UTS NOTES!!!

THE PHYSICAL SELF AND THE SEXUAL SELF (CHAPTER 4)

The Physical Self

-The BODY IMAGE is influenced by aging and experience.

-One’s EMOTIONAL STATE can be impact one’s body image.
-The ability to appreciate one’s physical self is a way of BOOSTING
CONFIDENCE.
-Frequent questions are being asked about body image and whether what
they are feeling is normal. However, regardless of what questions one has,
what is important is THAT ONE KNOWS ONESELF VERY WELL.
-SOCIAL MEDIA, MAGAZINES, TELEVISIONS, AMONG OTHER MEDIA
PLATFORMS, play an important role in shaping one’s body images.
-The ideal body image in the actual world is DIVERSE and UNIQUE than
what is usually shown by media.
-UNIQUENESS, therefore, cannot be imitated or copied. UNIQUENESS
matters based on what a person perceives as attractive according to one’s
culture.
-ONE’S PERCEPTION OF BEAUTY is what is perceived as acceptable based
on CULTURE.
-Everyone has personal standards on what is beautiful. However, it can be
influenced by CULTURAL STANDARDS OF BEAUTY.

What shapes the Body image?

-The people in one’s environment have a STRONG INFLUENCE ON ONE’S

BODY IMAGE, which affects ONE’S VIEW OF ONESELF.

-SOCIAL FORCE heavily influence how one views oneself. How individuals
perceive themselves is determined by how other people perceive them. This
is explained by the concept of the LOOKING-GLASS SELF.
Determining Beauty in the Context of Body Image

-BODY IMAGE is central to an individual’s body. It involves a

multidimensional concept including COGNITIVE, BEHAVIORAL, and
AFFECTIVE components.

-The COGNITIVE COMPONENT includes conscious intellectual activities,

such as THINKING, REASONING, and REMEMBERING, that provide
knowledge of the body.

-The BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT includes ACTIONS that

CONCEPTUALIZE what the individual thinks is SOCIETY’S PERCEPTION of
a body should be.

-The AFFECTIVE COMPONENT includes the INDIVIDUAL’S FEELINGS,

EMOTIONS, and ATTITUDES of the body.

-If his or her perception of the body is not at par with what he or she r the
society thinks is ideal, then the individual becomes DISSATISFIED WITH
THE BODY.

-BODY DISSASTIFACTION is a component of the body image, which may be

dissatisfaction with one part of the body or with the body as a whole.
Therefore, body dissatisfaction is the SUBJECTIVE NEGATIVE EVALUATION
of a person’s body, which often leads to NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES.

-For example, during school years, when children interact with their peers,
they tend to engage in COMPARISONS AMONG OTHER PEERS, which
becomes the DOMINATING REFERENCE of an INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION
of oneself.

-The difference between body image and body dissatisfaction is that the
FORMER is a concept that lasts a lifetime, while the LATTER may only be of
concern upon adulthood.

-During ADULTHOOD, the individual develops themselves through

undergoing INSTABILITY, SELF-FOCUS, EXPLORATION, and
EXPLORATION OF IDENTITY.
-BODY IMAGE is a central component of identity.

CULTURAL FACTORS IMPACTING BODY DISSATISFACTION

-The following are cultural factors that influence body dissatisfaction:

1. ETHNIC IDENTITY. This is one’s sense of belongingness and attachment

to their ethnic group. It includes DEDICATION, COMMITMENT and
PARTICIPATION in the group.

2. ACCULTURATION. This is the maintenance of cultural processes and

contact participation of members of two cultures. For this to occur, two
cultures must be present: a native culture in contact with a more dominant
culture. Higher acculturation happens when the native culture has low
maintenance, and there is a great amount of contact participation of the
dominant culture.

-The ENVIRONMENT strongly influences a person’s body image. The

PERCEPTION OF OTHERS can in turn affect the person’s self-esteem.

CULTIVATING A HEALTHY BODY IMAGE

-A HEALTHY BODY IMAGE creates a good self-esteem. SELF-ESTEEM is the

satisfaction and self-assurance a person has towards the self.

Here are some ways to cultivate a healthy body image:

1. EDUCATE YOURSELF. To achieve your ideal body image is important. You

should learn about body gat levels and body mass index so that you can
determine the appropriate program or exercise regimen. Also, you must have
proper nutrition, enough sleep, and an array of stress management
activities.

2. HIGHLIGHT POSITIVE GOALS. These are what you want to achieve

rather than what another person wants. For instance, you should not exercise
because you hate your body, and you want to change it; rather, you should
exercise because you love your body, and you want to keep it healthy.
3. LIMIT EXPOSURE TO MEDIA. Most of the time, media portrayals are
deceiving. The media conjures a certain image that sometimes makes one
dissatisfied with one’s own body. It is important then that you limit the use of
media.

4. WATCH WHAT YOU SAY. What you say about yourself eventually affects
your attitude and perception. Limit negative descriptions and highlight
positive things about yourself.

-There are certain parts of your body that may not be the same as everyone
else’s. Thus, you must accept and embrace all aspects of yourself; what is
important is that you learn to APPRECIATE, ACCEPT and, LOVE those
differences.

THE SEXUAL SELF

-How you perceive your body and how you feel about yourself physically
influence your perception about your SEXUAL ORIENTATION. This
perception, which includes your sexual desires, is known as your SEXUAL
SELF-CONCEPT.

WHAT IS SEXUALITY?

-Sexuality is the word used to define a person’s preferences and sexual

interest.

-Expressing sexuality, however, varies in each individual; it is COMPLEX,

especially when societal norms are taken into consideration.

-SEXUAL ORIENTATION describes how they feel, and only they know what
it is like to be who they are.

-GENDER IDENTITY, on the other hand, refers to a person’s identification

(psychological) with a specific gender, rather than his or her attraction to
people.

-A person being male or female is largely based on his or her association with
the FEMININE or MASCULINE SEXUAL ROLES. This means that gender
identity is not about who a person is attracted to, but it is his or her
CONCEIVED SEXUAL ROLE.
-It is very clear that the distinguishing points of sexual orientation and
gender identity vary to some extent, in which sexual orientation refers
evidently as to WHO WANTS TO BE WITH, while gender identity is WHO
ONE IS.

There are psychological perspectives on sexuality. The theories that

follow have made contributions in understanding sexuality.

1.FREUD’S PRYCHOANALYTIC THEORY states that sex is one of the

key forces in human life. SEX DRIVE or SEX ENERGY termed as the LIBIDO
is one of the two major motivations of human behaviour, the other being the
death instinct or THANATOS.

2.The LEARNING THEORY states that human sexual behaviour is not

only biological in nature because actions can be learned. It operates through
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, OPERANT CONDITIONING, BEHAVIOR
MODIFICATION, and SOCIAL LEARNING. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
happens then a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned
stimulus generating an unconditioned response. OPERANT CONDITIONING
is the process by which the frequency of a behaviour is determined by
rewards or punishments. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION utilizes operant
conditioning techniques to modify human behaviour. SOCIAL LEARNING is
the process by which sexual behaviour is learned not only through operant
conditioning but also through IMITATION and IDENTIFICATION.

3.COGNITIVE THEORIES focus on the way people think and perceive

things. The BASIC ASSUMPTION is that what people think influences what
they feel because PERCEPTION, LABELING, and EVALUATING events are
crucial.

-Sexuality gives COMPLEX ASPECTS OF THE SELF. It has four different

components: SEXUALITY, INTIMACY AND RELATIONSHIP,
GENDER/SEXUALITY, and SEXUAL HEALTH. These can either have
HEALTHY or UNHEALTHY features that are influenced by an individual’s
CULTURE, VALUES, SPIRITUALITY, and EXPERIENCE.

UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

-Sexual response may bring about the psychological effects of PREMARITAL

COITUS, which are more significant than physical effects. The decision not
to engage in premarital coitus depends in chronological order from the
greatest effect to the least, on MORAL OBJECTIONS, SEXUAL
UNRESPONSIVENESS, FEAR OF PREGNANCY, FEAR OF PUBLIC
OPINION, LACK OF OPPORTUNITY, and FEAR OF VENEREAL DISEASE.

-The entire body of a human being is involved in a sexual response. Three

mechanisms can be attributed to this phenomenon: (1) CHAIN REACTIONS,
(2) BLOOD-DISTRIBUTED AGENTS, and (3) NERVOUS MECHANISMS.

THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

-The behaviour is determined partly by the INDIVIDUAL’S INTERNAL

FACTORS and partly by their SOCIALIZATION into their CULTURE,
Interaction with partners, and MORAL CONSTRAINTS.

-Scientists believe that human sexual development is a lifelong process

influenced by BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL and CULTURAL
FACTORS.

UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE, LUST AND

ATTATCHMENT

-One way of communicating is through PHYSICAL TOUCH. All humans

beings have EROGENOUS ZONES, which refer to the body parts that are
sexually sensitive.

-EROGENOUS ZONES are different for every person, but among the most
common are LIPS, NECK, THIGHS, GENITALS, and BREASTS.

-one-person sex happens when one produces their own sexual stimulation
called AUTOEROTICISM.

THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE

Four stages of sexual response: (1) EXCITEMENT, (2) PLATEAU, (3)
ORGASM, and (4) RESOLUTION.

-The EXCITEMENT phase is the start of SEXUAL AROUSAL.

-The PLATEAU phase is when vasocongestion reaches its peak.

-The ORGASM phase consists of rhythmic contractions of the pelvic organs.

-The RESOLUTION phase is when the body returns to the unaroused state.

THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR THROUGH HOMOSEXUALITY

AND OTHER SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS

-HOMOSEXUALS are sexually attracted to members of their own gender,

while BISEXUALS are sexually sexually attracted to both genders.

-LGBTQIA+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning,

Intersex, and Asexual People.

-HOMOPHOBIA is the strong irrational fear of homosexuals and negative

reaction towards them.

The identity of a homosexual develops in six stages:

1. IDENTITY CONFUSION- This happens when one questions their

heterosexuality due to same-gender attractions.

2. IDENTITY COMPARISON- This happens when the comfortable

heterosexual identity has been lost.

3. IDENTITY TOLERANCE- This happens when homosexuals make

contact with the gay subculture with the hopes of getting affirmation.

4. IDENTITY ACCEPTANCE- This happens when there is acceptance of

their identity instead of just tolerance.

5. IDENTITY PRIDE- This happens when there is a strong

identification with the gay subculture that dichotomizes the world into
homosexuals and heterosexuals.

6. IDENTITY SYNTHESIS- This happens when the dichotomy between

homosexuals and heterosexuals no longer happen; the “us versus them”
view has completely vanished.
SEXUALLY TRASMITTED DISEASES

-SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’S) can ruin one’s health, and

they may be untreatable.

1. CHLAMYDIA. This is caused by the bacterium Chlamyda trachomatis,

which damages the genital areas.

2. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV). This virus causes genital warts.

3. GENITAL HERPES. This Disease of the genitals is due to the herpes

simplex virus Type II (HSV II) in most cases and by the Type I virus in others.

4. HIV INFECTION and AIDS. This Disease destroys the body’s immune
system.

5.GONORRHEA. This is the oldest STD.

6. SYPHILIS. Called the Great Pox, this disease is caused by the bacteriumt

7. VIRAL HEPATITIS. The symptom of this disease is an enlarged and

tender liver.

8. PUBIC LICE. These tiny lice, which are about the size of a pinhead, attach
to the pubic hairs of the genital areas.

METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

1. BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

2. NORPLANT

3. DEPO-PROVERA

4. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)

5. CONDOM

6. WITHDRAWAL

MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT SEX AND SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

-Myth 1: YOU CANNOT GET PREGNANT THE FIRST TIME YOU HAVE
SEX.

-Myth 2: YOU CANNOT GET PREGNANT IF THE GUY PULLS OUT OR IF

YOU HAVE SEX STANDING UP.

-Myth 3: CONDOMS ARE REUSABLE.

-Myth 4: PEEING OR WASHING AFTER SEX WILL PREVENT PREGNANCY

-Myth 5: PENIS SIZE MATTERS.

-Myth 6: WOMEN CAN ACHIEVE ORGASM FROM VAGINAL SEX ALONE.

-Myth 7: BABY OIL AND PETROLEUM JELLY CAN BE USED WITH

CONDOMS

-Myth 8: ORAL SEX IS SAFER COMPARED TO VAGINAL SEX.

-Myth 9: YOU CANNOT GET HIV FROM GETTING A TATTOO OR BODY

PIERCING.

-Myth 10: SEX SHOULD BE LIKE PORN.

THE MATERIAL OR ECONOMIC SELF (CHAPTER 5)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MATERIAL SELF

-The sense of being separate from OTHER PEOPLE and THE WORLD is
developed as early as TWO TO THREE MONTHS OLD.

-the CONCEPT OF BEING SEPARATE from the rest of the world is formed
through CONTINUOUS INTERACTION WITH THE OTHERS.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE MATERIAL SELF

-If the material brings them pleasure or satisfies their needs, they desire that
object. This is the factor of UTILITY.

-If the object satisfies an existing or current need, the child wants that object
in order to satisfy the principle of IMMEDIACY.

-The apparently straightforward VALUATION and DECISION-MAKING

PROCESS done by the material self become more COMPLEX with time.

-Critical to the increasing complexity of the material self is INFORMATION

PROCESSING. This concept refers to the ability to SELECT, EVALUATE and
USE INFORMATION. This ability is still being formed in children and is
enhanced through repeated exposure to different SOCIOLOGICAL,
ANTHROPLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, and CULTURAL SOURCES OF
INFORMATION.

-The SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura tells us

that children learn behaviours and preferences by OBSERVING their
parents, siblings, and relatives.

-BANDURA’S THEORY also extends to how a person observes people in

ONE’S COMMUNITY and proceeds to IMITATE ONE’S friends, teachers
and classmates.

-Another concept that explains the tendency for one’s material self to be
influenced by the preferences of others is that of CONFORMITY. This is
when one’s OPINION, JUDGEMENT, or BEHAVIOR changes to match those
of other people.

-With the advancements in broadcasting and information technology, MEDIA

has emerged as a major influence on the material self.

BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF THE MATERIAL SELF

-Experiencing the brand could be at the SENSORY, AFFECTIVE,

BEHAVIORAL, or INTELLECTUAL appeals.

-Consumers who show interest in all aspects of the experience are of the
HOLISTC CONSUMER TYPE.
-Those consumers who focus on both the sensory and affective dimensions
are HEDONISTIC CONSUMERS.

-ACTION-ORIENTED CONSUMERS attach importance to the behavioural

appeal.

-INNER-DIRECTED CONSUMERS focus on internal processes linked to the

sensory, affective, and intellectual appeals

-People who are low in all the appeals because they prefer to focus on the
usefulness of a product are UTILITARIAN CONSUMERS.

-At the extreme end of the purchasing behaviour spectrum is COMPULSIVE

BUYING, often called SHOPPING ADDICTION by media.

IMPROVING THE MATERIAL SELF

-Ward & Wackman defines MATERIALISM as an orientation, which

emphasizes ownership of money and possessions for the purpose of
happiness and social progress.

-This negative view is consonant with Belk’s, which associates materialism

with POSSESSIVENESS, NONGENEROSITY, and ENVY

-MATERIALISM is negatively correlated with well-being and life

satisfaction.

REDUCING MATERIALISM

1. SETTING INTRINSIC LIFE GOALS

People’s aspirations or life goals could either be intrinsic or extrinsic.
Intrinsic life goals include self-acceptance, affiliation, and community
involvement, whereas extrinsic goals include financial success and
fame.

2. MIMIMALISM
A response to the mass consumer culture is the growing movement called
MINIMALISM.
3.UTILITY, SIMPLICITY, and FINANCIAL CAPACITY
Utility is one of the basic principles in determining whether purchase
decisions are wise. Simplicity is another good criterion. Having a smart and
responsible material self requires assessing your current financial capacity
and prioritizing the most important needs.

MY SPIRITUAL SELF: THE PROCESS OF SELF-DISCOVERY (CHAPTER 6)

-RELIGION refers to the set of religious beliefs, whereas the tem
RELIGOUSITY is a description of how religious an individual is.

-Religion comes from the Latin word RELIGIO, which denotes a connection
between man and a supreme being.

-INTRINSIC RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION, people perceive religion as the

source of truth.

-EXTRINSIC RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION, sees religion as a means to

connect with other religious individuals for purposes of social support.

-THE QUEST ORIENTATION, another religious orientation, refers to an

individual’s experience of one’s search for the meaning of one’s faith.

-Religion, in its simplest sense, refers to acknowledging the power of a higher

being through rituals and other religious practices. Thus, a religion is
formed through a community with members having the same beliefs and
practices towards recognizing a higher being.

-SPIRITUALITY is seen as the contemporary counterpart of religion. It sees

faith to a higher being not confined in the sacred places and group rituals,
but rather experienced at a more personal and private level.

-Spirituality is derived from the Latin world SPIRITULIS or LIFE.

Spirituality, in general, is the personal experience with the higher being.

-In religion, the search is done with others SHARING THE SAME
PRACTICES. In terms of spirituality, the search is more PERSONAL and
PRIVATE.

THE PROFILE OF A RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL FILIPINO

-Being MAKA-DIYOS is salient in the Filipino Value system, which is

expressed both in one’s self and with others.

-What is more interesting is that Filipinos perceive religion and spirituality

as similar concepts.

THE PROCESS OF DISCOVERING THE SPIRITUAL SELF

-The religious and/or spiritual self is transcendent. Being in touch with
it, one gains self-understanding.

THE POLITICAL SELF (CHAPTER 7)

THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

-Nations construct their own identity, which makes their people feel a
sense of nationhood.

-NATIONAL IDENTITY, a double-edged self concept, can be viewed in two

distinct ways. INTRAGROUP DYNAMICS (inward perspective) that
involve certain contextual components of commonality within the group. On
the other hand, it implies the intergroup processes(OUTWARD
PERSPECTIVE) that involve both self-awareness of the group and awareness
of “others” from whom the nation seeks to differentiate itself.

THE INWARD PERSPECTIVE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

-The Oxford Dictionary defines it as “a sense of a nation as a cohesive

whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and
language.”

-To Anthony Smith, it was “some sense of political community, history,

territory, patria, citizenship, common values and traditions”.

-At the same time, Montserrat Guibernau said that “belief in a shared
culture, history, traditions, symbols, kinship, language, religion,
territory, founding moment, and destiny have been invoked, with
varying intensity at different times and places, by peoples claiming
to share a particular national identity.”

-Two contextual elements (historical and cultural) are relevant to Filipinos

understanding of themselves.

THE HISTORICAL ELEMENT

-The Filipino national identity arose from its interesting past.

THE CULTURAL ELEMENT

-The cultural component of the Filipino national identity elucidates shared

beliefs, values, and traditions of the local communities.
THE “OUTWARD” PERSPECTIVE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

-According to Herbert C. Kelman, National identity develops when individuals

or a group of people have come to see themselves as constituting a unique,
identifiable entity, with claim to continue over time, across
geographical distance, and to the right to various forms of collective
self-expression.

-A higher sense of national identity stimulates positive emotions, such as

pride in and loyalty to one’s nation and a feeling of obligation
towards fellow citizens.

-National identity can be a double-edged sword; while functioning in a

positive and meaningful way to give members of a nation a sense of
belonging and pride, they define an “us” in opposition to a “them” that turns
out to be all too easy to make a nation hate other nations.

-The “Dark side” of national identity can be understood using a

psychological approach

-Individuals can improve the sense of self enhancing or maintaining

group or commitment.

-Despite the dark side of national identity, “there’s nothing quite so

psychologically satisfying as the feeling of belonging to a nation”.

Citizen in a democratic political community

-Citizenship “is reconceived as a form of expression and performance

that is located in particular places and environments. It is viewed as
being manifested at multiple levels, though different media and
across national boundaries, rather than being located solely at the
level of the nation state”. Also, it is depicted as “the art of being with
others, negotiating different situations and identities and
articulating ourselves as distinct yet similar to others in our
everyday lives, and asking questions of justice”.

FACTORS OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

-FAMILY
-SCHOOL/ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
-MEDIA AND THE INTERNET(SOCIAL MEDIA)
- OTHER SOCIALIZING AGENTS

SOME COMPONENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE

-POLITICAL TRUST
-POLITICAL EFFICACY
-CIVIC PARTICIPATION OR SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT

THE DIGITAL SELF (CHAPTER 8)

-The digital self is part of what American professor of marketing Russel Belk
calls the extend self.

-The digital self if dematerialized. Unlike the material self that is found in
actual physical objects, the digital self is not tangible but virtual.

-Second, since the digital self is not physical, it is reembodied through

avatars or edited profile photos.

-Third, the digital self can be shared online.

-Fourth, the digital self is co-constructivist, meaning the constant online

interaction with others helps create or construct and reconstruct the digital
self.

-Fifth, the digital self has a distributed memory because past online
transactions are likely to be in a digital clutter spread across the internet.

-A majority of those who go online want to keep in touch with family,

friends, and acquaintances.

-also, there are those who do not necessarily want to be online but have to
because some business transactions are online in nature.

PRIVATE SELF VERSUS DIGITAL SELF

-There are parts of the total self that people consciously decide to hide from
the online world. This is referred to as one’s private self.
-The most striking difference is the shared characteristics of the digital
self.

-The private self is constructed largely by the individual whereas the digital
self, characterized as co-constructivist, is influenced by the inputs of one’s
digital community.

-The private self essentially has none to very limited records as

compared to the cluttered records of the digital self, with its
distributed memory, in the World Wide Web.

THE IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF

-COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS (CMC), which is currently

taken to mean a type of communication that is done through computers.

-TECHNOLOGY-MEDIATED COMMUNICATIONS (TMC) considering that

other devices are now being used.

-The path of influence could be in reverse; online interactions can have an

effect on the self. This phenomenon is referred to as the PROTEUS EFFECT.

-The LABELLING EFFECTS suggests that when people’s digital selves are
constantly praised by several of their online friends as beautiful or smart,
they engage in behaviors that confirm such praises.

-An extensive study by Desmarais established that adolescents

experience misunderstandings, unwanted contact, online meanness,
and cyberbullying.

-People are becoming more and more distracted by constant engagement

with their digital selves.

ONLINE SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

-First, a person can have anonymity in the digital world.

-The anonymity could probably explain the proliferation of cyberbullying
and trolling using fake and multiple accounts.

- Second, the unavailability of audio-visual cues make it easier for

people to manage impressions.

-Third, that people can manipulate what information about themselves

they will share so that they can positively present themselves
online.

Fourth, advantage of asynchronicity, meaning that people have the

opportunity to delay their responses so that they can edit what they
want to say before sending it.

MANAGING ONLINE PRESENTATION

1. THINK BEFORE YOU LEAVE ANY DIGITAL TRACE.

2. LIMIT ACCESS TO YOUR DIGITAL SELF
3. BEWARE OF UNRELIABLE SITES OR SUSPICIOUS TRANSACTIONS
4.BALANCE THE ENGAGEMENT OF YOUR DIGITAL SELF
5. BE A RESPONSIBLE MEMBER OF THE ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORK

Crisologo notes. HATDOG!!!