Tis s ues
Tis s ues
◼ Cells work together in functionally related
groups called tissues
◼ How is this done?
◼ Attachments
◼ communication
◼ Types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – lining and covering
2. Connective – support
3. Muscle – movement
4. Nervous – control
Epithelial Tis s ue –
General Characteris tics &
Functions
◼ Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
◼ Forms most glands
◼ Functions of epithelium
◼ Protection
◼ Absorption, secretion, and diffusion
◼ Filtration
◼ Forms slippery surfaces (mucus secretion)
S pecial Characteris tics of
Epithelia
◼ Cellularity
◼ cells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular
space between them
◼ Specialized contacts
◼ may have junctions for both attachment and communication
◼ Polarity
◼ epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
◼ Support by connective tissue
◼ at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue
contribute to the basement membrane
◼ Avascular
◼ nutrients must diffuse from basal layer
◼ Innervated
◼ Regenerative
◼ epithelial tissues are highly mitotic
S pecial Characteris tics of
Epithelia
Clas s ifications of Epithelia
◼ First name of tissue indicates number of layers
◼ Simple – one layer of cells
◼ Stratified – more than one layer of cells
Clas s ifications of Epithelia
◼ Last name of tissue describes shape of cells
◼ Squamous – cells wider than
tall (plate or “scale” like)
◼ Cuboidal – cells are as wide as
tall, as in cubes
Columnar – cells are taller than
they are wide, like columns
Naming Epithelia
◼ Naming the epithelia includes both the layers (first) and
the shape of the cells (second)
◼ i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
◼ The name may also include any accessory structures
◼ Goblet cells
◼ Cilia
◼ Keratin
◼ Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming
convention)
◼ Psuedostratified
◼ Transitional
S imple S quamous Epithelium
◼ Description
◼ single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
◼ Special types
◼ Endothelium (inner covering)
◼ slick lining of hollow organs
◼ Mesothelium (middle covering)
◼ Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
◼ Covers visceral organs of those cavities
S imple S quamous Epithelium
◼ Function
◼ Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
◼ Secretes lubricating substances in serous membranes
◼ Location
◼ Renal corpuscles (kidneys)
◼ Alveoli of lungs
◼ Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
◼ Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae/serous memb.)
S imple S quamous Epithelium
If it’s from a
mesothelial lining
Simple squamous
lining the walls of
the capillary
S imple Cuboidal Epithelium
◼ Description
◼ single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central
nuclei
◼ Function
◼ secretion and absorption
◼ Location
◼ kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary
surface
S imple Cuboidal Epithelium
S imple Columnar Epithelium
◼ Description
◼ single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with
oval nuclei
◼ Some bear cilia at their apical surface
◼ May contain goblet cells
◼ Function
◼ Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other
substances
◼ Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by
ciliary action
S imple Columnar Epithelium
◼ Location
◼ Non-ciliated form
◼ Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
◼ Ciliated form
◼ Lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and uterus
Ps eudos tratified Columnar
Epithelium
◼ Description
◼ All cells originate at basement membrane
◼ Only tall cells reach the apical surface
◼ May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
◼ Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
◼ Gives false impression of stratification
◼ Function
◼ secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
Ps eudos tratified Columnar
Epithelium
◼ Locations
◼ Non-ciliated type
◼ Ducts of male
reproductive tubes
◼ Ducts of large glands
◼ Ciliated variety
◼ Lines trachea and most of
upper respiratory tract
S tratified Epithelia
◼ Contain two or more layers of cells
◼ Regenerate from below
◼ Major role is protection
◼ Are named according to the shape of cells at
apical layer
S tratified S quamous
Epithelium
◼ Description
◼ Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
◼ Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
◼ Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for protection
S tratified S quamous
◼ Specific types
Epithelium
◼ Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratin
◼ Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
◼ Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of body openings
◼ Function
◼ Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
◼ Location
◼ Keratinized – forms epidermis
◼ Non-keratinized – forms lining of esophagus, mouth, and
vagina
S tratified S quamous
Epithelium
Non-keratinized vs . Keratinized
Trans itional Epithelium
◼ Description
◼ Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar
◼ Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous
◼ Function
◼ stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder
◼ Location
◼ Lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of urethra
Trans itional Epithelium
Relaxed s tate
S tretched s tate
Epithelial S urface Features
◼ Apical surface features
◼ Microvilli – finger-like extensions of plasma
membrane
◼ Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
◼ Maximize surface area across which small molecules
enter or leave
◼ Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion
Epithelial S urface Features
◼ Apical surface features
◼ Cilia – whip-like, highly motile extensions of
apical surface membranes
◼ Contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules
encircling one middle pair
◼ Axoneme – a set of microtubules
◼ Each pair of microtubules – arranged in a doublet
◼ Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to
cytoplasmic organelles called centrioles
◼ Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
A Cilium
Connective Tis s ue
◼ Most diverse and abundant tissue
◼ Main classes
◼ Connective tissue proper
◼ Cartilage
◼ Bone tissue
◼ Blood
◼ Components of connective tissue:
◼ Cells (varies according to tissue)
◼ Matrix
◼ Fibers (varies according to tissue)
◼ Ground substance (varies according to tissue)
◼ dermatin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratin sulfate, chondroitin
sulfate…
◼ Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme
Clas s es of Connective Tis s ue
Connective Tis s ue Model
◼ Areolar connective tissue
◼ Underlies epithelial tissue
◼ Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
◼ Has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues
◼ Borders all other tissues in the body
◼ Structures within areolar connective tissue allow:
◼ Support and binding of other tissues
◼ Holding body fluids
◼ Defending body against infection
◼ Storing nutrients as fat
Connective Tis s ue Proper
◼ Loose Connective Tissue
◼ Areolar
◼ Reticular
◼ Adipose
◼ Dense Connective Tissue
◼ Regular
◼ Irregular
◼ Elastic
Areolar Connective Tis s ue
◼ Description
◼ Gel-like matrix with:
◼ all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic) for support
◼ Ground substance is made up by glycoproteins also made and screted by the
fibroblasts.
◼ Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
◼ Function
◼ Wraps and cushions organs
◼ Holds and conveys tissue fluid
◼ Important role in inflammation Main battlefield in fight against infection
◼ Defenders gather at infection sites
◼ Macrophages
◼ Plasma cells
◼ Mast cells
◼ Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
Areolar Connective Tis s ue
◼ Location
◼ Widely distributed under epithelia
◼ Packages organs
◼ Surrounds capillaries
Adipos e Tis s ue
◼ Description
◼ Closely packed adipocytes
◼ Have nucleus pushed to one
side by fat droplet Function
◼ Provides reserve food fuel
◼ Insulates against heat loss
◼ Supports and protects
organs
◼ Location
◼ Under skin
◼ Around kidneys
◼ Behind eyeballs, within
abdomen and in breasts
Reticular Connective Tis s ue
◼ Description – network of
reticular fibers in loose
ground substance
◼ Function – form a soft,
internal skeleton
(stroma) – supports
other cell types
◼ Location – lymphoid
organs
◼ Lymph nodes, bone
marrow, and spleen
Dens e Regular Connective
◼ Description
Tis s ue
◼ Primarily p a ra lle l collagen fibers
◼ Fibroblasts and some elastic fibers
◼ Poorly vascularized
◼ Function
◼ Attaches muscle to bone
◼ Attaches bone to bone
◼ Withstands great stress in
one direction
◼ Location
◼ Tendons and ligaments
◼ Aponeuroses
◼ Fascia around muscles
Cartilage
◼ Characteristics:
◼ Firm, flexible tissue
◼ Contains no blood vessels or nerves
◼ Matrix contains up to 80% water
◼ Cell type – chondrocyte
◼ Types:
◼ Hyaline
◼ Elastic
◼ Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
◼ Description
◼ Imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy)
◼ Chodroblasts produce matrix
◼ Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
◼ Function
◼ Supports and reinforces
◼ Resilient cushion
◼ Resists repetitive stress
Hyaline Cartilage
◼ Location
◼ Fetal skeleton
◼ Ends of long bones
◼ Costal cartilage of ribs
◼ Cartilages of nose,
trachea, and larynx
Elas tic Cartilage
◼ Description
◼ Similar to hyaline cartilage
◼ More elastic fibers in matrix
◼ Function
◼ Maintains shape of structure
◼ Allows great flexibility
◼ Location
◼ Supports external ear
◼ Epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
◼ Description
◼ Matrix similar, but less firm than hyaline cartilage
◼ Thick collagen fibers predominate
◼ Function
◼ Tensile strength and ability
to absorb compressive
shock
◼ Location
◼ Intervertebral discs
◼ Pubic symphysis
◼ Discs of knee joint
Bone Tis s ue
◼ Function
◼ Supports and protects
organs
◼ Provides levers and
attachment site for muscles
◼ Stores calcium and other
minerals
◼ Stores fat
◼ Marrow is site for blood
cell formation
◼ Location
◼ Bones
Blood Tis s ue
◼ Description
◼ red and white blood cells
in a fluid matrix
◼ Function
◼ transport of respiratory
gases, nutrients, and wastes
◼ Location
◼ within blood vessels
◼ Characteristics
◼ An atypical connective tissue
◼ Develops from mesenchyme
◼ Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix
Mus cle Tis s ue
◼ Types
◼ Skeletal muscle tissue
◼ Cardiac muscle tissue
◼ Smooth muscle tissue
S keletal Mus cle Tis s ue
◼ Characteristics
◼ Long, cylindrical cells
◼ Multinucleate
◼ Obvious striations
◼ Function
◼ Voluntary movement
◼ Manipulation of
environment
◼ Facial expression
◼ Location
◼ Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
Cardiac Mus cle Tis s ue
◼ Function
◼ Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
◼ Characteristics
◼ Branching cells
◼ Uninucleate
◼ Striations
◼ Intercalated discs
◼ Location
◼ Occurs in walls of heart
S mooth Mus cle Tis s ue
◼ Characteristics
◼ Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
◼ Arranged closely to form
sheets
◼ No striations
◼ Function
◼ Propels substances along
internal passageways
◼ Involuntary control
◼ Location
◼ Mostly walls of hollow organs
Nervous Tis s ue
◼ Function
◼ Transmit electrical signals
from sensory receptors to
effectors
◼ Location
◼ Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
◼ Description
◼ Main components are brain,
spinal cord, and nerves
◼ Contains two types of cells
◼ Neurons – excitatory cells
◼ Supporting cells (neuroglial cells)
Tis s ue Res pons e to Injury
◼ Inflammatory response – non-specific, local
response
◼ Limits damage to injury site
◼ Immune response – takes longer to develop and
very specific
◼ Destroys particular microorganisms at site of
infection
The Tis s ues Throughout Life
◼ At the end of second month of development:
◼ Primary tissue types have appeared
◼ Major organs are in place
◼ Adulthood
◼ Only a few tissues regenerate
◼ Many tissues still retain populations of stem cells
◼ With increasing age:
◼ Epithelia thin
◼ Collagen decreases
◼ Bones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophy
◼ Poor nutrition and poor circulation – poor health of tissues
