Matrices
Continues…..
• Gauss-Jordan Method to find the inverse of a matrix
• Echelon Form of a Matrix
• Normal Form
• Rank of a Matrix
Dr. Asha V. Nair
To find the inverse of a matrix using row transformations
• [Gauss-Jordan Method to find the inverse of a matrix]
Working rule
Write the two matrices A and I side by side .
Perform the same row transformations on both.
As soon as A reduces to I, the other matrix represents 𝐴−1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Problems
1) Using Gauss Jordan Method find the inverse of the matrix
1 1 3
1 3 −3
−2 −4 −4
Solution:
We have
1 1 3 : 1 0 0
1 3 3 : 0 1 0
2 4 4 : 0 0 1
Now do the row transformations
Dr. Asha V. Nair
1 1 3 : 1 0 0
0 2 6 : 1 1 0 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
𝑅 : 𝑅 + 2𝑅
0 2 2 : 2 0 1 3 3 1
1 1 3 : 1 0 0
0 2 6 : 1 1 0 R : R R
3 3 2
0 0 4 : 1 1 1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
1 1 3 : 1 0 0 𝑅2
𝑅2 :
0 1 3 : 2
1 1 0 2
2 𝑅4
𝑅4 :
0 0 1 : 4
1 1 1 4
4 4
1 0 6 : 3 1 0
2 2
0 1 3 : 1 1 0 R1 : R1 R2
2 2
1 1 1
0 0 1 :
4 4 4
1 0 0 : 3 1 3
2 𝑅1 : 𝑅1 − 6𝑅3
0 1 0 : 5 4 1 4 3 4 𝑅 : 𝑅 + 3𝑅
1 1 1 2 2 3
0 0 1 : 4 4 4
Dr. Asha V. Nair
3 1 3
2
Hence Inverse of the given matrix is −5 −1 −3
4 4 4
−1 −1 −1
4 4 4
2. Using Gauss Jordan Method find the inverse of the matrices
1 0 −1 −1 2 2 0 1 2
i 3 4 5 𝑖𝑖 2 −1 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 2 3
0 −6 −7 2 2 −1 3 1 1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Answers
1 3 1 −1 2 2
10 10 5 9 9 9
i) 21 −7 −2 (ii) 2 −1 2
20 20 5 9 9 9
−9 3 1 2 2 −1
10 10 5 9 9 9
1 −1 1
2 2 2
(iii) −4 3 −1
5 −3 1
2 2 2
Dr. Asha V. Nair
Echelon Form of a Matrix
To convert the given matrix to the echelon form
All the zero rows are below the non zero rows.
First non zero entry in any non zero row is 1.
1 4 2
Examples: (i) 0 1 3 rank is 2
0 0 0
(ii) 1 2 3 4
0 1 1 0 Rank is 3
0 0 0 1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Normal Form
The given matrix A is reduced to an echelon form first by applying a
series of elementary row transformations.
Later column transformations are performed to reduce the matrix to
one of the following four forms called the normal form of A.
I r I r 0
0, I r 0 , 0
Ir , 0
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Rank of a Matrix is the number of non zero rows in the echelon form
of the matrix. It is denoted by 𝜌(𝐴).
• Any matrix A of order m × 𝑛 can be reduced to one of the normal
forms given in the previous slide. Then 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝑟.
Dr. Asha V. Nair
Procedure
make the first entry in the first row 1.
if this entry is zero we can interchange with any suitable row to meet
the requirement.
Make all the other elements in the corresponding column 0 by doing
the operation to the entire row.
After getting row echelon form proceed to the normal form by suitable
column transformations.
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Problems:
1) Reduce the following matrices into echelon form and find the rank
(a) 1 2 1 0 (b) 2 1 3 1 (c) 0 2 3 4
2 4 3 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 5 4
1 0 2 8 1 0 1 1 4 8 13 12
0 1 1 1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
Answers
(a) Rank =3 (b) 1 2 3 1 rank is 3
1 2 1 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 5 0
8 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 32
9 0 0 0 0
(c) 1 3 5 2
2 2
0 1 3 2 rank 2
2
0 0 0 0
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Find the rank of the following matrix by reducing into the normal
form
(a) 2 1 3 1 (b) 0 1 3 (c) 2 3 1
1 2 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 2
3 1 0 3 1 3
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
Dr. Asha V. Nair
• Answers
(a) I 3 0 (b) I 2 0 (c) 𝐼3
0 0 0 0
Dr. Asha V. Nair
