ELECTRIC MACHINES
INTRODUCTION
Prof. Giovanni Griva, Prof. Luca Ferraris
Politecnico di Torino
E-mail:
[email protected] 1
Contents
Objectives of the course
Contents of the course
Suggested text books
Examination method
Basic definitions
Electric machines and applications
Basics on electric power conversion
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Objectives of the course - Contents of the course
To provide the basics for choosing and utilizing electric
machines in different applications
To analyze the steady state operation of electric machines
Contents of the course (5 credits module):
¾ Fundamental laws, materials and magnetic circuits
¾ Direct Current (DC) machine
¾ Transformer (single-phase and three-phase)
¾ Three-phase induction machine
¾ Synchronous machine (basics)
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Suggested text books
¾ “Electric machines and drives: a first course”, Ned Mohan
¾ “Macchine elettriche: processi, apparati e sistemi per la
conversione di energia”, A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kinsley jr. , A.
Kusko, Franco Angeli Editore, 1991
¾ “Macchine elettriche”, L. Ferraris, CLUT 2004
¾ “Principi e Applicazioni di Elettrotecnica 2” , L. Olivieri, E.
Ravelli, CEDAM, 1990
¾ In general any text book of Electric Machines for High
Schools (possibly different symbols will be used)
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Suggested text books
Some teaching material can be found on the web:
¾ http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/electa/teaching/maxwell
¾ http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_elettrica
¾ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Engineering
¾ http://www.unipv.it/energy/conversione/index.htm
¾ http://www.webalice.it/egidiorezzaghi/
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Examination method
Written Test
¾ Exercises on electric circuits and electric machines
¾ Draft sheets, calculator
Oral Test
¾ The mark of the written test must be at least 16/30 to access
the oral test
¾ Questions on electric circuits and electric machines
¾ The overall mark is registered with the same date of the
written test
Usually the two tests are held in different dates
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Basic definitions
What do we mean with “electric machine”
An apparatus made of more than one part to convert energy
(power)
¾ from electric to mechanic and vice versa (motor-generator)
¾ from electric to electric (transformer or converter)
The course will regard machines of the electromagnetic type
(motors-generators and transformers)
It will not regard machines of the electronic type (electronic
converters)
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Basic definitions
Electric machines of the electromagnetic type are usually
"bi -directional"
Static electric machines
•Transformers
Electric Power E.M. Electric Power
Rotating or linear electric machines
•Direct current motors/generators
•Alternating current motors/generators
Electric Power E.M. Mechanic Power
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Electric machines and applications
Applications of electric machines:
¾ Industrial (tool machines, industrial robots, etc.)
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Production and distribution of electric energy
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Electric Vehicles
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Residential applications
(air conditioners, lifts, pumps, ecc.)
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Electric appliances
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Electric tools
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Automotive (starter motors, alternators, central lock,
electric windows, etc.)
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Home entertainment (small power electric drives)
¾ Medical and mobility applications (electric drives)
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Electric machines and applications
¾ Aerospace and naval applications (power generation on
board, pressurization systems, replacement of hydraulic
actuators)
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Basics on electric power conversion
APPROACH
How we will study “electric machines”
Description of the machine and
of its operation principle
Model identification(*)
Identification of characteristics and
performance – Basics on regulation
(*) mathematical model >>>> lumped element circuit model (equivalent
circuit) - describing electromagnetic / electromechanical phenomena 18
Basics on electric power conversion
When analyzing the operation principle and describing the
machine’s structure we will need to consider both electric
circuits and magnetic circuits of which the machine is
physically made up
When analyzing the operation and performance we will use
circuit models (equivalent electric circuits) simplified to allow
“simple” calculations
The equivalent circuit contains information on both the
electrical part and the magnetic part of the machine
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Basics on electric power conversion
The power conversion happens because of the interaction
between electric quantities and magnetic quantities
Electric machines are made of
¾ Electric circuits – the paths of electric currents (i.e. electric charge
fluxes)
¾ Magnetic circuits – the paths of magnetic fluxes
Thermal aspects
¾ Any conversion happens with power/energy losses
¾ The lost energy determines the temperature increase
¾ The operating temperature impacts on the performance and on the
machine’s duration
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Basics on electric power conversion
Electromechanical conversion of energy implies the
transformation of electrical energy to mechanical energy and
vice versa
The coupling between the two systems happens through a
magnetic field
Energy flows
Electric Magnetic Mechanic
System Field System
Electric losses Losses due to Mechanical
(R⋅I2) the field losses 21
Basics on electric power conversion
The transformation efficiency lower than unity because of
different dissipation phenomena
Electromechanical conversion of energy exploits physical
phenomena that involve electric, magnetic and mechanic
quantities
1) Mechanical force on conductors bearing a current within
a magnetic field
2) Voltage induced across a conductor moving within a
magnetic field
3) Mechanical force on ferromagnetic materials within a
magnetic field that tends to align the material with the
field and to attract it where the field intensity is higher
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Basics on electric power conversion
4. Mechanical force on the armatures of a charged
capacitor within an electric field; the movement of the
armatures causes a variation of the charge and/or of the
voltage
5. Piezoelectric effect: when some crystals are opportunely
deformed an electric field arises across them; an electric
field causes a deformation of the crystals
6. Magnetostriction: most of ferromagnetic materials show a
deformation under the action of a magnetic field
This course will study only the first three phenomena and
their exploitation in electric machines
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