DR.

SHAKUNTALAMI
SRANATIONALREHABI
LITATI
ONUNI
VERSI
TY,
LUCKNOW

THECODEOFCRI
MINALPROCEDURE

CRI
MINALAMENDMENTACT,
2013-CHANGESBROUGHTI
NCRI
MINALLAW
ANDI
TSCRI
TICALANALYSI
S

SUBMI
TTEDTO: SUBMI
TTEDBY:
MR.BHANUPRATAPSI
NGH KI
RTI
VAANMI
SHRA
FACULTYOFLAW 6TH SEMESTER
D.
S.M.
N.R.
U D.
S.M.
N.R.
U
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwoul
dli
ketoexpressmyspeci
althanksandgr at
it
udetoMr .BhanuPratapSi
nghwho
gavethi
soppor
tunit
ytoworkonthismagnifi
cienttopi
cCRI MINALAMENDMENTACT
,
2013–CHANGESBROUGHTI NCRI MINALLAW ANDI TSCRI TICALANALYSIS,whi
ch
al
sohelpedmeindoingal
otofresearchandt hr
ought hatIcamet oknowalotnew
thi
ngs.
CRI
MINALAMENDMENTACT,
2013-CHANGESBROUGHTI
N
CRI
MINALLAW ANDI
TSCRI
TICALANALYSI
S

ABSTRACT

Thebur
geoni
ngnumber
sofhei
nouscr
imesagai
nstwomenf
orwhi
cht
her
eli
efswer
e
ei
thernotav
ail
abl
eori
fav
ail
abl
e,wer
enotsuf
fi
cientenought
omat
chupwi
tht
hel
evel
ofdamagecausedorwer
eav
ail
edwi
thpr
edi
cament
s,hav
erecei
vedaconsi
der
ati
oni
n
t
hel
i
ghtofnat
ionwi
depr
otestonaccountofappal
l
ingi
nci
dentoft
hei
nfamousDel
hi
t
h
Gang Rape on 16 December
,2012,t
hrough t
he enact
mentofCr
imi
nalLaw
AmendmentAct
,2013.Thi
sresul
tedi
nvar
iousamendment
sint
heI
ndi
anPenalCode,
1860,CodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,1973andI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,t
hrought
he
i
ncl
usi
onofcer
tai
npr
ovi
sionsbot
hconsi
stentaswel
lasi
nconsi
stentwi
thDel
hiGang
Rapei
nci
dent
,thei
mpactofwhi
chi
stobet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onwhi
l
edet
ermi
ning
whet
hert
het
heseamendment
swoul
dser
veasadet
err
entf
orf
urt
hercr
imesi
nfut
ure
orwhet
hert
her
eli
ecer
tai
nloophol
esi
ntheActwhi
chshoul
dhav
ebeent
akeni
nto
accountbyt
hel
aw maker
soft
hecount
ry,asdi
scussedi
nthepaper
.Thi
spaperhas
cr
it
ical
l
yanal
yzedv
ari
ouspr
ovi
sionsundert
heActanddr
awnpr
obabl
esol
uti
onsf
ort
he
i
nconsi
stenci
esanddef
ect
sundert
hesamet
oenhancet
hecr
imi
nalj
ust
icedel
i
ver
y
mechani
sm oft
hecount
ry.Thi
spaperhasadopt
edHar
var
dBl
uebook(
18t
hedi
ti
on)as
t
her
esear
chmet
hodol
ogy
.
1)I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thebur
geoni
ngnumber
sofhei
nouscr
imesagai
nstwomenf
orwhi
cht
her
eli
efswer
e
ei
thernotav
ail
abl
eori
fav
ail
abl
e,wer
enotsuf
fi
cientenought
omat
chupwi
tht
hel
evel
ofdamagecausedorwer
eav
ail
edwi
thpr
edi
cament
s,hav
erecei
vedaconsi
der
ati
oni
n
t
hel
i
ghtofnat
ionwi
depr
otestonaccountofappal
l
ingi
nci
dentoft
hei
nfamousDel
hi
t
h
Gang Rape on 16 December
,2012,t
hrough t
he enact
mentofCr
imi
nalLaw
AmendmentAct
,2013.Thepr
ovi
sionsundert
hel
aw seemedi
nsuf
fi
cientt
oabr
ogat
e
t
heescal
ati
ngcr
imesagai
nstwomenandi
twasdeemednecessar
ytoaddoramend
cer
tai
npr
ovi
sionundert
hel
awsoast
oav
ertI
ndi
afr
om bei
ngt
urnedi
ntoapl
acenotf
it
f
orwomen‟
ssur
viv
al.Theout
cryofspont
aneouspr
otest
sagai
nstt
hel
egi
slat
iveand
j
udi
cialaut
hor
it
iesoft
hecount
ryi
nthewakeoft
heabov
ement
ionedi
nci
dentpr
obabl
y
ser
vedasaney
eopenerf
ort
hecount
ry,pav
ingt
hewayt
oamendment
sint
heI
ndi
an
PenalCode,1860,CodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,1973andI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.
Thi
swasdonet
oensur
ethatt
her
equi
redr
eli
eff
ort
hev
ict
imsoughtt
obepr
ovi
ded
whi
chwer
eear
li
erabsentt
other
equi
sit
eamount
s,aswasnot
icedi
nDel
hiGangRape
Case,soast
oputanendt
othehei
nousact
ivi
ti
esi
nfl
i
ctedupont
hewomen.Fur
ther
,
cer
tai
n ot
herpr
ovi
sions i
nconsi
stentwi
tht
he abov
e ment
ioned case wer
e al
so
amended,consi
der
ingt
hei
njust
icesf
acedorcoul
dbef
acedbyt
hewomen.Ar
epor
t
submi
tt
edbyt
heJust
iceVer
maCommi
tt
eef
ormedaf
tert
hei
nci
denton22December
2012,
recommendedcer
tai
nchangest
obeboughtundert
hel
aw,
ont
hebasi
sofwhi
ch
t
heCr
imi
nalLawAmendmentAct
,2013camei
ntof
orcewhi
chbr
oughtcer
tai
nchanges
i
nregar
dtocr
imi
nalj
ust
icedel
i
ver
ymechani
sm f
ornotonl
ywomen,butal
sochi
l
dren
andphy
sical
l
yhandi
cappedordi
sabl
edpeopl
eoft
hecount
ry.Themai
naspectwhi
chi
s
t
obeconsi
der
edi
saboutt
hedegr
eeofi
mpactwhi
cht
heActwoul
dcr
eat
eandwhet
her
t
hei
mpactwoul
dser
veasadet
err
entf
orf
urt
hercr
imesi
nfut
ureorwhet
hert
her
eli
e
cer
tai
nloophol
esi
ntheActwhi
chshoul
dhav
ebeent
akeni
ntoaccountbyt
hel
aw
maker
soft
hecount
ry.

2)
CHANGESBROUGHTI
N CRI
MINALLAW

1)I
2. nIndi
anPenalCode,
1860

Var
iouschangescoul
dber
efl
ect
edi
ntheI
PCt
hrought
her
ecentamendmentf
ori
ncr
easi
ng
i
tsscopeandv
ali
dit
yint
hepr
esentI
ndi
anScenar
io.Theheadi
ngoft
hesect
ion375has
beensubst
it
utedf
rom t
hewor
d„Rape‟t
o„sexualof
fences‟
,maki
ngt
heact
sofsexual
of
fencesgender
neut
ralandi
ncr
easi
ngt
hescopeoft
hesect
ionbyi
ncor
por
ati
ngmanyot
hersexual
at
tacksot
hert
hanr
ape.Thedef
ini
ti
onoft
hewor
d„Rape‟hasbeenexpl
i
cit
lyst
atedso
ast
omakei
tmor
epr
eci
seunderSect
ion375,i
nvi
ew ofDel
hiGangRapei
nci
dent
.
Fur
ther
,incl
usi
onofsi
xthandsev
ent
hdescr
ipt
ionundert
heSect
ionhol
dsal
otof
si
gni
fi
canceasawomanmaynotbemat
ureenought
ogi
veherconsentbel
ow18y
ear
s
ofageormaynotbeabl
etocommuni
cat
eherconsentt
osexualact
ivi
tyduet
oher
phy
sicalorment
aldi
sabi
l
ityr
espect
ivel
y.I
tiscor
rectnott
oconsi
derconsentt
osexual
act
ivi
tyj
ustont
hef
actt
hatshehasnotphy
sical
l
yresi
stedt
odot
hesame,
aspr
ovi
ded
underExpl
anat
ion2oft
heSect
ion,
sinceaper
son,
looki
ngatt
heci
rcumst
ancewher
ein
shecoul
dnotescapet
hesi
tuat
ionorhasar
easont
obel
i
evet
hatsuchr
esi
stance
woul
dendi
ndi
smal
,maynotr
esi
stt
otheunl
awf
ulconductoft
heot
herper
son.Fur
ther
,
1
t
hepuni
shmentf
orr
apehasbeenext
endedt
othemember
soft
hear
medf
orces,
r
elat
ives,guar
dianort
eacherof
,oraper
soni
naposi
ti
onoft
rustoraut
hor
it
ytowar
ds
2
t
hewomen. I
naddi
ti
on,r
eli
eff
orr
apecommi
tt
edonwomensuf
fer
ingf
rom phy
sical
3 4
andment
aldi
sabi
l
ity aswel
lasdur
ingcommunalorsect
ari
anv
iol
ence addst
othe
scopeofI
PC.Sect
ion376,cl
ause(
2),sub-
clause(
m)and(
n)hav
ebeenaddedi
nthe
l
i
ghtoft
he abov
e ment
ioned case,wher
eint
he i
nter
nalbodyand or
gans oft
he
pr
osecut
ri
xwer
egr
iev
ousl
yhar
meddur
ingr
aper
epeat
edl
ybyt
hesi
xpeopl
eaccused.

TheCr
imi
nalLaw AmendmentAct
,2013 hasf
urt
heri
ncor
por
ated puni
shmentf
or
5
causi
ngdeat
horr
esul
ti
ngi
nper
sist
entv
eget
ati
vest
ateofv
ict
im whi
chcoul
dbe
ext
endedt
oev
endeat
h,whi
chmayser
veasadet
err
entf
orsuchcr
imesi
nfut
ure.I
tal
so
r
aisesl
i
abi
l
ityonhusbandandont
heper
sonswhi
chenj
oyaposi
ti
onofaut
hor
it
y,apar
t
f
rom publ
i
cser
vantorsuper
int
endentofj
ail
,remandhouse,et
c.whi
chwasonl
year
li
er
i
ncl
udedi
nSect
ions376Band376Cr
espect
ivel
y.I
naddi
ti
on,
puni
shmentf
organgr
ape,
def
ined underSect
ion 376D,has been ext
ended t
o a mi
nimum of20 y
ear
s of
i
mpr
isonment
,fr
om t
heear
li
er10 y
ear
sfort
hesameand puni
shmentf
orr
epeat
of
fender
shasal
sobeeni
nser
ted.I
naddi
ti
on,i
ncl
usi
onofSect
ions354A,354B,354C,
354D,326Aand326Bi
mposeshugel
i
abi
l
ityi
ncasesofsexualhar
assment
,assaul
tor
cr
imi
nalf
orcewi
thi
ntentt
odi
srobe,v
oyeur
ism,st
alki
ng,aci
dat
tackorat
temptt
oaci
d
at
tack

1
I
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§376(
2)(
c).
2
I
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§376(
2)(
f).
3
Indi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§376(
2)(
l)
.
4
Indi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§376(
2)(
g).
5
I
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§376A.
r
espect
ivel
y.Sect
ion354Bhol
dsagr
eati
mpor
tancei
nrur
alar
easwher
einmanycases
ofdi
srobi
ngawomanhav
ebeenr
epor
tedi
nthepast
.Al
so,
thescopeofSect
ion354i
s
wi
debyi
ncor
por
ati
ngt
hoseconsent
swhi
chawomangi
vesbutnott
odi
ssemi
nat
e
t
hosecapt
uredphot
ost
othet
hir
dper
son.Sect
ion354Dquashest
henexusbet
ween
cr
imeandt
echnol
ogybyi
mposi
ngacr
imi
nall
i
abi
l
ityonper
sonmoni
tor
ingt
heusebya
womenoft
heI
nter
net
,emai
loranyot
herf
orm ofel
ect
roni
ccommuni
cat
ion,
andr
aises
l
i
abi
l
ityi
fthesameof
fencei
scommi
tt
edt
wiceorsubsequentt
imes.

Fur
ther
,theActext
endst
hepuni
shmentf
orr
apeandsexualassaul
tasanaccountof
br
eachoft
rustont
hepar
tofpubl
i
cof
fi
cial
sandal
soaddst
opuni
shmentf
ort
hesewho
di
sobey
sdi
rect
ionsundert
hel
aw,def
inedunderSect
ion166Aand166B.Forsecur
ing
6
t
hemodest
y oft
hewomenandt
her
ebyi
ncr
easi
ngt
hest
atusofwomeni
nsoci
ety
,the
puni
shmentf
ornotadher
ingt
otheabov
epr
ovi
sionhasbeenr
aisedt
oamaxi
mum of5
y
ear
simpr
isonment
.

2.
2.1)Cr
it
icalAnal
ysi
s

TheCr
imi
nalLawAmendmentAct
,2013hasr
ecogni
sedaser
iesofsexualof
fencest
o
whi
chawomanmayf
allasav
ict
im andext
endst
hepuni
shmentf
orv
ari
ousof
fences
soast
omaket
heActasadet
err
entandpr
eser
vet
hesoci
alst
atusofwomen.But
,the
Actdoesnotr
ecogni
zest
hel
egal
immuni
tywhi
chi
spr
ovi
dedt
oar
myof
fi
cial
sundert
he
Ar
medFor
cesSpeci
alPowerAct
,1958,whi
chent
rust
stheseof
fi
cial
sfr
om excl
usi
ve
i
mmuni
tyt
owai
veany
body
‟sr
ightwhi
chmayamountt
osexualv
iol
ence,whi
chi
sin
compl
etecont
rav
ent
iont
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
heAct
.Thear
myof
fi
cial
sar
elegal
l
y
empower
edt
odoany
thi
ngi
ndi
stur
bedar
eai
nanySt
ateorUni
onTer
ri
tor
ytowhi
cht
his
Actext
endsnot
if
iedbyt
heGov
ernoroft
hatSt
ateort
heAdmi
nist
rat
oroft
hatUni
on
Ter
ri
tor
yoft
heCent
ralGov
ernmenti
nei
thercase,
int
heOf
fi
cialGazet
te,
asperSect
ion
7
6oft
heAr
medFor
ces(
Speci
alPower
s)Act
,1958. Thi
sgi
vesaf
reel
i
censet
othese
ar
myof
fi
cial
stocommi
trapet
ermedasahei
nouscr
imef
orwhi
chsev
erepuni
shment
l
i
eunderI
PC.Escapi
ngt
hel
i
abi
l
iti
esundert
hisActof
fer
sdi
scr
imi
nat
ingappr
oach
agai
nstt
heper
sonsbr
oughtt
obookf
ort
hesameof
fencecommi
tt
edbyt
hem.The
suggest
ionofJust
iceVer
ma

6
“Theessenceofawoman‟smodest yishersex.Theactofpul
l
ingawoman,remov
inghersar
ee,
coupl
edwitharequestf
orsexuali
nter
cour
se.
..
wouldbeanoutr
agetothemodest
yofawoman;and
knowledge,thatmodestyisli
kel
ytobeout raged,i
ssuff
ici
entt
oconst
it
utet
heof
fence.
”Ramkr
ipalS/
o
ShyamlalCharmakarv.Stat
eofMadhy aPradesh,2007(
11)SCC265.
7
ArmedFor ces(Speci
alPowers)Act
,1958,§6.
Commi
tt
ee Repor
tst
ates non-
immuni
tyt
othe ar
my of
fi
cial
s commi
tt
ing sexual
of
fences,not
wit
hst
andi
nganypr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
nanyot
herAct
.Fur
ther
,asper
Sect
ion376(
2)(
c)oft
heI
PC,member
soft
hear
medof
fi
cial
sar
etobeart
hehar
sh
consequencef
orcommi
tt
ingr
apebutt
hesamehasnotbeenr
efl
ect
edundert
heAr
med
For
ces(
Speci
alPower
s)Act
,1958t
hroughanyamendment
,whi
chi
ntur
ncr
eat
esa
cont
rast
ingper
spect
iveoft
hev
ari
ousl
egal
prov
isi
onsi
nthecount
ry.

Theconsentt
omar
it
alsexcanonl
ybegi
venbyt
hewomanaf
terei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage
andsexi
fdonebyamanwi
thawomanbel
ow ei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage,i
rr
espect
iveof
8
whet
hershehasv
olunt
ari
l
yconsent
edt
odot
hesame,woul
dconst
it
utear
ape. Thi
s
meanst
hatamar
ri
agesol
emni
zedbyamanwi
thawomanbel
owei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage,
asl
ongast
heyescapef
rom bei
ngcaughtbef
oret
hecompl
eti
onofmar
ri
age,cando
sexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thheronl
yaf
tersher
eachest
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
s.Thus,a
mani
ndul
gingi
nsuchact
ivi
tyi
smadel
i
abl
efort
heof
fenceofRapedespi
tet
hef
actt
he
womanhasconsent
edt
othesame,i
ncaseswher
esuchact
ivi
tyi
sbr
oughti
nli
ghtby
t
hepol
i
ceaut
hor
it
iesoft
hecount
ry,manyat
imesi
nrel
ati
ont
oot
hercr
ime,orbyt
he
womeni
tsel
f.Thi
simposesunpr
opi
ti
ousl
i
abi
l
ityont
hemanwi
thnoescape,wi
tht
he
womanequal
l
yatf
aul
t.Ther
efor
e,i
tisexpedi
entt
otakenot
iceoft
hepuber
tyl
evelof
t
hepeopl
eindul
gingi
nsexualact
ivi
ti
esbef
orear
ri
vi
ngataconcl
usi
onofwhet
hersuch
act
ivi
tyi
sil
l
egalornot
.Thepar
ti
eswhoar
econsent
ingt
osuchact
ivi
tyandhav
e
r
eached t
he r
equi
red puber
tyl
evelt
o do t
he same shal
lbe exempt
ed f
rom t
he
puni
shmentf
orr
ape.Thi
scal
l
sforf
urt
heramendment
sinsect
ion375oft
heI
PCf
or
st
rengt
heni
ngt
hecr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem oft
hecount
ry.Al
soi
noner
espect
,theHi
ndu
mar
ri
agei
snotdecl
aredv
oidi
fitcont
rav
eneswi
thanyoft
hecondi
ti
onspeci
fi
edunder
9
sect
ion5(
ii
i)oft
heHi
nduMar
ri
ageAct
,1955, whi
l
eont
heot
herhand,t
hesexual
act
ivi
tyi
scondemnedbyt
hecour
t,i
fcommi
tt
edbel
owt
hepr
escr
ibedagel
i
mitdef
ined
undert
hesect
ion.Thi
sref
lect
showsuchdi
ff
erencesar
isewhi
chshoul
dbeconsi
der
ed
byt
hel
egal
draf
ter
soft
hecount
ry.

Fur
ther
,cer
tai
npr
ovi
sionsundert
heActmaybemi
sint
erpr
etedandmi
susedasper
di
ff
erentsi
tuat
ions.Thepr
ovi
sionsunderSect
ion354Cand354Dmaybedi
ff
icul
tto
pr
ovesi
ncet
her
ear
enospeci
fi
cgui
del
i
nesf
ort
hesamei
npr
act
icalsenseandon
cer
tai
noccasi
onsmaybeusedbya
8
I
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§375.
9
Hi
nduMar
ri
ageAct
,1955,
§5(
ii
i)
.
womant
olev
elchar
gesagai
nstt
heaccusedoutofmi
sint
erpr
etat
iononherpar
t.I
n
addi
ti
ons,t
he easy and cheaperav
ail
abi
l
ity ofaci
ds i
n open mar
ketshoul
d be
const
rai
nedbyt
heGov
ernmentsoast
oaddv
aluet
otheSect
ion326Aand326Boft
he
Act
.Pr
otest
ersf
rom Campai
gnandSt
ruggl
eagai
nstAci
dAt
tacksonWomen(
CSAAAW)
al
sost
agedademonst
rat
ionagai
nstt
hef
reeav
ail
abi
l
ityofaci
dinBangal
orei
nthe
wakeofaci
d at
tackon Hi
naFat
ima (
21)byherhusband,Fi
roz,on August8,i
n
10
My
sor
e. TheSupr
emeCour
thasr
emi
ndedpeopl
eoft
heneedt
ocur
bsal
eofaci
d
onceal
ready
,andt
hecount
ryst
il
lhav
enopol
i
cies.I
tisv
erycheap,
canbeboughteasi
l
y
wi
thoutsuspi
cion,andi
susedsoeasi
l
yandf
requent
lyl
i
keaweapon.I
tisnotpossi
ble
11
t
obant
hesal
eofaci
ds,buti
tdef
ini
tel
yneedst
ober
est
ri
cted. I
ntheSt
ates/
Uni
on
Ter
ri
tor
ies,wher
erul
est
oregul
atesal
eofaci
dandot
hercor
rosi
vesubst
ancesar
enot
oper
ati
onal
,unt
ilsuchr
ulesar
efr
amedandmadeoper
ati
onal
,theChi
efSecr
etar
iesof
t
he concer
ned St
ates/
Admi
nist
rat
ors of t
he Uni
on Ter
ri
tor
ies shal
lensur
ethe
compl
i
anceoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
rect
ionswi
thi
mmedi
ateef
fect
:(i
)Ov
ert
hecount
er,sal
e
ofaci
discompl
etel
ypr
ohi
bit
edunl
esst
hesel
l
ermai
ntai
nsal
og/
regi
sterr
ecor
dingt
he
sal
eofaci
dwhi
chwi
l
lcont
aint
hedet
ail
soft
heper
son(
s)t
owhom aci
d(s)i
s/ar
esol
d
andt
hequant
it
ysol
d.Thel
og/
regi
stershal
lcont
aint
headdr
essoft
heper
sont
owhom
i
tissol
d,(
ii
)al
lsel
l
ersshal
lsel
laci
donl
yaf
terget
ti
ngt
her
equi
reddocument
sfr
om t
he
buy
er,(
ii
i)al
lst
ocksofaci
dmustbedecl
aredbyt
hesel
l
erwi
tht
heconcer
nedSub-
Di
vi
sionalMagi
str
ate(
SDM)wi
thi
n15day
s,(
iv)Noaci
dshal
lbesol
dtoanyper
sonwho
i
sbel
ow18y
ear
sofage,(
v)I
ncaseofundecl
aredst
ockofaci
d,i
twi
l
lbeopent
othe
concer
nedSDM t
oconf
iscat
ethest
ockandsui
tabl
yimposef
ineonsuchsel
l
erupt
o`
50,
000/
-,(
vi)Theconcer
nedSDM mayi
mposef
ineupt
o`50,
000/
-onanyper
sonwho
commi
tsbr
eachofanyoft
heabov
edi
rect
ions,
(vi
i
)gi
veaci
daf
termai
ntai
ningapr
oper
r
egi
sterand ensur
ingt
hepr
opersuper
visi
onofsuchst
oragebyaper
sont
o The
educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons,r
esear
chl
abor
ator
ies,hospi
tal
s,Gov
ernmentDepar
tment
sand
t
hedepar
tment
sofPubl
i
cSect
orUnder
taki
ngs,whoar
erequi
redt
okeepandst
ore
12
aci
d.

2)I
2. nCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,1973

10
News, Prot
estagai
nsteasyaccesstoacids,THETI
MESOFINDIA,Aug.12,2007,
htt
p:/
/ti
mesof i
ndi
a.i
ndi
ati
mes.com/cit
y/bangalor
e/Pr
otest
-agai
nst-easy
-access-
to-
aci
ds/art
icl
eshow/2274720.
cms?refer
ral
=PM.
11
News,Attacksspi
ke,butaci
dsti
llaseasyast obuyasnoodles,THETIMESOFI A,
NDI Apr
il29,
2013,
htt
p:/
/ti
mesofindi
a.i
ndi
ati
mes.com/ i
ndia/Attacks-
spi
ke-
but-
aci
d-st
il
l-
as-
easy
-as-
to-
buy
-as-
noodl
es/ar
ti
cleshow/19774884.cms?referr
al=PM.
12
Laxmi v.Uni
onofIndiaandOther s,2013(9)SCALE291.
TheCr
imi
nalLawAmendmentAct
,2013hasamendedt
heCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e
(
CrPC)byi
nser
ti
ngmanypr
ovi
sionsconsi
stentwi
tht
henew pr
ovi
sionsandsect
ions
addedunderI
PC.Theof
fencesunderSect
ion376,
Sect
ion376A,
Sect
ion376B,
Sect
ion
376C,Sect
ion376DandSect
ion376Eoft
heI
ndi
anPenalCode,1860shal
lbet
ri
edas
f
araspossi
blebyaCour
tpr
esi
dedov
erbyawomen,
aspernewpr
ovi
soi
nser
tedunder
Sect
ion26ofCr
PC,t
aki
ngi
ntoaccountt
hesensi
ti
vi
tyoft
hecaseanddegr
eeof
under
standi
ngt
hatawomanmayexhi
biti
nthesecases.Fur
ther
,st
ri
ctact
ionshav
e
beenpr
ovi
dedf
orof
fencescommi
tt
edbypubl
i
cser
vant
sunderSect
ion197ofCr
PCby
st
ati
ngnon-
requi
rementf
ort
hesanct
ionsi
ncaseofof
fenceswi
thi
nthepur
viewoft
he
Sect
ion.Amendment
sunderSect
ion161r
equi
reawomenof
fi
cert
orecor
dev
idence
f
rom awomanagai
nstwhom cer
tai
nof
fenceshav
ebeencommi
tt
edand i
fsuch
of
fenceshav
ebeeni
nfl
i
cteduponphy
sical
l
yorment
all
ydi
sabl
edper
son,t
hesame
shal
lbedonei
nassi
stanceofani
nter
pret
eroraspeci
aleducat
orwhi
chshal
lbe
v
ideogr
aphed,t
her
eby gi
vi
ng i
mpor
tance t
othe abov
e ment
ioned sect
ion oft
he
13
soci
ety
. Thi
simpor
tancehasf
urt
herbeenensur
edunderSect
ion54Ai
nser
tedf
or
i
dent
if
icat
ionofper
sonar
rest
edandr
ecor
dingt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
ncogni
zabl
ecasesby
t
hepol
i
ceof
fi
ceratt
hei
rresi
denceoranyot
herpl
aceoft
hei
rconv
eni
ence,asi
nser
ted
14
i
nSect
ion154ofCr
PCbyt
heamendment
. Taki
ngi
ntoaccountt
hef
earel
ementand
i
nsecur
it
yinawomanbel
owt
heageofei
ght
eeny
ear
swhohasbeensubj
ect
edt
orape
orot
hersexualof
fencei
ngi
vi
ngev
idence,
thesameshal
lber
ecor
dedi
ntheabsenceof
t
heaccusedwhi
l
eatt
hesamet
imeensur
ingt
her
ightofcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionoft
he
accused,
asst
atedaf
tert
heamendmentofSect
ion273ofCr
PC.

Var
iousamendment
sunderCr
PChav
ebeendonei
nthewakeoft
heDel
hiGangRape
case.Thepr
ovi
sionofspeedyt
ri
ali
ndi
sposalofcasesi
nvol
vi
ngsexualof
fencesl
i
ke
r
ape,causi
ng deat
h orr
esul
ti
ng i
n per
sist
entv
eget
ati
ve st
ate ofmi
nd,sexual
i
nter
cour
sebyahusbandsepar
atedf
rom awomanwi
thoutherconsentorbyaper
son
i
naut
hor
it
yofpower
,asdef
inedunderSect
ion376A,
376B,
376Cand376Dr
espect
ivel
y,
hasbeenconsi
der
edunderSect
ion309oft
heCr
PCwher
ethet
ri
alshal
lbecompl
eted
15
wi
thi
ntwomont
hsf
rom t
hef
il
li
ngoft
hechar
gesheet
. Accor
dingl
y,speci
alf
astt
rack
cour
tsar
epr
oposedt
obecr
eat
edf
ort
hesame.Fur
ther
,thequant
um ofcompensat
ion
t
obepai
dtot
hev
ict
im suf
fer
edunderSect
ion357Ashal
lbei
n
13
CodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973,
§161.
14
CodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973,
§154.
15
CodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973,
§309.
addi
ti
ont
othepay
mentoff
inet
othev
ict
im underSect
ion326AorSect
ion376Doft
he
16
I
PC andt
reat
mentofv
ict
imsoughtt
obedonef
reeofcostf
oranyof
fencecommi
tt
ed
underSect
ion326A,376,376A,376B,376C,376Dand376Ewi
thi
nfor
mingt
hesai
d
17
i
nci
dentt
othepol
i
ce. Thus,t
hese amendment
sshow an escal
ati
ng i
mpacton
curbi
ngcr
imesagai
nstwomenandensur
ingt
her
equi
sit
erel
i
eff
ornon-
compl
i
anceof
thesame.

2.
2.1)Cr
it
icalAnal
ysi
s

Thei
deaofi
nit
iat
ingspeedyt
ri
alsf
orcasesi
nvol
vi
ngcer
tai
nof
fencesst
atedabov
eis
an i
mpor
tantt
o putan end t
o bur
geoni
ng casef
il
espendi
ng i
nthe cour
twhi
ch
necessar
il
yrequi
resur
gentst
epsf
ort
her
eli
efoft
hev
ict
ims.Howev
er,pr
act
ical
i
ty
seemsabi
tdi
ff
erenti
nthesenset
hatt
heDel
hiGangRapecasei
tsel
ftooknear
lyabout
8mont
hsf
ort
hecompl
eti
onofi
tst
ri
alandt
oannouncei
tsf
inalv
erdi
ct.I
not
hert
o
ov
ercomet
hepr
obl
em,
theGov
ernmentofI
ndi
ashoul
dincr
easei
tsbudgetf
orspendi
ng
ont
heconst
ruct
ionofwomen‟
sfastt
rackcour
ts,engagi
ngmor
ewomendoct
orsand
l
awy
ersi
ntheexami
nat
ionoft
hev
ict
imsandf
ight
ingoft
hecasesr
espect
ivel
yfort
he
speedydi
sposalofcases.Fur
ther
,regi
str
ati
onofFI
Rfori
nit
iat
ingt
hei
nvest
igat
ionof
mat
terr
elat
edt
osexualof
fencei
sli
kel
ytor
esul
tinunt
imel
ydel
ayandmanyat
imes
t
her
emaybechancesoff
ail
uret
oregi
stert
heFI
Rwhi
chmayaf
fectt
hepr
oceedi
ngsof
t
hecase.

3)I
2. nIndi
anEvi
denceAct
,1872

Ther
ehav
ebeenf
ewchangesunderI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872boughtbyCr
imi
nalLaw
AmendmentAct
,2013.Non-
incl
usi
onoft
hechar
act
eroft
hev
ict
im oranyofhi
s
pr
evi
oussexualexper
iencewi
thanyper
soni
nconsi
der
ingt
hei
ssueofconsentbyt
he
v
ict
imi
napr
osecut
ionf
orof
fenceunderSect
ion354,Sect
ion354A,Sect
ion354B,
Sect
ion354C,Sect
ion354D,Sect
ion376,Sect
ion376A,Sect
ion376B,Sect
ion376C,
18
Sect
ion376DorSect
ion376Eoft
heI
ndi
anPenalCode,1860, quashest
hemeans
adopt
edbyt
heaccusedf
ort
ryi
ngt
oescapel
i
abi
l
ityont
hesegr
ounds.I
naddi
ti
on,
dur
ing t
hecr
ossexami
nat
ionoft
hev
ict
im,i
tshal
lnotbeper
missi
blet
o adduce
ev
idenceort
o putquest
ionsast
o gener
ali
mmor
alchar
act
er,orpr
evi
oussexual
exper
iencewi
thanyot
herper
sonf
orpr
ovi
ngsuchconsentort
hequal
i
tyofconsent
.
Thi
smay
16
CodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973,
§357B.
17
CodeofCr
imi
nal
Procedur
e,1973,
§357B.
18
I
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,
§53A.
ev
en ensur
ethata v
ict
im maynotbe subj
ect
ed t
orepeat
ed ment
alt
ort
ure and
embar
rassmentf
orbei
ngi
nfl
i
cteduponsuchhei
nousof
fence.Fur
ther
,ther
ehasbeen
subst
it
uti
onofnew Sect
ionf
orSect
ion114A pr
esumi
ngt
heabsenceofconsenti
n
cer
tai
npr
osecut
ionofr
apeundersect
ion376ofI
PC,wher
einwomenal
l
egesor
all
y
bef
oret
hecour
taboutt
heabsenceofconsent
.Int
hel
i
ghtofDel
hiGangRapei
nci
dent
,
t
her
ehasbeensubst
it
uti
onofnew Sect
ionf
orSect
ion119asar
esul
tofwhi
cha
pr
ovi
sohasbeeni
nser
tedwhi
chst
atest
hati
fawi
tnessi
sunabl
etocommuni
cat
e
v
erbal
l
y,t
heCour
tshal
ltaket
heassi
stanceofani
nter
pret
eroraspeci
aleducat
ori
n
r
ecor
dingt
hest
atement
,andsuchst
atementshal
lbev
ideogr
aphed.

2.
3.1)Cr
it
icalAnal
ysi
s

AsperSect
ion114Aoft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,
ift
heof
fencei
scommi
tt
edunder
Sect
ion376,cl
ause(
2),sub-
clause(
i)oft
heI
PC,t
hent
heav
erment
soft
hewomen,
undersi
xteeny
ear
sofage,r
egar
dingnotconsent
ingt
othesexualactasdescr
ibed,
19
woul
dbeconsi
der
edascor
rectbyt
hecour
twi
thoutanydi
sput
e. But
,aspersi
xth
descr
ipt
ionunderSect
ion375oft
heI
PC,
consenti
simmat
eri
alwhent
hesexual
off
ence
ofr
apehasbeencommi
tt
edbyt
heaccusedonawomanbel
owei
ght
eeny
ear
sofage
20
t
her
ebyi
ncl
udi
ngt
hosebel
ow si
xteeny
ear
sofage. Accor
dingl
y,t
hei
ncl
usi
onof
Sect
ion376,
clause(
2),
sub-
clause(
i)ofI
PCunderSect
ion114Aoft
heI
ndi
anEv
idence
Acti
simmat
eri
al.

3)
CONCLUSI
ON

Ther
ecentamendment
sthathav
ebeenbr
oughti
ntheI
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
Codeof
Cr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,1973andI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1876t
hrought
heenact
mentof
Cr
imi
nalLawAmendmentAct
,2013hav
eaddedal
otofcr
edencet
othel
egalsy
stem of
t
henat
ion.Var
iousnew pr
ovi
sionshav
eensur
edt
hatst
ri
ctpenal
ti
esoughtt
o be
i
mposed agai
nstsuch cr
imi
nalconductaf
fect
ing t
he women i
nthe count
rybot
h
phy
sical
l
yas wel
las ment
all
y.Pr
ovi
sion ofr
eli
eff
ornew of
fences l
i
ke st
alki
ng,
v
oyeur
ism,aci
d at
tack,et
c.agai
nstt
hewomen f
urt
herpr
ovi
desar
ayofhopei
n
i
mpr
ovi
ngt
hest
atusofwomenandr
emov
ingmal
pract
icespr
evai
l
ingi
nthesoci
ety
f
rom av
eryl
ong t
ime.Theamendment
sal
so t
akecar
eofphy
sical
l
yorment
all
y
di
sabl
edpeopl
ebypr
ovi
dingspeci
alpr
ivi
l
egest
othem.Cer
tai
npr
ovi
sionsneedt
obe
19
I
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,
§114A.
20
I
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860,
§375.
consi
der
edbef
orecomi
ngoutwi
thanef
fect
ivesol
uti
ont
ocur
bthev
ari
ouspr
obl
ems
pr
evai
l
ingi
nthecount
ry.I
mmuni
tyofar
myof
fi
cial
sundert
heAr
medFor
cesSpeci
al
PowerAct
,1958shoul
dber
emov
edf
orhei
nousof
fencel
i
ker
apecommi
tt
edbyt
hem i
n
di
stur
bedar
eas.Ther
eshoul
dbeappr
opr
iat
epr
ovi
sionf
ort
hesal
eanddi
str
ibut
ionof
aci
dsi
nthecount
ryt
oav
oidt
hei
rpur
chasef
ori
l
legi
ti
mat
epur
poses.Speedyt
rai
l
sfor
sensi
ti
vecasesshoul
dbeensur
edbyt
hecour
tsandf
ail
uret
oregi
sterFI
Rmustbe
t
aken i
nto consi
der
ati
on i
n cer
tai
n cases.Theconsentt
o mar
it
alr
apeshoul
d be
consi
der
edt
aki
ngi
ntoaccountt
her
equi
sit
epuber
tyl
evelr
eachedbyt
her
espect
ive
mat
es.TheCr
imi
nalLawAmendmentAct
,2013enact
edi
nthewakeofi
nfamousDel
hi
GangRapeCaset
husact
sasaboonf
ort
hewomenandcer
tai
nunpr
ivi
l
egedsect
ions
oft
hesoci
etyandmayactasadet
err
entbyensur
ingt
hatt
hecr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem of
t
hecount
rypr
otect
swomen‟
sbasi
chumanr
ight
sanddebar
sanyf
utur
eof
fenses
agai
nstwomenoft
henat
ion.Apar
tfr
om t
heseamendment
s,i
tist
hemi
ndsetoft
he
peopl
ewhi
chneedst
obeamendedf
orr
aisi
ngt
hesoci
alst
atusanddi
gni
tyofwomeni
n
t
hesoci
ety
.
 Ref
erences:

PRI
MARYSOURCES:

I
NDI
ANPENALCODE,
1860
 CODEOFCRI
MINALPROCEDURE,
1972
I
NDI
ANEVI
DENCEACT,
1872

SECONDARYSOURCES:

r
esear
chgat
e.net
 adv
ocat
ekhoj
.com