Data science is an inter-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods,

processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from many
structural and unstructured data.[1][2] Data science is related to data mining,
deep learning and big data.

Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning,

domain knowledge and their related methods" in order to "understand and analyze
actual phenomena" with data.[3] It uses techniques and theories drawn from many
fields within the context of mathematics, statistics, computer science, domain
knowledge and information science. Turing award winner Jim Gray imagined data
science as a "fourth paradigm" of science (empirical, theoretical, computational
and now data-driven) and asserted that "everything about science is changing
because of the impact of information technology" and the data deluge.[4][5]

Contents
1 Foundations
1.1 Relationship to statistics
2 Etymology
2.1 Early usage
2.2 Modern usage
3 Careers in data science
3.1 Educational path
3.2 Specializations and associated careers
4 Impacts of data science
5 Technologies and techniques
5.1 Techniques
5.2 Technologies
6 References
Foundations
Data science is an interdisciplinary field focused on extracting knowledge from
data sets, which are typically large (see big data).[6] The field encompasses
analysis, preparing data for analysis, and presenting findings to inform high-level
decisions in an organization. As such, it incorporates skills from computer
science, mathematics, statistics, information visualization, graphic design, and
business.[7][8] Statistician Nathan Yau, drawing on Ben Fry, also links data
science to human-computer interaction: users should be able to intuitively control
and explore data.[9][10] In 2015, the American Statistical Association identified
database management, statistics and machine learning, and distributed and parallel
systems as the three emerging foundational professional communities.[11]

Relationship to statistics
Many statisticians, including Nate Silver, have argued that data science is not a
new field, but rather another name for statistics.[12] Others argue that data
science is distinct from statistics because it focuses on problems and techniques
unique to digital data.[13] Vasant Dhar writes that statistics emphasizes
quantitative data and description. In contrast, data science deals with
quantitative and qualitative data (e.g. images) and emphasizes prediction and
action.[14] Andrew Gelman of Columbia University and data scientist Vincent
Granville have described statistics as a nonessential part of data science.[15][16]

Stanford professor David Donoho writes that data science is not distinguished from
statistics by the size of datasets or use of computing, and that many graduate
programs misleadingly advertise their analytics and statistics training as the
essence of a data science program. He describes data science as an applied field
growing out of traditional statistics.[17]

Etymology
Early usage
In 1962, John Tukey described a field he called “data analysis,” which resembles
modern data science.[17] Later, attendees at a 1992 statistics symposium at the
University of Montpellier II acknowledged the emergence of a new discipline focused
on data of various origins and forms, combining established concepts and principles
of statistics and data analysis with computing.[18][19]

The term “data science” has been traced back to 1974, when Peter Naur proposed it
as an alternative name for computer science.[20] In 1996, the International
Federation of Classification Societies became the first conference to specifically
feature data science as a topic.[20] However, the definition was still in flux. In
1997, C.F. Jeff Wu suggested that statistics should be renamed data science. He
reasoned that a new name would help statistics shed inaccurate stereotypes, such as
being synonymous with accounting, or limited to describing data.[21] In 1998,
Chikio Hayashi argued for data science as a new, interdisciplinary concept, with
three aspects: data design, collection, and analysis.[22]

During the 1990s, popular terms for the process of finding patterns in datasets
(which were increasingly large) included “knowledge discovery” and “data
mining.”[23][20]

Modern usage
The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes
attributed to William S. Cleveland.[24] In a 2001 paper, he advocated an expansion
of statistics beyond theory into technical areas; because this would significantly
change the field, it warranted a new name.[23] "Data science" became more widely
used in the next few years: in 2002, the Committee on Data for Science and
Technology launched Data Science Journal. In 2003, Columbia University launched The
Journal of Data Science.[23] In 2014, the American Statistical Association's
Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on
Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data
science.[25]

The professional title of “data scientist” has been attributed to DJ Patil and Jeff
Hammerbacher in 2008.[26] Though it was used by the National Science Board in their
2005 report, "Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education
in the 21st Century," it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital
data collection.[27]

There is still no consensus on the definition of data science and it is considered

by some to be a buzzword.[28]

Careers in data science

Data science is a growing field. A career as a data scientist is ranked at the
third best job in America for 2020 by Glassdoor, and was ranked the number one best
job from 2016-2019.[29] Data scientists have a median salary of $118,370 per year
or $56.91 per hour.[30] Job growth in this field is also above average, with a
projected increase of 16% from 2018 to 2028.[30] The largest employer of data
scientists in the US is the federal government, employing 28% of the data science
workforce.[30] Other large employers of data scientists are computer system design
services, research and development laboratories, and colleges and universities.[30]
Typically, data scientists work full time, and some work more than 40 hours a week.
[30]

Educational path
In order to become a data scientist, there is a significant amount of education and
experience required. The first step in becoming a data scientist is to earn a
bachelor's degree, typically in a field related to computing or mathematics.[31]
[30] Coding bootcamps are also available and can be used as an alternate pre-
qualification to supplement a bachelor's degree in another field.[31] Most data
scientists also complete a master’s degree or a PhD in data science.[31] Once these
qualifications are met, the next step to becoming a data scientist is to apply for
an entry-level job in the field.[31] Some data scientists may later choose to
specialize in a sub-field of data science.[31]

Specializations and associated careers

Machine Learning Scientist: Machine learning scientists research new methods of
data analysis and create algorithms.[32]
Data Analyst: Data analysts utilize large data sets to gather information that
meets their company’s needs.[32]
Data Consultant: Data consultants work with businesses to determine the best usage
of the information yielded from data analysis.[31]
Data Architect: Data architects build data solutions that are optimized for
performance and design applications.[32]
Applications Architect: Applications architects track how applications are used
throughout a business and how they interact with users and other applications.[32]
Impacts of data science
Big data is very quickly becoming a vital tool for businesses and companies of all
sizes.[33] The availability and interpretation of big data has altered the business
models of old industries and enabled the creation of new ones.[33] Data-driven
businesses are worth $1.2 trillion collectively in 2020, an increase from $333
billion in the year 2015.[34] Data scientists are responsible for breaking down big
data into usable information and creating software and algorithms that help
companies and organizations determine optimal operations.[34] As big data continues
to have a major impact on the world, data science does as well due to the close
relationship between the two.[34]

Technologies and techniques

There are a variety of different technologies and techniques that are used for data
science which depend on the application.

Techniques
Clustering is a technique used to group data together.
Dimensionality reduction is used to reduce the complexity of data computation so
that it can be performed more quickly.
Machine learning is a technique used to perform tasks by inferencing patterns from
data.
Technologies
Python is a programming language with simple syntax that is commonly used for data
science.[35] There are a number of python libraries that are used in data science
including numpy, pandas, and scipy.
R is a programming language that was designed for statisticians and data mining[36]
and is optimized for computation.
TensorFlow is a framework for creating machine learning models developed by Google.
Pytorch is another framework for machine learning developed by Facebook.
Jupyter Notebook is an interactive web interface for Python that allows faster
experimentation.
Tableau makes a variety of software that is used for data visualization.[37]
Apache Hadoop is a software framework that is used to process data over large
distributed systems.
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