AUTOMATED MOTOR BUS TRANSFER THEORY AND APPLICATION Presented to the Thirty Seventh Annual Conference for PROTECTIVE RELAY ENGINEERS Sponsored By Texas A & M University April 16th, 1984 Presented By Mr. Robert D. Pettigrew Manager of Engineering Beckwith Electric Co. Written By Mr. Robert D. Pettigrew and Mr. Elwin L. Johnson P.E. Senior Protection Engineer Public Service Company of New MexicoABSTRACT The present tranafer methods for generating plant motor buses ace reviewed including the newest methods using the latest high speed relays. The effectiveness of these metheds on typical buses is discussed and the influence of bus voltage and phase characteristics ducing transfer in determining the best transfer method ig indicated, The Transfer Logic Controller (TLC) motor bua transfer systen ia discussed a3 an automatic system foc control of bus transfecs. The installation of this system in a 500 my steam plant is then described, chowing the integration of the TLe with the existing breaker control circuitcy. INTRODUCTION Typically, generating plants have at least two available power sources foc the auxiliacy systems associated with each generating unit. A typical unit is illustrated in the simplified one-line diagram of Figure 1. While the genecating plant is operating normally, the power cequiced by the auxiliacy Systems supporting the generator would be suppiied by the unit auxiliary tranafornes (GAT) connected to the bus structure between the generator terminals and genecator step-up transfocaec. However, with this unit configucation, the auxiliary systeas Rust be supplied from a sepacate power source during the normal unit start-up and shut-down sequences when the genecator is unable to support a load, ag well as those instances when the unit auxiliary transformer is taken out of service for maintenance or must be disconnected to clear a transmission system or generator fault. During these periods the station service transformer (SST) aust be connected to supply the power requirements of the auxiliary secvices. This process of exchanging power Sources is commonly referred to as a bus transfer. Another common configuration of generating plant equipment is illustcated in Figure 2. In this configucation, the power requiced for the auxiliacy systeas ducing tne hocmal stact-up and shut-down sequences may be supplied though the unit ssep-up transformer. With this configuration, bus transfers are cequired for those Situations when the power circuit breaker connecting the generator step-up teansformer to the power system must be opened to clear a fault and the generator Rust be taken out of service, i.e. a transformer fault. In nuclear generating plants, at least two off-site sources of power in addition to an on-site auxiliary AC generator are required for the supply of the engineered safeguacd auxiliary systens (Class 18). If the unit is connected in a manner similar te the configueation of Figure 2, the second off-site power source is required, as a Rinimun, to have che capability of starting and operating the Class 12 syscens and related loads, in plants having more than one generating unit, the second off-s source may De capable of supplying the auxiliacies of ali installed units. In nuclear installations, all of the unit auxiliary systems must be capable of transfec Detween either of the off-site power sources. The Class 1£ equipment aust be capable Of transferring between eithec of the off-site sources ag well as the on-site auxiliary generator supply. ‘Transfer of unit auxiliary systems using high speed celays is now possible due to th application of advanced technology to tae design of phase angle and synchronizing relays. Relays ace now available that caa supervise tranafer of auxiliary buses using synehconism check o¢ automatic synchronizing functions. This raises ene estion of wnicn method should be used for each application and whether a common f mathed is available that will provide safe and reliable transfer for any 5 complicated by the fact that each bus will have unique voltage and phase characteristics during a transfer. These characteristics will depend on types of loads supported by the bus. A generating plant will typically have sever auxiliary buses that provide power foc the auxiliacy equipment. The transfer schene chosen Zor each bug must be designed to be compatiole with the individual bus chacacteristies which will vary from bus to bus. anster is required for every unit start-up or shu! 1p seat involves use of the SST to provide power to the auxiliary equipment cequired for unit Stact-uo, When the generator voltage and frequency are acceptable for the auxiliacy loads, the auxiliacy buses oce transfecced to the UAT. A systen disturbance caA easily be caused by an inpcoper teanser that would cequire shut-down of the Unit and necessitate another start-up.Unit shut-down can be a planned event oc an unplanned occurence. Most genecating Plants requice that some portion of the auxiliacy loade continue to opecate during and after shut-down, A shut-down for whatever reason should be as smooth as possible fo avoid upsetting the processes in operation at the time of shut-down. cor examples ina boiler furnished with circulating pumps, the manufacturer may require that a Rumber of the pumps continue operating during ‘shut-down, Also, the ceadtor ‘coolant Bumps in nuclear plants must continue to operate until the core power density drops 0a low level. An unplanned oc emergency shut-down can occur at any tine and the bus transfer system should be designed to alleviate the opecatoc of the cesponsibility of supecvising the transfer. The transfer can be caused by many vacing conditions inside tne plact oc in the outside transmission systes. The voltage and phase of the cesidua! bus voltage can vary widely due to the nature of the event causing the transfer oc the joading on the bus peior to the transfer. II, TYPES OF TRANSFER Bus transfer may be categorized as three general types dependent on the open ciccuite time required foc the transfer. A. Parallel (Hot) transfer B. Fast Transfer C. Delayed Transfer PARALLEL TRANSFER Parallel Transfec is a widely used method of transferring for unit start-up and Planned shut~downs, In this mathod, the start-up source breaker is closed before the UAT source breaker is opened. This method has gained wide acceptance because the Eeansient on the motor bus is eliminated; assuming the two sources ace in phase. However, ‘the bus systen designed for this transfec method will usually violate tas interrupt rating for the circuit breakers and the short tecm withstand ratings of the at and SST. A fault occurcing during the time the sources are paralleled can overstress the components of the bus system and may cause damage to the generating unit, The probability of this happening may be viewed as small; however, the Sonsequences of such a fault should be thoroughly understood before the parallel transfer systen is used. Pecallel Transfer requires, at a minimum, a sync-check relay to ensure that the phase difference across the SST source breaker is within acceptable limits prior to Eransiec. Without this pecmissive relay, a large phase angle would cause a powe surge through the bus systen that could cause severe damage to the bus syste components. pAST TRANSPER Fast Transfer involves opening the UAT source breaker prior to closing the SST breaker; thus avoiding the problems associated with Parallel Transtec. This method is intended to minimize the tcansfer time between sources. However, the bus nase always be completely disconnected from both sources for a short period of tine. One typical Fast Teanster technique videly used in today's systeas involves issuing Simultaneous trip and close commands to the unit and start up soucce oreaker Eespectively. Anothe: method involves using a "b* contact from the unit breaker to close the service breaker. these systems in general use today ace unsupervised by phase angle relays and can subject the motors to severe transient torsues due to an gut of phase condition. In addition, should the tripping breaker be abnormally slow, the sources can be briefly paralleled introducing the probleas of Parallel Transfer. Supervision of the Past Transfer cequices a high speed sync-check celay to easuce that the phase angle between the motor bus voltage and the station sezvice source voltage is vithin acceptable limits prior to closing the stact-up source Uceakec: Due to the dynanic nature of the phase during the open circuit period, the sync- check calay must be able to accurately detecmine the phase in the fastest possible time. A discussion of the phase istic of the motor bus is inciudea in Section 121 of this paper.DELAYED TRANSPER Delayed Transfer is comprised of two distinctly different types of transfer: In Phase and Residual Voltage. In Phase Transfer is easentially a high apeed automatic synchronization between the sotor bus and the start-up source. ‘The atact-up source breaker aust be closed so that the breaker contacts make at the time of zero phase coincidence. Using eis technique, the voltage difference accoas the atact-up breaker is reduced to the difference in the magnitude of the start-up source and the bus voltage. The voltage and phase characteristica of the bus voltage are fucther discussed in Section IIT. Residual Voltage Transfer involves vaiting until the bus voltage drops below a predetermined point before closing the stact-up source breaker. This technique is Ehe slowest of the aethods in that the open circuit time of the ous is the greatest. By waiting until the voltage is low, i.e. 258, the resultant voltage acroas the Stact-up source beeaker is reduced to a maxinum of 1.25 p.u, Hovever, in aost bus systens, by the tine the voltage drops to this level, the motoc loads have decelerated to a point where a portion of these loads aust be disconnected since Simultaneous reacceleration of ali sotors is not possible. This load shedding further complicates the bus transfer scheme and requires the opecatocs to aanually Festact the sotocs that have been taken out of service. IIT. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUS VOLTAGE AND PHASE DURING TRANSPER In general, the voltage characteristic of a motor bus during tcansfer is governed by the “motor loads operating at the time of transfer. The majority of auxiliary system motors are induction motors with a few synchronous motors used in isolated cases. The types of motors in use will, to a great degree, detecnine the voltage chacacteristics of the auxiliary system buses. This paper vill address induction motors specifically since they are normally used. Hovever, the concepts presented are also valid for buses having synchronous motors. When the bus is disconnected fron the UAT, the motors will generate a voltage due to the energy stored in the motor fields. The initial magnitude of the voltage depends on the integrity of the power source prior to disconnection. A three phase fault in the UA? generator Step-up transformer or on the high’ voltage bus near the plant may completely Geonergize the motor fields and the resultant voltage vill be sininal. fovever, for all other cases a significant voltage will be induced on the motor bus. the induced voltage will have a dynamic amplitude and phase characteristic that vill depend on the inertia of the motor loads and the field energy stored in the motors, The characteristics for two induction motors are shown in Pigures 3 and 4. Piguce 3 represents a 6000 hp I.D. fan motor operating at 25 load prior to transfer. This isan example of a chacactecistic for a large sotoc driving a high inertia load. The voltage magnitude requires 42 cycles to drop to 508 of its initia] value and che angle takes more than 60 cycles to complete a 360 degree rotation. The 960 hp boiler cicculating pump motor used for the Figure 4 data shovs a dramatic vaciation in chacacteristicg. The voltage sagnitude drops to 504 within i0 cycles and the completes a 360 degree rotation in less than eight cycles. In a typical bus system, thece may be several actors of widely differing catings. When the bus is disconnected, the lacge motors with high inectial loads vill ace a induction generators supplying power to the smaller motors. The total bus voltage will have “a complex average cesponge such that the voltage will decay faster chan the voltage for the largest individual motor and slower than foc a single small Rotor. the voltage and phase charactecistics from two buses ina lacge steam plant are shown in. Figure 5. The cucves of Figure 5 can be aodeled as a single movor vith characteristics which match the phase and voltage curves for the entire bus~ ‘The us teansfer model is then simplified to the ciscuit shown in Figure 6. Breaker Ais normally closed and power is supplied from the generator source through impedance Zu. Sus transfer involves opening A and closing B so that power ia Supplied from the reserve soucce VR - LL except parallel transfers, A is opened befoce @ ig closed. During the time interval vhen both“A and 3 are open, the bus voltage V, vill foliow a curve similar to the examples shown in Pigure s. Prior to Sviten 8 “closing, a voltage will appear across @ that depends on the phase and magnitude characteristics of the bus voltage. The open circuit voltage per hertz (Vgc) can be calculated as using the Law of Cosines, Assuming the resecve source is operating at 60 hertz prior to transfer:£ + bus frequency in per unit of 60 Hz. Vag 7 1 peu. at 60 He. altace ahaiid he Liaited 9a value of 1.33 per anit volts/hertz|as establisned by ANSI SE Sai=tr:— Polyphase —{aduction- Motors tor Povec Generating Stationg,: in order to establish when the Guideline is met, he voltage Voc Bust be determined dependent both upon the length of time that Breakecs A and B aZ8 open and the bus characteristics. he approxinate value of Voc versus time (cycles) for the two buses of Figure 5 is plotted in Figure 7. Both curves have tvo important minimums vhich correspond to the Fast and In Phase Transfer techniques. In order to minimize the transient Eorques on. the motors, the backup breaker can be closed at either of the first two ninimum points of Vo¢ .fast Transfer for Bus Tt can provide a transfer with Voc of O.45. This is indicated as point A in Figure 7 and assumes a 5 cycle breaker closing time. In Phase Transfer. on Bus I (point B) results in Voc of 0.5. Therefore, for Bus I, Past Transfer should be used and yields the minimin value of Voc and the shortest transfer time. Fast Transfer for Bus II (point D) results in Voc = 1.9; again assuming a 5 cycle breaker closing tine. In Phase Transfer for Bus Ii (point £) yields a value of Voc= 0.3. In Phase Transfer requires a delay of one slip cycle of Voc and closing the start-up breaker at the first. zero phase coincidence of Pigure Ss. The required delay is 15 cycles for aus If and 34 cycies for Bus I. In Phase Transfer appears to be the best choice for Sus II. | This example Clearly indicates that the best transfer technique will vary dependent on the Dus characteristics and the speed with which the start-up source breaker can be closed. Another important conclusion from Figure 7 concerns Residual Voltage Transfer. The Voc. characteristic for all buses will be asymptotic to a value of 1.0 p.u. waScetore, the Residual Voltage Transfer will always subject the motor system t0 a Iasger value of Voc. than the proper choice of Fast or tn Phase Transfer. In addition, the ‘desigual Voltage Transfer requires a significantly longer tine delay than fast or In Phase ‘Feansfer. Thecefore, Residua: Voltage ‘Transter should be Gsed only 25 a" backup and Fast oc In Phase Transfer should be selected to provide the mininun transfer transient on the motor bus. the Vgc curves indicate three segacate transfer techniques that can be used. These are pase “Transfer, fn Phase Transfer and Residual Voltage Transiec. fast Tcanstec Tequires that 8, of Figure 6, be closed before the Voc initially reaches 1.33 p.u. In, Phase Transfer involves deteraining the point where V3 and Vy will be in phase and closing 8 as close as possible to this time. ‘The Residual Voltage begins when the voltage Vg | dcops below 334 and ends when 3 is closed and the transfer 13 complete. £acn of these methods will satisfy the 1.33 p.u, guideline but the difgerences should be understood. Fast and In Phase Transfer provide = means of minimizing the tcansient torques on the motor dus. The proper Selection Between these techniques can easily provide a transfer which reduces the value of to well below che 1.33 p.u. maxinum guideline. However, the data of Figure 7 3 only a small. initial phase angle exists between V3 and Vs and that this angle does ‘not change when A is opened. In practice, this gay not be the case. At feast three ‘separate factors will determine che initial phase angle as A is opened. First, a static. phase angle between Vp and V; nay exist befoce the transfer is Started. Secondly, the phase of Vg" vill make a step change vhen A is opened. Pinally, the phase of V3" may also change when A is opened. The resultant phase difference due to, these ‘three factors may completely eliminate the possibility of Using the Past Transfer method. In addition, this entice phase angle may not be the Sane each tine a transfer is made. The initial angle is influenced by the load on the bus at the time of transfer and conditions external to the plant that aay not be controllable by the plant operators. IV. RELAYS REQUIRED FOR SUPERVISED TRANSFER In order to effectively implement Past, In Phase and Residual Voltage Transf‘These functions could be independent relays with a control ch tranafer. three fundamentally different functions m implemented by a single relay or by ui Schene that would provide selection of the proper relay for can be aoat ily understood using the typical voltage 3. The tact The functional difference: types of transfer are illustrated py the and phase curve of Pigui three zones shown in Pigure FAST TRANSFER RELAY Fast Transfer requires that the start-up source breaker be closed before the phade moves outside of Zone 1. The relay required must be able to determine the magnitude of the initial phase step change fast enough to Block transfer if the phase jumps outside the phase angle limit. A time delay could also be used to detecnine 1? the phase is rapidly changing auch as the Bus If example in Pigures 5 and 7. Therefor Past Transfer requires a high speed sync-check celay that can drop out faat enough to prevent the start-up source breaker from closing on a large or rapidly moving phase angi The fastest phase measurement technique available generates a voltage each half cycle that is proportional to the phase difference. Phase angle is defined as the ratio of the tine between zero crossings and the period of the waveform. Je: phase (degrees) = qyfy X 180 (Raté cyete measurements). ¢) =F wher 2 + time of one complete half cycle of the input waveform. 2 t= the tine measured between corresponding zero crossings In order to follow the phase angle as closely as possible, the phase calculation (1) must be completed two times in each cycle of the waveform. Also, to provide a phage Reasurement that is accurate over a wide frequency range, both t and T, aust be Calculated and the catio used to compute the phase angle. Using a conatane value for Tp means, pase circuitry will only be accurate at one frequency (1/Tp )« the phase angle should have an adjustable phase window getting and should close and open its output contact when the phase soves in and out of the window. The output contact should close and open in the order of 1 ag so ag not to introduce a lacge tine delay in the relay. IN PHASE TaaNsreR In Phase Transfez is defined as closing the start-up: source breaker when the bus voltage is in phase with the start-up source voltage. This is tone 2 shown in Figure 8. Since all known circuit breakers require some tine to close, the in Phase relay must predict in advance vhen the in phase condition will occur and initiace closing the start-up source breaker ahead of zero phase by the breaker Closing time. Figuce 9 illusteates the sequence required for In Phase Transfec. Assuming the beeaker requires Tz seconds to close, then the relay aust initiaee closing the breaker Tg seconds before the phase angle reaches -21', cr at tine ta In oder to predict when the phase angle will be zeco, the Taylor Series expansion for the phase funetion can be used. ‘The Tayloc Series expansion for a continous function Ls shown in Equation 2. once) PCE) = 9Cty) + ot Cry) (E-E1) ¢ —— (Ere: sale es an Where: @(tj) = value of phase ac t=ty 2°(ty) + first derivative of phase at tet, } = second ve of phase at teTE the assumption is sade that the third and higher order decivatives are small, then the problea is reduced to solving Equation (3) for 9(t) = 0. ace) = oft) +0! set) 2 3 ey) 2 erteeeey + pb cee) o In this cai = ty +73 (looking ahead by the breaker closing tine). "(t,) or o(t, + 1) # 9C) + orceyt, + “ED, « Equation 4 predicts the value of the phase Tg seconds in the future by determining the value of ¢, 9', and. 9" and knowing the value of T3. Therefore the In Phase Transfer relay aust ‘contindously solve Equation (4) and when 9(t; + Tg) = 0, the telay will initiate closing the stact-up source breaker. This occurs when t) = ta. One important result of Equation (4). is that if $(t), o'Ct) and ¢(t) are Getermined by the relay during the transfer sequence the solution is independent of the dynamics of the bus. Therefore the In Phase Transfec celay could be used on any bus with only the breaker tine T, required. RESIDUAL VOLTAGE RELAY he residual voltage celay is cequiced to detect when the bus voltage drops below a peedetecained level and then to initiate closing the stact-up breaker. This is Shown aa gone 3 in Figure 8. A feature that say be cequired is a load shedding contact vhich can be used to strip loads from the bus prior to closing the start-up breaker. The load shedding contact should close in advance of the close contact to allow. time foc the extecnal auxiliary relays to operate. The voltage measurement technique used in this celay sust be independent of frequency since the motors may coast dovn significantly prior to the time the voltage drops below the residual voltage threshold. V. TRANSFER LOGIC CONTROLLER Beckwith Electric Company, Inc. (BECO), under contract to Public Service Company of New Mexico, has developed the Tcansfec Logic Contcoller (TLC) relay for controlling motor bus transfers. Tne TLC is used with BECO's previously developed Power Transfer Relay. This relay system, SYNCAOTRAN, performs the Fast, In Phase, and Residual Voltage Transfer functions cequired for a complete bus transfer sys (See Figure 10.) The Powec Transfer Relay (PR) does the calculations and initiates the closing for the In Phase Transfer. ‘che PTR also provides a high speed phase angle transducer Output that is used by the TLC to iaplement the Fast Transfec. The PLR samgles the Phase Angle accoss the breaker every 1/2 cycle using a patented sampling technique that automatically corrects the angle data for the changing bus frequency. The first and second derivitives of phase angie are calculated by the PTR. The breaker closing Eime (TS) is progcaamed into the relay using a rotary svitch. when the proper advance angle is detected the PTR signals the TLC to close the breaker. ‘The Transfer Logic Controller (TLC) is a relay specifically designed to pert the necessary logic controlling functions for power plant bus transfers. nay be initiated manually or via protective relays extecnal to tne TLC. Also, the TLC can initiate teansfecs internally based upon preset conditions in tne auto transfer mode. The Tuc is designed to operate with the bus system as shown in Figure al. he TLC decides which type of tcansfer should be initiated and if the alternate Gource is available. Using the TLC, teansfecs can be made in two directions; start~ gp to unit auxiliary or unit auxiliary te start-up.‘The TEC contains the logic and control circuitry required to provide control of three types of powec plant bua transfer methods. The transfer methods uged are Past Transfer, ‘Syncheonows Tcanafer and Residual Voltage Transfer. Synchronous Transfer loys the Beckwith Electric PTR. All bua transfers follow the same sequence. when the transfer te initiated, a trip coamand is sent to the closed breaker. When the beeaker etatua eignale indicate that both breakers are open, the Fast Transfer, Synchronous Transfer, and Residual Voltage Transfer circuits are enabled. Past and Synchronous Transfer window ti @isable the fast and syncnconows Transfer functions afte corresponding predececained time periods. The Fast Transfer window timer 1g preset at 0.17 seconds. The Synchconous Transfer window timer is adjustable via an Jaternal control, The Residual Voltage Transfec circuitry remaing enabled until the transfer is complete or untii the 1 to 30 second auto transfer timer locks out the tranafer. ‘The TLC is compeised of several major functional blocks: (Refer to Figure 12) sBceaker Contact Control sSequences “Fast Transfer Control ‘Synchronous Transfer Control Residual Voltage Control ‘Manual Transfer Logic sAuto Transfer Logic sHaster Lockout sExternal Lockout s0C Power Supply Areaker Contact Cantial - the Sceaker Contact Control contains four high speed breaker coil contacts and the logic and switching required to enable these switches for the proper deeaker coils. One switch is provided for tripping and one for Closing each breaker. nigh speed svitches ace enabled for the appropriate close and trip coils by steering logic. Tne steering logic operates using the breaker Statue signals to enable the proper trip and close switches. When both breakers are open, the control ciccuitry remembers vhich breaker was previously open and this is the breaker that will be closed by the sequencer. If doth breakecs ace closed, the Auto Trip circuitry trips the breaker that was previously closed. This auto Trip functicn is enabled by an external jumper and can be disabled by removing the jumper. Sequences - The Sequencer provides the timing and control functions to sequence through the three transfec teenniques. The Sequence: includes the window timers for Fast and Synchtonous Transfers, the transfer in process lockout, the PREVIOUS TRANSPE® LANDS and the 10 second timer that disables the TLC once a transfer is completed. Once a transfer sequence has started, the sequence will be completed unless the auto Eine window is exceeded oc unless the Power OX signal indicates the TLC DC power is out of spec. After the close command is sent, completing the transfer sequence, the TLC will go into an inoperative state for 10 seconds. The Fast Transfer and Synchronous Transfer window tiners are set as follows: a) Fast Teansfec Window Timer - 0.17 second (fixed). 5) Synchronous Transfer Window Tiner - 0.1 to 2 seconds (adjustable). East Transfer Control - The Fast Transfer Control will compare the phase int from the PTS with tne Limit set on the PHASE ANGLE LIMIT control and issue a close command when the phase is inside the phase angle limit. ‘The PHASE ANGLE LIMIT control is adjustable from 0 to 45°, w ansfez Control - The Synchronous Transfer Control issues an activate Input signal to the PTS ducing tne synchronous transfec time window. This enables the PTR to cloge the breaker, using the In Phase Transfer technique.Reaidual Voltage Control - The Residual Voltage Control is enabled by the sequencer. ‘The Resfdual Voltage Control compares the bus voltage to a preset lower limit and jues a close command vhen the bus voltage drops below the voltage limit. ‘The Residual Voltage Control also includes a Load Trip relay output that closes approxiaately $0 milliseconds before the breaker close contact closes when the TLC closes on residual voltage. This provides for load shedding on Residual voltage Teanagers. ‘The Residual Voltage Limit control is adjustable from 0 to 60 V ras. rt = The Manual Transfer Logic detects a request for a manual transfer and check all conditions for the manual transfer. If all conditions for anual transfer are correct, a transfer command is sent to the sequencer. Manual transfer alvays transfers from the initially closed breaker to the breaker that was initially open. Manual transfer can be initiated by the extecnal ‘Manual Initiate contact or by the PUSH TO TRANSPER push button on the front panel. In oder to start the manual gansfer, the LOCAL/REMOTE control sviteh on the front panel must be set in the Proper position. Manual transfer will be allowed only if the following conditions e: om a) Internal power stable. b) One breaker open and one closed. ©) Voltage status from PTR indicate: limits set on the PIR front panel. 4) A previous transfer is not in process. e) Master Lockout is reset. £) Local/aemote Switch set to allow transfer. g) Extecnal Lockout is reset. a = The Auto Transfer Logic makes the decision when to initiate an automatic transfer. An auto transfer can only transfer from the unit auxiliary Source to the startup source. An auto transfer cannot be started unless enabled oy the Auto Transfer Enable input or the Protective Relay Initiate input. the voltage of the new source is within the With the Auto Enable external contact closed, the Auto Transfer Logic compares the bus voltage to the undervoltage limit set on the AUTO TRANSFER VOLTAGE LIMIT control. If the bus voltage falls below the limit for an adjustable tine period and if the Startup source voltage is greater than the bus voltage, an automatic transfer is initiated. The bus voltage must cemain below the lover limit for che lengen of tine Set on the AUTO TRANSFER TIME DELAY LIMIT control. When the Protective Relay Initiate external contact closes, the Auto Transfer Logic compares the bus voltage to the startup source voltage. If the bus voltage is less than the startup source voltage, the transfer sequence is started. ‘The Auto Transfer windoy Timer allows 1 to 30 seconds foc a transfer to be completed. If this Tine Window is exceeded, the Auto Transfer Lockout is set. The Auto Transfer Lockout will stop any auto transfer in process and will prevent any further auto transfece until reset, The Auto Lockout can be ceset by a manual transfer or by the RESET push-button, The AUTO LOCKOUT STATUS lamp will be on when the auto lockout is set. ‘The Auto Transfer window Timer opecates differently dependent on which control input is used, The Auto Transfer Enable contact can be continously closed and the Auto Transfer Logic will cespond to the voltage conditicns as described previously. When only the Auto Transfer Enable contact is closed, the Time Window begins when the Auto Transfer is initiated, when the Protective Relay Initiate contact is closed the Tine Window begins iamediately. The Protective Relay Initiate contact should be closed only if there is reason to believe the voltage conditions for the Auto Transfer Logic will be satisfied within the Time Window. The Auto Transfer Window Timer is adjustable using an internal control.The necessacy conditions for an automatic transfer ace as follows: a) Internal power stable. D) Bus voltage less than AUTO TRANSFER VOLTAGE limit. (Auto Enable only). ¢) Startup source voltage greater than bus voltage. 4) Master lockout reset. @) Auto transfer lockout ceset. £) Unit Auxiliary Breaker closed. g) Stactup Breaker open. A) External lockout reset. i) Previous transfer is not in process. 3) Auto transfec enabled by Auto Transfer Enable input or the Protective Relay Initiate input. k) Voltage status from the PTR indicates the stactup source voltage is within the Limits set on the PTR front panel controls. Adjustable Punctions AUTO TRANSFER TIME DELAY LIMIT - 0.1 to 2 seconds. Auto Transfer Voltage Limit - 60 to 120 V ac. ‘Auto Transfer Window Timer - 1 to 30 seconds. < = The Master Lockout monitors the voltage level of the source to which the bus will be transferred, If the voltage level is less than an adjustable lower limit, the Master Lockout is set. Master Lockout is reset by the voltage level increasing above the lower limit. A status lamp is provided to indicate if the Master Lockout is set. Adjustaents Master Lockout Undervoltage Limit - 60 to 129 V ac. External Lockout - The External Lockout is set by the External Lockout input contact Closing. The external Lockout is reset by the External Lockout input contact opening. A status lamp is provided to show the state of the External Lockout. RC Power Suoply - The DC Power Supply will provide the internal power required by the ToC. The supply will operate from $0 to 156 V de. The POWER OK lamp indicates the power is on and that the de-de converter is operating. VI. TLC INTEGRATION INTO EXISTING BREAKER CONTROL CIRCUITR The Transfec Logic Controller (TLC) installation at the Public Secvice Co. of New Mexico, San Juan generating plant, is an example of how the unit can be integrated into the existing breaker control circu The bus system discussed is shown in Figuce 13, The bus loads include several high inertia fan motors that dominate the voltage charactistics during the open ciceuls period. A detailed list of the bus loads is shown in Figure 13. The existing auxiliacy bus transfer capabilities were left in secvice and are to operate essentially as they were desicned to before the TLC was installed. The TE¢ is installed so that it can be isolated from breaker control cizcuits by the Operation of a cutoff switch (C.0./TLC). The cutoff switch contacts are connected to allow the existing scheme to opecate independently of the cutoff switch position. The breaker status inputs to the TLC each come from an auxiliary relay (S2ay/TLC,52ax/TLC) instead of from the breaker contact directly. (See Figure 14), These relays are opecated from the same DC as the TLC power supply and ace conccoiled by the breaker S2a contacts. This reduces the noise fed into the TLC from the cable run to the Breaker and aiso puts 130 volts across the breake: 52a contacts to ensure a nore positive operation. The cable length from the breaker location to the TLC was approximately 300 feet. Installations with shorter cable runs may not require the intezposing relays.Contacts in the breaker status auxiliacy relays are also used in secies with a set of contacts in a close coil monitoring relay (C.Coil/Monitor) on each breaker. These contacts are connected to the TuC External Lockout input. They prevent the TLC from attempting a transfer if the breaker to be closed has no close OC available or if the close circuit is not complete and ready for a transfer. This effectively locks out the TLC if a protective relay lockout contact in the close circuit is open oc if any othee device in the close circuit is open. Another auxiliary celay (86x/GEN) is installed in the auxiliacy breaker trip circuit. This relay is wiced to be operated by a trip from the generator protective reiay Lockout (86/GEN). This auxiliacy relay initiates a TLC transfer for a generator Protective relay trip. (See Figure 16.) Pacalleled . with the lockout auxiliacy relay (86x/GEN) is a timer celay (2/a6cEW). This celay blocks a generator lockout trip of the auxiliary breaker until the TLC has had an opportunity to tcip the auxiliary oeeaker and complete a transfez. If the auxiliary beeaker is not opened by the TLC, the timer trips the breaker and provides @ tacget indication. The TLC cutoff switch contact in parallel with the timer contact Provides a direct trip path to the auxiliary breaker where the TLC is cut out of Service. The TLC relay has its output trip and close contacts essentially in pacallel with the existing circuit trip and close functions, A detail of the total control circuit operation is listed below. 1. The start-up breaker closing circuit is designed to allow closing for the following conditions: (Refer to Figure 15) a. An operator-initiated closing using the control switch (C.S./CLOse). This action is supervised by a sync-check relay (25) or the bus undervoltage gelay (27/BUS) in series with a 52b contact from the auxiliary source breaker. The sync-check relay allows a closure if the bus is enecgized and the start-up source voltage is in phase with the bus voltage. The underveltage relay allows a closure if the bus voltage is below the relay setting and the auxiliacy breaker is also open. The diode between the sync-check relay and the undervoltage relay prevents a standing transfer to the start-up breaker through the sync-check relay. If this start-up breaker closure occurs through the sync-check relay, the auxiliary breaker is tripped through a 52a contact and the stact-up Sceaker control ewitch. When this type of transfer occurs, it is a hot transi b. An operator~initiated transfer to close the stact-up breaker through the “Manual frangfer Initiate" on the TLC. The TLC transfer is blocked if any of the inputs are not in the correct mode to allow a transfec. These conditions are: (2) Proper ac voltage present on the start-up bus. (2) External lockouts off. (Tuc enabled.) (3) Catofe switch in “TLC On” position, (4) Close coil monitor indicating the start-up breaker close cire: complete. (S) Either the start-up bus tie breaker is open or this breaker is selected. (6) The control switch for the auxiliacy breaker is showing a ced flag. (This means the auxiliary breaker was not tripped manually by the control switch (7) The start-up breaker is open and the auxili cy breaker is closed. —10—When the transfer 1s initiated to the TLC, the auxiliary breaker is tripped first and then the start-up beeaker is closed. The TLC vill only allow an automatic transfer toward the start-up source. This automatic transfer can oceur for a bus underveltage condition (if this function is enabled) oc for a protective relay initiated transfer via 86/GEN. 2. In the start-up breaker trip circuit, the TEC trip output is in secies with the cutoff switch and this combination 1s added in parallel with the existing tcip functions. Everything else in the trip circuit remains ag it was before the TEC. The auxiliary breaker closing circuit is designed to allow a closure for the following conditions: (Refer to Figure 15). a, An operator-initiated closing using the control switch (C.S./cLos#). This action is supervised by a sync-check relay (25) or the bus undervoltage kelay (27/BUS) in secies with a S2b contact from the atart-up breaker. The syne-check relay allows a closure if the bua is enecgized and the auxiliacy source voltage is in phase with the bus voltage. The undecvoltage relay allows a closure if the bus voltage is below the relay Setting and the start-up breaker is also open. b. An operator-initiated transfer to close the auxiliary source breaker through the “Manual Transfer Initiate on the TLC. The The transfer is blocked if any of the inputs are not in the correct mode to allow a transfer. These conditions are: (2) Proper AC voltage present on the auxiliary source bus. (2) External lockouts off (TLC enabled). (3) Catofe svitch in “TLC On" position. (4) Close coil monitor indicating the auxiliary breaker close circuit is complete. (5) The start-up breaker is closed and the auxiliary breaker is open. The manually initiated transfer is the only way the TLC will transfer to the auxiliary source. The S2b contact from the start-up breaker in series with the undervoltage relay is bypassed by the TLC close circuit. This is because the auxiliary breaker cannot be closed by the TLC until the start-up breaker has been opened. 4. The Thc trip is installed in parallel with the normal control switch trip (c.s./tRr?) and in series with the cutoff switch (C.0./tuc). ‘The auxiliary beeaker trip circuit has been modified to allow the TLC to perform its proper functions when it is called upon to transfer automatically for a unit Shutdown. Because the TLC will not proceed with a transfer unless it is allowed to trip the first breaker, the 86x/GEN and tiner 2/GENG6 vere added to the lockout circuit. The 86x relay is used to initiate a TLC transfer. though the “Protective Relay Initiate" input to the TLC upon the trip of the 85/GEN relay. The timer allows the TLC to teip the auxiliary breaker and Proceed with a controlled transfer. If under these conditions the TLC does Rot trip the auxiliary breaker, it is tripped through the 2/GEN 66 timer contact and drops the tines target (7). The timer contact also acts to block 2 TLC “protective relay initiated” transfer in the event of an 86/Sus lockout tcip. The Thc cutoff switch (C.0./TLC) is wired to bypass the timer contact when the TLC is out of service. auconctusrox The previous discussions have detailed the bus characteristics ducing teansfec and the types of relays that can be used to provide reliable transfer, The Transfer Logic Controller provides a solution to the overall bus transfer problen by incorporating the following featuces in one relay package. 2, Teip and Close control of unit Auxiliary and startup source breakers. 2. Direct control of each type of transfer regardless of bus conditions. 3. Automatic selection of the proper transfer type (Fast, In Phase and Residual Voltage) depending on bus conditions. Three transfer initiation node: a. Manual Transfer Initiate bl Protective Relay Transfer Initiate €. Automatic Tranafer Initiate With the above features, the Teansfec Logic Controller can be used foc all transfers; thus avoiding the necessity of using the Parallel Transfer method. In most cases, except for protective celay trips, the Manual mode of transfer would be used by the Plant operators to transfer the auxiliacies for planned start-up and shut-down Procedures. Emergency shut-downs would continue to be initiated by protective relays. In the event the operator trips the unit and does not initiate a Manu, Transfer, the TLC would initiate an Automatic Transfer. The TLC also contains logic fo ensuce that the new source voltage, whether station service or start-up, was within acceptable limits prior to starting the transfer. This would prevent teansfecring to a source that could not support the motors. The installation of the TLC into an existing motor bus system is shown to be easily accomplished vith only minor modifications to the existing transfer schemes. The Synerotran relay systea provides the industry with a comprehensive approach to Providing safe and reliable motor bus transfers. =12-TRANSMISSION SYSTEM GENERATOR STEP-UP TRANSFORMER AY ont auxtirary STATION SERVICE TTA TRANSFORMER CUAT? TRANSFORMER (SST) START-UP SOURCE BREAKER AUXILIARY SERVICES BUS GENERATING UNIT FIGURE 1 a=ce j Seana ore-sure TRANSMISSION POWER SOURCE = SYSTEM i | ~op- SHY yp ----___ po—t--- | | | i Fite AGN faatessones LOT mee as ! FRANSFORNER g Opens \ AUXILEARY Senvices Bus Epiataae a 3 auxtutary STATION SERVICE GENERATOR FrguRE 2 tee:VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE C4) 6000 HP 1.0. FAN OPERATING AT 25% LOAD PRIOR TO TRANSFER) 100 a 80 “12 60 148 40 -216 20 288 ° -360 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TIME (CYCLES) ————= FIGURE 3 15— — PHASE CoEGREES)VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE C4) 100 80 20 to 960 HP BOILER CIRCULATING PUMP OPERATING AT FULL LOAD) 1 | | | | | | i PHASE (NOT SHOWN FOR 1>20) bi | | | | T 20 30 40 50 —— Time ceveres) ——— Figure 4 =18= 50 -72 144 -216 ~288 360 PHASE COEGREES)VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE (4) PHASE (DEGREES) ——~ 100 80 so vam 40 sus It 20 Sea Te Lae ee ae 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TIME CcYcLes) ———— T 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TIME (cYCLES)———_» FIGURE $ =7=zy Ne ze z z No “s Fe Vee? BUS VOLTAGE RESERVE SOURCE VOLTAGE AND PHASE UNIT VOLTAGE EQUIVALENT MOTOR LOAD IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE OF START-UP SOURCE IMPEDANCE OF UNIT AUXILIARY SOURCE FIGURE 6 SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF MOTOR BUS —18—Yoc 10 iz a 4 20 30 40 so 60 TIME (CYCLES) ———— FIGURE 7 Vg¢ VS. TIME —19—-27 PHase DIFFERENCE START TIME, Figure 8 BUS TRANSFER ZONES —20— VOLTAGEPHASE -2n PHASE OLFFERENCE SLOPE = 9'(ta) FIGURE 9 IN PHASE TRANSFER MODEL 21-FIGURE 10 SYNCROTRAN RELAY SYSTEM -2-MAIN SOURCE (GENERATOR) STARTUP SOURCE UNIT STARTUP XFMR AUX. AUX. Su, ciRcUIT ciRcuT BREAKER BREAKER BUS SYSTEM OTHER LOADS BUS P.T. s. U, STATUS CONTACT TRIP & CLOSE COMMANDS STARTUP P.T. POWER STATUS Oc POWER AUXILIARY SOURCE STATUS TRANSFER LOGIC CONTROLLER (TLC) EXTERNAL LOCKOUT MANUAL INITIATE LOAD TRIP. AUTO TRANSFER ENABLE PROTECTIVE RELAY INITIATE AUTO TRIP ENABLE FIGURE 11 TLC BUS TRANSFER SYSTEM —23——24—sas xv Lo* fh ust step UP 4 aas xv Lo” START oP SOunce a wer Y ser ue xeMR ON. omy ane mwas 900 L0° eaxvis® va su. ous soo Mw | 5i5s-—{ FIGURE 13 SAN JUAN UNIT #3 SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM SAN SUAN UNIT #3 BUS LOADING Loans or ripe (a/P) of RVA IWERTIA 1 F.D. Fan 5000/1000 He Bigh 1 Gas Recice. Fan 2500 #2 fish 1 PLA. Fan 3000/6000 HP sign 2 Fly Asn Converyor Slover 500 HP Avezage 1 Cire. water Pu 3000 HP Low : Ash fetes Pump ooo HP tow 3 Pulverizer Mills 700 He tow 1 Condenser Purp 1250 3P tow 1 Ric Compressor 3000 KP tow 1 Air Compressoe 300 He tow 1 Reclain Conveyor 250 HP tow 3 Loa Ceatees 2500 KYA None —25—CONTROL switches ‘ON 8TG BOARD Ge) Manual Auto inate Enable 2 Su ul] sl sa s| 2 TLC RELAY SYSTEM 10 3 sey L me stay Stax me Te GEN cou S2ay Te c.con ¥ON ae ne FIGURE 14 TLC INPUTS —26—‘SUL BKR. chose cmcur FIGURE 15 —27— 2 Te START UP BREAKER CONTROL CIRCUITSTA SW ‘eKR cs, CLOSE — pe FIGURE 16 UNIT AUXILIARY BREAKER CONTROL CIRCUIT aeREFERENCES 1. 7. As Higgins, Jeo, ‘Station Auxiliacies Transfec Schemes considered for the Southern Electcic Systen's Large Fossil-Pired Units", Protective Relay Conference, Georgia Institute of Technology, May 4, 1979. 2. ‘Polyphase induction Motors for Power Generating Stations", ANSI CS0.41-1971, Anecican National Standacds Institute, Inc., New York, New York (1971). 3. C. C. Young and J. Ounki-Jacobs, "The Concept of In Phase Transfer Applied to Industcial Systens Serving Essential Secvice Motors" AIEE Transactions Vol. 79-Pact TIT, pp. 508-518 (1961). 4. GR. Reed and 0, R. Webster, “Design of Auciliacy Power Distcibution systems foc Lacge TVA THERMAL POWER GENERATING PLANTS" IEEE Transactions, Vol. PAS-34 No. Sept/Oct, 1975, pp. 1755-1762.BECKWITH ELECTRIC CO., INC. 6190 - 118th Avenue North « Largo, Florida 33773-3724 U.S.A. PHONE (727) 544-2326 «FAX (727) 546-0121 E-MAIL [email protected] WEB PAGE http:/Www.beckwithelectric.com Printod in U.S.A, (©1999 Beckwith Electre Co.