier satisfied
Span Capability of Trapezoidal Tub Girders with Top Flange
Table 5-A-24

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-5-1

May 2008
Page 5-A-24 Bridge Design Manual
July 2005
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-5-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Design Table ~ 1'-0" Solid Slab with 5" CIP Topping
Deck Strand
5" concrete deck @ 4 ksi 0.6" dia., 270 ksi Low Relaxation

May 2008
Concrete Strand Layout Camber (in)
Total Location
Span
Jacking of C.G. of A
Length 3" Top 2" Bot. 2" Bot. 4" Bot. 4" Bot. 6" Bot. D D
f`ci (ksi) f`c (ksi) Total* Force Strands, E (in) C
(ft) Temp bonded unbonded bonded unbonded bonded (40 Days) (120 Days)
(kip) (in)

20 6.0 7.5 2 6 0 0 0 0 8 352 2.00 5.25 0.18 0.20 0.03

25 6.0 7.5 2 8 0 0 0 0 10 439 2.00 5.50 0.36 0.40 0.07
30 6.0 7.5 2 10 2 0 0 0 14 615 2.00 5.75 0.78 0.88 0.15
35 6.0 7.5 2 12 2 0 0 0 16 703 2.00 6.00 1.13 1.28 0.28
40 6.0 7.5 2 12 4 2 0 0 20 879 2.29 6.25 1.60 1.82 0.50
Appendix 5.6-A1-6

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

43 6.0 7.5 2 12 4 6 0 0 24 1055 2.67 6.50 1.93 2.20 0.70

Design Parameters:
~PGSuper Version 2.0.0 ~Total jacking force listed is for all bottom strands and top strands
~WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria ~Location of C.G. of strands is summation of all permanent strands
~No vertical or horizontal curve or skew was used (bonded and unbonded)
~Simple span length is CL bearing to CL bearing ~LL distribution factors were calculated using section type "f" from
~Standard WSDOT "F" shape barrier AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
~Normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity ~2" future HMA overlay with density of 140 pcf
~Bridge width of 44' with 3 lanes on the structure ~For design without 2" future HMA overlay adding 2 ft to the span
lengths in the table will approximate the span capability of each design

* Total strands include all bottom strands and top strands

Page 5.6-A1-6-1
Solid Slabs with 5" CIP Topping
Span Capability of 1'-0"
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-6-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Design Table ~ 1'-6" Voided Slab with 5" CIP Topping
Deck Strand
5" concrete deck @ 4 ksi 0.6" dia., 270 ksi Low Relaxation

May 2008
Concrete Strand Layout
Total Location
Camber (in)
Span
Jacking of C.G. of A
Length 3" Top 2" Bot. 2" Bot. 4" Bot. 4" Bot. 6" Bot. D D
f`ci (ksi) f`c (ksi) Total* Force Strands, E (in) C
(ft) Temp bonded unbonded bonded unbonded bonded (40 Days) (120 Days)
(kip) (in)

40 6.0 7.5 2 12 0 0 0 0 14 615 2.00 5.75 0.69 0.77 0.14

45 6.0 7.5 2 12 2 0 0 0 16 703 2.00 5.75 0.95 1.07 0.23
50 6.0 7.5 2 14 4 0 0 0 20 879 2.00 6.50 1.56 1.77 0.40
55 6.0 8.0 2 14 4 4 0 0 24 1055 2.44 6.75 2.03 2.30 0.58
60 6.0 8.0 2 12 6 8 0 0 28 1230 2.80 7.00 2.41 2.73 0.86
Appendix 5.6-A1-7

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

65 6.5 8.0 4 12 6 12 0 2 36 1582 3.23 7.00 2.86 3.20 1.18
68 7.0 8.5 4 12 6 12 0 4 38 1670 3.43 6.75 2.84 3.16 1.32

Design Parameters:
~PGSuper Version 2.0.0 ~Total jacking force listed is for all bottom strands and top strands
~WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria ~Location of C.G. of strands is summation of all permanent strands
~No vertical or horizontal curve or skew was used (bonded and unbonded)
~Simple span length is CL bearing to CL bearing ~LL distribution factors were calculated using section type "f" from
~Standard WSDOT "F" shape barrier AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
~Normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity ~2" future HMA overlay with density of 140 pcf
~Bridge width of 44' with 3 lanes on the structure ~For design without 2" future HMA overlay adding 2 ft to the span
lengths in the table will approximate the span capability of each design

* Total strands include all bottom strands and top strands

Page 5.6-A1-7-1
Voided Slab with 5" CIP Topping
Span Capability of 1'-6"
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-7-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Design Table ~ 2'-2" Voided Slab with 5" CIP Topping
Deck Strand
5" concrete deck @ 4 ksi 0.6" dia., 270 ksi Low Relaxation

May 2008
Concrete Strand Layout Total Location Camber (in)
Span 3" Top Jacking of C.G. of A
Length ` Temp/ 2" Bot. 2" Bot. 4" Bot. 4" Bot. 6" Bot. D D
f`ci (ksi) f c (ksi) # of Total* Force Strands, E (in) C
(ft) Perm bonded unbonded bonded unbonded bonded (40 Days) (120 Days)
strands (kip) (in)
**
60 6.0 7.5 4 T 14 4 0 0 0 22 967 2.00 5.75 0.93 1.03 0.25
65 6.0 7.5 4 T 14 4 2 0 0 24 1055 2.25 5.75 1.08 1.20 0.35
70 6.0 7.5 4 T 12 6 6 0 0 28 1230 2.67 6.00 1.41 1.57 0.49
75 6.0 8.5 4 T 12 6 10 0 0 32 1406 2.91 6.50 1.82 2.02 0.65
80 6.0 9.0 4 T 12 6 12 2 0 36 1582 3.00 6.75 2.27 2.53 0.85
Appendix 5.6-A1-8

85 6.5 9.0 4 P 12 6 16 2 2 42 1846 3.33 6.50 2.35 2.63 1.05

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

90 7.0 9.0 4 P 12 6 14 4 6 46 2021 3.63 6.50 2.48 2.75 1.32

Design Parameters:
~PGSuper Version 2.0.0 ~Total jacking force listed is for all bottom strands and top strands
~WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria ~Location of C.G. of strands is summation of all permanent strands
~No vertical or horizontal curve or skew was used (top and bottom, bonded and unbonded)
~Simple span length is CL bearing to CL bearing ~LL distribution factors were calculated using section type "f" from
~Standard WSDOT "F" shape barrier AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
~Normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity ~2" future HMA overlay with density of 140 pcf
~Bridge width of 44' with 3 lanes on the structure ~For design without 2" future HMA overlay adding 3 ft to the span
lengths in the table will approximate the span capability of each design

* Total strands include all bottom strands and top strands

** T = Temporary top strands, P = Permanent top strands

Page 5.6-A1-8-1
Voided Slab with 5" CIP Topping
Span Capability of 2'-2"
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-8-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Span Capability of Precast

Appendix 5.6-A1-9 Prestressed Double Tee Girders

Concrete Strength: f’ci = 6.5 ksi f’c = 8.0 ksi

Prestressing Strands: 0.6” diameter fpu = 270 ksi, Low Relaxation
Section Span Strands Strand Layout Camber
h (in) bf (ft) L (ft) # Fjack (kips) E (in)* Fo (in)** Cfinal (in)
9 25 12 527 7.0 14 6/16
20 10 25 14 615 7.3 14 5/16
11 25 14 615 7.5 14 5/16
9 35 18 791 7.6 16 13/16
24 10 35 20 879 8.3 16 14/16
11 30 16 703 8.0 16 8/16
9 40 20 879 8.0 18 1
28 10 40 22 967 8.4 18 1 2/16
11 35 18 791 8.4 18 11/16
9 50 24 1055 8.3 20 1 9/16
32 10 45 22 967 8.5 20 1 2/16
11 45 24 1055 8.8 20 1 5/16
9 55 24 1055 7.9 24 1 11/16
36 10 50 24 1055 8.6 24 1.46
11 45 20 879 8.5 24 0.99
* Offset for all strands at midpoint
** Offset for harped strands at endblock
Design Parameters:
WSDOT BDM LRFD Design Criteria
Flexural design of interior girder
Simple span on expansion bearings
Shape F traffic barriers on 6 girder bridge
0.25’ overlay
One straight strand in each web
Span capability of Double-Tee Decked Girders

Span Capability Precast Prestressed Double Tee Girders

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Table 5-A-28 Page 5.6-A1-9-1
May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-9-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability Precast
Appendix 5.6-A1-10 Prestressed Ribbed Girders

Concrete Strength: f’ci = 6.5 ksi f’c = 8.0 ksi

Prestressing Strands: fpu = 270 ksi, Low Relaxation
Section Span 0.5” Diameter Strands Strand Layout Camber
h (in) bf (ft) L (ft) # Fjack (kips) E (in)* Fo (in)** Cfinal (in)
4 60 21 923 5.0 10 1 7/16
27 5 55 21 923 5.6 10 1 6/16
6 50 20 879 5.9 10 1 3/16

Section Span 0.6” Diameter Strands Strand Layout Camber

h (in) bf (ft) L (ft) # Fjack (kips) E (in)* Fo (in)** Cfinal (in)
4 60 30 929 5.0 12 1 7/16
27 5 55 30 929 5.6 12 1 7/16
6 45 23 713 5.8 12 13/16
* Offset for all strands at midpoint
** Offset for harped strands at endblock
Design Parameters:
WSDOT BDM LRFD Design Criteria
Flexural design of interior girder
Simple span on expansion bearings
Shape F traffic barriers on 6 girder bridge
0.25’ overlay
One straight strand in each web

Span Capability Precast Prestressed Ribbed Girders

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Table 5-A-29 Page 5.6-A1-10-1
May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-10-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

May 2008
 Span Capability of
Appendix 5.6-A1-11 Deck Bulb Tee Girders

f’ci = 4.0 ksi f’c = 5.0 ksi, f’ci = 5.0 ksi f’c = 6.0 ksi,
0.6”ø Strands 0.6”ø Strands
Girder Span Girder Span
Girder
Width Length Straight Harped Temp. Width Length Straight Harped Temp.
Type
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
4 85 18 15 2 4 95 18 10 2
W35DG 5 70 22 7 2 5 80 18 8 2
6 60 22 5 4 6 70 18 6 4
4 95 22 12 2 4 105 20 8 2
W41DG 5 80 24 7 2 5 95 18 11 2
6 70 22 7 4 6 80 20 6 4
4 115 26 11 2 4 125 22 8 2
W53DG 5 105 26 12 2 5 120 22 12 2
6 90 26 8 4 6 105 22 10 4
4 135 26 16 2 4 145 24 9 2
W65DG 5 125 26 18 2 5 140 24 14 2
6 110 26 14 4 6 125 24 12 4

Span Capability of Deck Bulb Tee Girders

Table 5-A-30
Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50 Page 5.6-A1-11-1
May 2008
Page 5-A-30 Bridge Design Manual
July 2005
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

Page 5.6-A1-11-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50

May 2008
Chapter 5 Concrete Structures

Span Capability of
Appendix 5.6-A1-12 Post-Tensioned Spliced I-Girders

f'ci = 6.0 ksi, f'c = 9 ksi Strand diameter = 0.6" Grade 270 ksi low relaxation
Cast-in- PT Ducts - Tendon
Girder Span place Strands/Duct Jacking Tendson
Force after E1 E3
Girder Type Spacing Length Closures (Duct#4 @ Bottom) Force** Loss*
Seating** (in) (in)
(ft) (ft) (kips) (kips)
Length (ft) 1 2 3 4 (kips)
6 170 2 - 22 22 22 2970 2680 730 36.4 12.7
WF74PTG 8 155 2 - 22 22 22 2970 2670 740 36.4 12.7
Post-tensioned
10 140 2 - 22 22 22 2970 2650 760 36.4 12.7
Before Slab
Casting 12 120 2 - 22 22 22 2970 2630 780 36.4 12.7
14 100 2 - 22 22 22 2970 2590 815 36.4 12.7
6 195 2 - 22 22 22 2960 2690 680 36.4 12.7
WF74PTG 8 185 2 - 22 22 22 2960 2710 680 36.4 12.7
Post-tensioned
10 175 2 - 22 22 22 2960 2690 690 36.4 12.7
After Slab
Casting 12 165 2 - 22 22 22 2990 2720 700 36.4 12.7
14 155 2 - 22 22 22 3020 2750 710 36.4 12.7
6 185 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3160 850 33.8 14.5
WF83PTG 8 165 2 - 22 22 22 2985 2710 720 36.4 12.7
Post-tensioned
10 155 2 - 22 22 22 2985 2700 730 36.4 12.7
Before Slab
Casting 12 135 2 - 22 22 22 2985 2680 740 36.4 12.7
14 115 2 - 22 22 22 2985 2620 810 33.8 12.7
6 *205 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3200 810 33.8 14.5
WF83PTG 8 200 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3210 800 37.6 14.5
Post-tensioned
10 195 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3640 940 37.6 15.7
After Slab
Casting 12 185 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3640 940 37.6 15.7
14 175 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3640 940 37.6 15.7
6 200 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3150 860 46.1 14.5
WF95PTG 8 185 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3110 980 46.1 14.5
Post-tensioned
10 175 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3130 880 46.1 14.5
Before Slab
Casting 12 155 2 8 22 22 22 3360 2990 860 44.9 14.1
14 135 2 - 22 22 22 3000 2630 810 59.0 12.7
6 235 2 11 22 22 22 3500 3210 800 46.1 14.5
WF95PTG 8 230 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3650 930 37.6 15.7
Post-tensioned
10 215 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3640 940 37.6 15.7
After Slab
Casting 12 205 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3640 950 37.6 15.7
14 190 2 22 22 22 22 4000 3630 960 37.6 15.7

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 5.6-A1-12-1

May 2008
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

* Controlled by over-reinforced section (see LRFD Sec. 5.7.3.3)

** Total force calculated at jacking end of post-tensioned girder (rounded to the nearest 10)
Design Parameters:
• PGSplice V. 0.3
• WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria
• No vertical or horizontal curve
• 2.0% roadway crown slope
• Interior Girder w/ barrier load (6 girder bridge)
• Only flexural service and strength checked; Lifting and hauling checks not necessarily satisfied
• Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to CL bearing
• Slab f’c = 4.0 ksi
• Standard WSDOT “F” shape barrier
• Under normal exposure condition and 75% relative humidity
• Spans reported in 5’-0” increments
• Designs based on “normally” reinforced sections
(c/de < 0.42 LRFD 5.7.3.3)
• Designs based on 22 strands/duct
• For 6’-10’ girder spacing -- 7.5” slab
• For 12’ girder spacing -- 8.0” slab
• For 14’ girder spacing -- 8.75” slab
• Girders PT’d before slab pour are assumed to be
PT’d adjacent to structure
• All spec checks at wet joints have been ignored.
It isassumed that the designer can modify the wet joints to reach the required span as shown in the
table. These modifications are outside the scope of this table.

Span Capability of Post-Tensioned Spliced I-Girders

Table 5-A-35 (Continued)

Page 5.6-A1-12-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

Page 5-A-36 May 2008
Bridge Design Manual
July 2005
May 2008
Chapter 5

End Segments Middle Segment Spliced Post-Tensioned Girder

Girder Span

July 2005
Girder PT Ducts ~ Jacking Tendon Force
Spacing Length Tendon E1 E3
Type No. of Straight No. of Straight Strands/Duct Force* after Seating*
(ft) (ft) Loss* (kips) (in) (in)
Strands Strands (Duct #4 @ Bottom) (kips) (kips)
1 2 3 4

Bridge Design Manual

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02
8 135 4 6 - - 11 22 2904 2636 570 20.0 8.9
Appendix 5.6-A1-13

U54PTG4
14 150 4 14 - 2 22 22 4048 3708 760 31.5 10.1
9 135 4 8 - - 12 22 2992 2764 578 19.7 9.0
U54PTG5
15 150 4 14 - 6 22 22 4400 4032 826 29.8 10.9
10 135 4 6 - - 18 22 3520 3200 684 18.3 9.5
U54PTG6
16 145 4 14 - 8 22 22 4576 4196 852 29.0 11.2
8 155 4 8 - - 15 22 3256 2944 648 18.9 9.3
U66PTG4
14 170 4 16 - 7 22 22 4488 4088 864 29.4 11.0
9 155 4 8 - - 17 22 3432 3110 678 18.5 9.4
U66PTG5
15 170 4 16 - 10 22 22 4752 4334 910 29.3 11.3
10 155 4 8 - - 21 22 3784 3434 742 17.7 9.7
U66PTG6
16 165 4 14 - 12 22 22 4928 4500 940 27.7 11.7
8 175 4 10 - - 19 22 3608 3262 722 18.1 9.6
U78PTG4
16 190 4 20 - 15 22 22 5192 4718 1014 26.8 12.1
9 180 4 10 - 2 22 22 4048 3692 776 31.5 10.1
U78PTG5
17 195 4 22 - 21 22 22 5720 5202 1110 25.2 12.6
10 180 4 10 - 6 22 22 4400 4018 840 29.8 10.9
U78PTG6
18 190# 4 20 2 22 22 22 5896 5400 1104 395.0 12.9

Page 5.6-A1-13-1
Tensioned Spliced Tub Girders
Span Capability of Post-
Concrete Structures

Span Capability of Post-Tensioned Spliced Tub Girders

Table 5-A-36

Page 5-A-37
Concrete Structures Chapter 5

* Total force calculated at jacking end of post-tensioned girder

# Span capability exceeds maximum shipping weight of 200 kips
Design Parameters:
• PGSplice V. 0.3
• WSDOT BDM LRFD design criteria
• No vertical or horizontal curve
• 2.0% roadway crown slope
• Interior Girder w/ barrier load (6 girder bridge)
• Only flexural service and strength checked; Lifting and hauling checks not necessarily satisfied
• Simple girder span lengths are CL bearing to CL bearing
• Standard WSDOT “F” shape barrier
• Under normal exposure condition and 75% humidity
• Spans reported in 5’-0” increments
• ”A” dimension = deck thickness + 2”
• Closure Pour for spliced girders is 2 ft,
f’ci = 6.0 ksi, f’c = 9 ksi
• Girder f’ci = 6.0 ksi, f’c = 9.0 ksi, slab f’c = 4.0 ksi
• Girders are spliced in-place after slab is cast
• Prestressing and post-tensioning steel is 0.6” diameter, Grade 270
• End segments are 25% of total length, center segment is 50% of total length
• Range of applicability requirements in LRFD ignored; span lengths may be longer than allowed by
LRFD
• Designs are based on a 22 diameter strand limit per 4” duct for high pressure grout
• All spec checks at wet joints have been ignored. It is assumed that the designer can modify the wet
joints to reach the required span as shown in the table. These modifications are outside the scope of
this table.

Span Capability of Post-tensioned Spliced Tub Girders

Table 5-A-36 (Continued)

Page 5.6-A1-13-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

Page 5-A-38 May 2008
Bridge Design Manual
July 2005
 

         















   

   


   
















     


     
     



 





  


  
  




 

 
  





 






     



   



 
   
  









 

      
   














   

  






  










  
 

  



 






   


 
  

 
   
  







 

  











  

     
  



 


 



 


 







 


 
  



 


 
 

 
   
  







 



     














     

     

     













     

     

     













     

     

     



 


 


 


 
   
  









 




 





 































 


 

 











 
 


 
 





 









 
 
 
 









  













 
 



 
 



 



 

 







 

 

 




 
   
  






 


 


  
 
 
 

   
 
 
  
  

   


  





 




  



  
    





  

 
 
    
 
 
  
 
 

   
             
    

       

   


 
    

  

   






  
   





 
 
    


 



 


 

 
   


 





 
  
  
       
    

          

 
        
       

     

    


    
  


     






       


         
 




         

   



  


     

       
      
      


   

   









 
 
 
 
  
 

 

  











  


     
 


 


 


     


  




  

 
   
       
     
  
   

  
 
 


 

   
  


 


  



      
  


 


  
   



   




 





                         

                         








 

  
   
    
 
  
 
  
 
 



  










  


 
      
      


 

 
 















   





  
 
  

 
 
 

   



 

 


 
 

 







 
   

 

 
  

  

   
 
  
 

 
 






 
   
  

    
 

 








   
  
 
  
  
       

  


 

  
   
 


 
  











 
 



   
  
 

   


    






 






  


  



  


   


 
   
   
 
   
 



 
  
 
 
 

  

 

 




  

 


 
 
 















 
 
   
  
  
  
   

  


  


 




  




  

 


  
 

   
 
   
 
  
 
 







 

   


      
 



 

    
   

  




 
  
 











  

  

  
 
 
 
 
 



  
 














 
 
   
  
  
  
   

  


  





 


 



  



  


 
   
  
 
   








 

 


 





    
  

      



 


 
 
 
 









 

   
  
  
  

  
 


  
















 


   
 
    
     

 
   






 
 


 



  

   
 

   
 
 
 

 







  
  
 


    

      

 

 


 

 
 

 
 

 
 






 
 



  

 
   
 
















 



     
 
  


 
 
 



























 
 
   








 























  

 
 







 


 

 
 



   






 

  










 
 



 


 





 
 
 

 


  



 






  

 
 

  

  
  

  
 













 


  

  
    
  
  
   
  
  



 


 
 





 





    


 


 
 
 
   

 
  
 
  
 
 
             
  
  
 
      
  
   
 

  
   
 

 










   
 





  


 






  
  
  
  
   








 

     
       
  
   
          
        
       

    


    

    
  


     



       


          


 


    

    
   
 





       
       
   


       

    

   









 
  
  
 
  
 
 

 






       






            










           


 




  
 
   
     
 
 
  
  
 

  
   

 
 
  
  
  
 
 


 


  



      
  


 


  
 



   



 




  

                         

                         








  

   
    
   
 

 
  
 
  
 
  










  
 
 
     

     

 

 
 















   




 
 
  
   

 
 

   



 
 


 


 


 





 
 
 


 

 
 
    
 

   


 










  

 

 
 
 
 
 

  


 
 



 

  
  
 
  

  
 
   
 
  

  
   
 


 
  











 
 



   
  
 

   


     





 






 
 
 

 



  
  


   

    
  
 
  
 
 



  
 
  
 
   

  



  





 
 


 



 
 










 
 
    
   
   
   


 


  





 


 







  

  

 

 


   


 
 
 
    


 


 


   



 

      

 


  

 

  
 

 

     



 
  
 











  

  

   

 
 
 
 



  
 














 
 
    
   
   
   


 





 




 
 

 








  




 
 
 
    


 


 


 


 

 



  

 

 
   
 
 
  
  



   


 




 




 
  

  

  
  

 
 
 


  














 
   
 
    
     
 
 
 
 





  

 


 

   

  
  
 


 
 
 





 
 
 
 

 

 
 
  
    


  
  

  


 



   


   






 
 
 
  

  


 













  



    
 
  
 

  
 














 


 






 

  
 








 






















  


 
 







 


 

 
 



   






 

  
 













 



 
  


 
 


 
  

  
 
 
 

 



 






 
    
 
 

  

  
  











  
    
 
  
    
  
  
 
  
 


 
  


 


 




 




    
 


    
  
 
 
   

 
 
  
 
 

            
   

      
       
  
   
 
     
 
   
 








   


  
 



  


  
 



 







  
 
 
 
  
   





 




  
       
   

         
 
  
       


       

    
 

    


    
  


      



       


         


 


       

  
   
 





       
      
   


       

    
  











 
  
  
 
  

 

 




      



            










           


 


  
 
   
     
 
 
  
  


 
  



 
  
   
 
 


    





       

  


  


   
  



   



 





 

                           

                           








  
   

 








  














   

     


 

 
 


 












 

   

   
  
  








 



 
   
 




 


 



 




   
  
 
 


 






  
 
 

 

 
 


 

















    

 
 
 
 
   
 
 

 
 
 

   







 
 






 
   



  
 
 

 

 
   
 


  
 
  
 









  

 
  
 
  


 
 
 




  



 
 
  
  
  

    

     

  

 


   
  
  
 
 







 
 



   
  
 

   


     



















 


 

 
  
  
 

   
    
  
  

 

 

 
  
  
  


 
 

 


 


  
 
 
   
  


   
   










 
 
    
   
   
   


 


 






 


  


 
 





    




 

    



   

 


 

    






 
      





  

   
 

 
    

  



 
   
 











  


 
   
  
 
 
 



  
 














 
 
    
   
   
   


 


  






 

   





 

  



 
  

 

 


 

  






 
    





    
 


     

  



 
 
 
 

 
 




 
 
   
 
  
  
 


 



  














 


  
  
 
 
     
 
   
 






 

 


  
 

   
 


 

  






 
 
   


 
 
 
     




    


  

 


  
 


  








  
 
  
   
 

 














 



 
  
  
   


  
 














 
 
 






   
 

 








 


















  


 
 







 


 

 
 



   






 

  
 













 


 
  


 
 


 
  

  
 
 
 

 



 






 
    
 
 

  

  
  











  
 
    
 
   

   
  
  
   
 




 


 
 







 


 

   
  


  

 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 


  
               
 
      
      
      
 
   
 
 

 
  












      



 
 



    

  




 






 
 
 
  







 
 
     
 
   
         



          

        
   
    

   

 
    
  


      



      


          


 


     

    
     





      

      

   


       

    
   










 
  
    
  


 
 




      




  


         








 


         


 


  
 
 
       

 
     
 
 
 

 
 

  
    
 
 
 
    





       

  


  


   
  



   



 





 

                           

                           








  

  

 








  













 
   
   

  

  


 












 

   




 
 









 


 


   




  

 
 

 
 

 
  
 
 
 







  
      

  
  


 






 














    

 
 
 
 
   
 
 

 
 
 

   





  

 

 
  


 



 
 
  
 
 
   

 
   

 
 
 


 
 




  

 
  
 
  

 


  


  




 
  




 
  
 

     
  
  

 



   
  
  
 

 









  
  

 


  
     
  
 

















 

 


 

  

 
    
   
 
 
    
  


 




 
 
 

 
  



 

 

 


 

 
 
 
 
  
  


  
   











 
 
  
     
 
     

  








 


 


 
   

   




 
  


   

    




 
      


    
 





 

 
 
 
 

 



  
  

  

  
 

 
 




  







 
 
 
  
   
  
   




 











 
 
    
   
   
   


 


  






 

   





 

  



 
  

 

 


 

  






 
    



 
 
  



     

  



 
 
 
 

 
 




 
 
   
 
  
  
 


 



  














 
 
 
  
 
     
     

 










 

 



 
  
  
 

  

  






 
   
 


 
  
   
 

  


  
  
 

 
 



  
 


 
  








 
 

 
 
   
 

 














 


   
    



 
   
  





















 

 



  

 

 







 






















  


 








 


 

 
 



   






 

  
 













 


 
  


 
 


 
  

  
 
 
 

 



 






 
    
 
 

  

  
  











 
  


   




  









      
     









 
 
 
 
 
 
 




 
 







     

   

  

 

 




 





 










 



  









 





 



 


 















  











 

 





 



 








  
 

 



  

 








 



 



 

 
 

 

 






 






 

 

   
  
 
  
  
  


 











  

   
   
 
  
   
 
  
   
   







 

 




 

 
 


   

 


   
 
 

 
   
  
 
 
 
 


  
 
         
      


       
  
    


    
   
    
  
  
  
  



 




  
 



    

 
  




   


  


   


   








     


     
     
    


       
           

       

 
    

   

   
   


     



  
     
   
       



    

  
     




        


       
   
     
      



   

 
   
  









  
  

    
  


 










   

           


               




                 

 
 
 


 

 
  
       
   
   
 


 
 
  
 

  
    
 
 
 
    





       

  


  


     
  



     








                           

                           




 



   
  

 


 



 













   

     

  

 
 
 





    

 
 
 
 
   

 


 
 
 

   



 

 


 
 

 







 
 
 


 

 
 
  

   
 
  
 

 
  





 
   
  

    
 

 








   
  
 
  
  
       

  


 

  
   
 


 
  











 
 



   
  
 

   

  


  






 






  
 

  

  

  


   
 

 
   
   
 
   
 


 

 
  
   

   








  

 



 
  
   
  


  
  










   

    
 
   
 
 

  

  




 



 


  





 

  
  



 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 


 





  
   

 
     

 

 
  
  
 
  
 
 


 

 
 










  


  
   
 
 
 
 
  
  

  
 


 











 
  
    

  
  
  
 

  


  





 


 



  



  



 
    
 
 
   








 


 


  
  




 
 

  
  
 

  

 
 
 
 

 






 

 
 
   
    

 
  


  















 



     
 
   


 
 
 




















  

 
  
 

 
  








 























 

 
   
 
   
     

 
   






 
 


 



  

   
 

   
 
 
 

 







  
  
 


    
   
 

 

 

 

 
 

  
 
 

 
 






 
 



  

 
   
 
















  

   
 



 
 
     
    
 
  





   


 
 



 


  
 
   




  
  
    
    

  
  
  
 

           

      

       
    
 
   

   
  
 

  
    
 
  
 








 


  
 
 


 
   
  


 



   

 
   
  



   


 


    

    
       
  
 


       
           
      

  
  

   

    
   
 


   


   

     
          



    
    
   


 
 

       

 
     
    
       
    



   

 
   
  









  
  

    
  


 










   

           


               




                 

 
 
 


 

 
  
       
   
   
 


 
 
  
 

  
    
 
 
 
    





       

  


  


     
  



     







                           

                           




 



   
  

 


 



 













 
     
 

 
 
 

  






    

 
 
 
 
   

 


 
 
 

   



 







  


 





 
 
 


 

 
 
  

   
 
  
 

 
 






 
   
  

  

 

  

 







 

  
 
    
     
   
 
  

  
   
 


 
  











 
 



   
  
 

   


     





 






 

 
 
 

  

  
   


   
    
  
 
  
 
 





  
 
   
   

  

 






 
  

 
   
  


   
   










  

 
 

  
   
 
 


  
  


 
 







  

  
 


  

 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 


 




 
     


    
  
 


 
 
 
    
 
 

 


 

 
 










  


  
   
 
 
 
 
  
  

  
 


 











 

 
 
  
     
  
  

  


  





 


 

 









  

 

 
     


 








 
 

  
 






  
    

   

   

 
 
 
 

 






 

 
 
   
    

 
  


  















 

   
 
  
 
     
 
 
 
 





  

 


 

   

  



 


 
 
 




 

 


  
 

 
    
   

 

  

 
 
  

 



 



   









  
 
  

  


 













 


 
   

     


  
 














 
 
 






 

  
 
 

 







 






















  
  
 
  
  
 
   
      

   
 







  
 











    

  
 


 
  
 
   

   
   
 


        
    
   

       
       
  
 
 
  
 
     
 
  
  





   




 

  


  

 

   
 
 

 



   


  
 
  
  


 


 





 


   
 
   
     


  

           
       

       

    


    

    
  


      



        


         


    

    

    




      

   
      
      
     
   



   

 
   
  









  
  

    
  


 










   

           


               




                 

 
 
 


 

 
  
       
   
   
 


 
 
  
 

  
    
 
 
 
    





       

  


  


     
  



     







                           

                           




 



   
  

 


 



 













 
     
 

  

 
 
 





    

 
 
 
 
   

 


 
 
 

   



 





 





  
 



 
 
 



  

   
 

   
 
  
 

 
 






 
   
  

  

 
   
 

 



 


 
   
  
    

     

 
   

  
   
 


 
  











 
 



   
  
 

   


     






















 

   

  
  
 
 
   

    
  
  

 




 
 

  



 


 





 

 
  

 
   
  


   
   










     

  
   
   
 


  
  



 




 






 
 

  
 
 

  
 



  

 

    
 

 

 
   




     


   

 
  

 
   
 
 



    


 
 










  


  
   
 
 
 
 
  
  

  
 


 











 
  
    

  
  
  
 

  


  






 
 


 


 


  



 
  

 

 


  
 





  


   



 



  


  


  
  



 
  

 








  




  


  
 
 
   
   


 
 



 









 


   
  
  
 
    
 
 
 







  



 

 

   

 

 
  
 
 
 




 

  
  

 
   
     


 
  
  

 
  

 



 



   









  
 
  

  


 













 



   
   

  


  
 














 
 
 




  





   
 

 








 


















 
 
 

    
 
   

   
   








   




 











    




   
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 

 

 

 

              
 
      
   
  
 
     
  
  

   
 













    



  

 


  
  
 


 
 




 


 
   


  



 


      
 

      
   
       





         
 
 
      


    

    
  


     



      

 
         


  
        
    





  


        
       
      
     
   



   









  
  

    
  


 










   

           


               




                 

 
 
 


 

 
  
       
   
   
 


 
 
  
 

  
    
 
 
 
    





       

  


  


     
  



     







                           

                           




 



   
  

 


 



 













   

     

 



 
  











    

 
 
 
 
   
 
 

 
 
 

   





 
 

 

 
  


 



 
 
  
 
 
   

    

 

  




 





  

 
  
 
  

 


  


  





  


 

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 



    
  
 
  

 









 
  
  




   
  

  
  





 








 
 






 



