Silt Trap Design
GCU
Project :
Development area = 20 ac ( 8.094 ) ha
The following assumptions are made for the sizing of the basin :-
· Adopted basin type is an earth embankment and perforated outlet.
· Most of the surface soil type is sandy.
· Overland sheet flow to the basin will pass over uniform segment with soil type of
bare clay. L= 400 m+S= 0.5 %
· Construction period will be 2 years; the design storm is 3 month ARI.
Step 1 : Overland flow time of concentration (minutes)
to = 107nL1/3 = 107x 0.02 x 400 1/3 n= 0.02
S1/2 0.5 ###
= 22.29883 minutes ~ say 20 minutes
\ Adopted time of concentration = 20 minutes
Step 2: Sizing of sediment basin
From Table 39.4, the predominant soil type is categorised as Type C
From Table 39.4, for a 3 month ARI, the required surface area is 200 m2/ha,
and the required total volume is 240 m3/ha.
\ The surface area required for the site = 200 x 8.09 = 1618.75 m2
( This is the average surface area for the settling zone volume, i.e.at mid depth)
Total basin volume required for the site = 240 x 8.09 = 1942.49 m3
say 1943 m3
a) Settling Zone :
From Table 39.5, the required settling zone V1 = 971.5 m3 ( half of 1943 m3 )
and the settling zone depth Y1 = 0.6 m
Try settling zone average, width, W1 = 24.0 m
Required settling zone average length, L1 = V1 = 971.5 = 68.0 m
W1xY1 14.4
Average surface area = 68 x 24 = 1632 m2 Ok
Check settling zone dimensions
L1 ratio = 68.0 = 113.3 < 200 Ok
Y1 0.6
L1 ratio = 68.0 = 2.833 > 2 Ok
W1 24.0
Silt Trap Design
GCU
b) Sediment storage zone :
The required sediment storage zone volume is half the volume, V2 = 972 m3
For a side slope Z = 2.0(H) = 1(V), the dimensions at the top of the sediment storage
zone are ,
W2 = W1 - 2 x Y1 x Z = 22.8 m
2
L2 = L1 - 2 x Y1 x Z = 66.8 m
2
The required depth for the sediment storage zone, which must be at least 0.3m, can be
calculated from the following relationship,
V2 = Z2Y23 - ZY22(W2 + L2) + Y2(W2xL2)
Which gives,
= 2 Y2 - 2Y2 ( Y2 ( 1523.04 )
2 3 2
972 89.6 )+
V2 < 979.692
By trial and error = Y2 = 0.7 m > 0.3 m Ok
c) overall basin dimensions :
At top water level : Wtwl = W1 + 2 x Z x Y1 = 24.9 m say 25 m
2
Ltwl = L1 + 2 x Z x Y1 = 68.9 m say 120 m
2
At Base level : WB = W1 - 2 x Z x ( Y1 + Y2 ) = 21 say 21 m
2
LB = L1 - 2 x Z x ( Y1 + Y2 ) = 65 say 116 m
2
Depth : Settling Zone : Y1 = 0.6 m
Sediment Storage Zone : Y2 = 0.7 m Total Y = 1.3 m
Silt Trap Design
GCU
Step 3: Sizing of outlet pipe
Outlet riser : 600 mm diameter perforated M.S. pipe.
The pipe is to be provided with sufficient small orifice openings to ensure that the basin
will completely drain within 24 hours after filling.
An estimate of the total area of orifice openings required can be obtained by rearranging
equation 19.5 and using the average surface area and total depth of the basin,
Average surface area, Aav = 2718.0 m2
Orifice area, A total = 2 Aav Öy = 0.0270 m2
tCdÖ2g
Using an orifice size of 20 mm, the area of each orifice is,
Ao = p x ( 0.02 )2 = 0.000314 m2
4
Total number of orifices required = 0.0270 = 87 Nos
0.000314
Surface area of riser pipe = 2.45 m2
p d = 1.9 m
At height increments of 200mm, starting at the bottom of the pipe, put one row of 7 x 20 mm orifices
evenly spaced around the pipe
Silt Trap Design
GCU
Step 4: Sizing of emergency spillway
The emergency spillway must be designed for a 10 year ARI flood. The sill
level must be set a minimum 300 mm above the basin top water level.
To simplify the calculations, the following assumptions are made :-
· Assume riser pipe flow is orifice flow through the top of the pipe only.
· Riser pipe head is 300 mm i.e. the height between the top of the pipe and the spillway crest level.
Qspillway = Q10 - Qriser
Using Rational Method
Q10 = (C10I10 A)/360
From Figure 13.3, the 2P24 hr value of Klang = 100
Using Table 13.3, for 10 min storm, the value of FD = 1.28
Using Appendix 13A, for 10 year ARI in Selangor, the coefficient of the IDF polynomial equation area
a 4.9696
b 0.6796
c -0.2584
d 0.0147
Using equation 13.2
ln ( It) =
R
a + b ln (t) + C [ln (t)] 2 + d[ln(t)]3
ln ( I30) =
10
-0.2584 [ln ( ### )] + 0.0147 [ln ( 30 )]
2 3
4.9696 + 0.6796 ln ( 30 ) +
ln ( I30) =
10
4.9696 + 2.3115 -2.9892 + 0.5784
= 4.8702
ln ( I60) =
10
0.6796 ln ( 60 ) + [ -0.2584 [ln ( ### )] ] + 0.0147 [ln ( 60 )]
2 3
4.9696 +
ln ( I60) =
10
4.9696 + 2.7825 -4.3317 + 1.0090
= 4.4293
(10I30) = 130.35 mm/hr Þ P30 = 130.35 /2 = 65.175 mm/hr
(10I60) = 83.88 mm/hr Þ P60 = 83.88 mm/hr
Using equation 13.3, P10 = P30 – FD (P60 – P30)
= 41.24 mm/hr
For a 30 minutes duration =
10
I10 = 41.24
10 / 60 = 0.16667
= 247.43 mm/ hr
From equation 14.7, with C = 0.84 (Category (4) in design Chart 14.3),
Q10 = C 10I10 A = 4.673 m /s
3
360
From equation 20.2, for orifice flow and assuming an orifice discharge Coefficient C o, 0.6
Silt Trap Design
GCU
Qriser = C0 A0 Ö2gH0 = 0.412 m /s
3
Therefore, allowing for the riser pipe flow the required spillway capacity is:
Qspillway = Q10 - Qriser = 4.26 m /s
3
From equation 20.9, Qspillway = Csp B Hp1.5
Trial Dimensions : B = 3 m, Hp = 0.4 m and Csp = 1.60 from design chart 20.2.
Qspillway = 1.21431 m3/s > 4.26 m /s
3
check dimension
Therefore, the total basin depth including spillway is,
1.3 + 0.3 + 0.4 = 2.0 m
say = 2.50 m
However an extra depth of 0.15 m is provided to ensure no over tapping of the sediment basin.
The total depth of basin = 2.65 m
Silt Trap Design
GCU
2.0 Temporary Drainage During Earthworks
The temporary earth drainage will be provided at strategic locations during earthworks
in order to cater for the surface runoff and direct the flow into the sediment basin.
2.1 Temporary Earth Drain Calculation
(a) The main channel sizing is done based on 5 years ARI.
· Catchment Area = 2.11 ac ( 0.854 ) ha
· Time of Concentration = 30 minutes ( asumed for small catchment )
· 30I5 = 89 mm/hr
· Runoff coefficient, C =
0.84 ( Design Chart 14.3 Urban Catchment-Type 2)
\ Q5 = 0.84 x 89 x 0.854
360
= 0.18 m /s 3
(b) Drain sizing
Try trapezoidal earth channel section as below :-
· Bottom Width = 0.6 m
· Depth = 0.6 m
· Side Slopes = 1 (V) : 1 (H)
· Top Width = 1.8 m
The following channel properties have been selected :-
· Mannning Coefficient,n = 0.025
· Channel Gradient, S = 1 to 500
·\ S1/2 0.0447=
Elements of channel cross-section :-
· Area, A = 0.72 m
· Wetted Perimeter = 2.30 m
· Hydraulic Radius, R (A/P) = 0.3134
· \ R 2/3 = 0.46
Drain capacity :-
· From Manning’s Equation,
Q = A x R2/3 X S1/2
n
= 0.72 x 0.46 x 0.0447
0.025
Silt Trap Design
GCU
0.59 m /s > Q5
3
= Ok
Silt Trap Design
GCU
Project :
Development area = 22 ac ( 8.903 ) ha
The following assumptions are made for the sizing of the basin :-
· Adopted basin type is an earth embankment and perforated outlet.
· Most of the surface soil type is sandy.
· Overland sheet flow to the basin will pass over uniform segment with soil type of
bare clay. L= 400 m+S= 0.5 %
· Construction period will be 2 years; the design storm is 3 month ARI.
Step 1 : Overland flow time of concentration (minutes)
to = 107nL1/3 = 107x 0.02 x 400 1/3 n= 0.02
S1/2 0.5 ###
= 22.29883 minutes ~ say 20 minutes
\ Adopted time of concentration = 20 minutes
Step 2: Sizing of sediment basin
From Table 39.4, the predominant soil type is categorised as Type C
From Table 39.4, for a 3 month ARI, the required surface area is 250 m2/ha,
and the required total volume is 300 m3/ha.
\ The surface area required for the site = 250 x 8.90 = 2225.77 m2
( This is the average surface area for the settling zone volume, i.e.at mid depth)
Total basin volume required for the site = 300 x 8.90 = 2670.93 m3
say 2671 m3
a) Settling Zone :
From Table 39.5, the required settling zone V1 = 1336 m3 ( half of 2671 m3 )
and the settling zone depth Y1 = 0.603 m
Try settling zone average, width, W1 = 30.5 m
Required settling zone average length, L1 = V1 = 1336 = 73.0 m
W1xY1 18.39
Average surface area = 73 x 30.5 = 2227 m2 Ok
Check settling zone dimensions
L1 ratio = 73.0 = 121.1 < 200 Ok
Y1 0.603
L1 ratio = 73.0 = 2.393 > 2 Ok
W1 30.5
Silt Trap Design
GCU
b) Sediment storage zone :
The required sediment storage zone volume is half the volume, V2 = 1336 m3
For a side slope Z = 2.0(H) = 1(V), the dimensions at the top of the sediment storage
zone are ,
W2 = W1 - 2 x Y1 x Z = 29.294 m
2
L2 = L1 - 2 x Y1 x Z = 71.794 m
2
The required depth for the sediment storage zone, which must be at least 0.3m, can be
calculated from the following relationship,
V2 = Z2Y23 - ZY22(W2 + L2) + Y2(W2xL2)
Which gives,
= 2 Y2 - 2Y2 ( Y2 ( 2103.13 )
2 3 2
1336 101.1 )+
V2 < 1732
By trial and error = Y2 = 0.9 m > 0.3 m Ok
c) overall basin dimensions :
At top water level : Wtwl = W1 + 2 x Z x Y1 = 31.4 m say 32 m
2
Ltwl = L1 + 2 x Z x Y1 = 73.9 m say 83 m
2
At Base level : WB = W1 - 2 x Z x ( Y1 + Y2 ) = 26.8955 say 30 m
2
LB = L1 - 2 x Z x ( Y1 + Y2 ) = 69.3955 say 70 m
2
Depth : Settling Zone : Y1 = 0.603 m
Sediment Storage Zone : Y2 = 0.9 m Total Y = 1.503 m
Silt Trap Design
GCU
Step 3: Sizing of outlet pipe
Outlet riser : 600 mm diameter perforated M.S. pipe.
The pipe is to be provided with sufficient small orifice openings to ensure that the basin
will completely drain within 24 hours after filling.
An estimate of the total area of orifice openings required can be obtained by rearranging
equation 19.5 and using the average surface area and total depth of the basin,
Average surface area, Aav = 2378.0 m2
Orifice area, A total = 2 Aav Öy = 0.0254 m2
tCdÖ2g
Using an orifice size of 20 mm, the area of each orifice is,
Ao = p x ( 0.02 )2 = 0.000314 m2
4
Total number of orifices required = 0.0254 = 82 Nos
0.000314
Surface area of riser pipe = 2.83 m2
p d = 1.9 m
At height increments of 200mm, starting at the bottom of the pipe, put one row of 7 x 20 mm orifices
evenly spaced around the pipe
